State v. Moore , 25 Iowa 128 ( 1868 )

Dillon, Ch. J.

1. criminal law: abortion: murder, I. The leading question made 1|y j£ce defendant’s counsel is, that, conceding the Mrs. Grant medicines and used instrur&nts , - _ . purposely to produce an abortion, yet, if death happened therefrom when not intended or contemplated by him, this is not murder, unless it was done by assault or against her will. Substantially this question is presented by the demurrer to the indictment, by the instructions given and refused, and by the motion for a new trial.

Refusing to charge in conformity with the'defendant’s proposition as above stated, the court on its own motion instructed the jury as follows: “ To attempt to produce a miscarriage, except when in proper professional judgment it is necessary to preserve the life of the woman, is an unlawful act. It is known to be a dangerous act, generally producing one and sometimes two deaths, —■ I mean the death of the unborn infant and the death of the mother. ■ Now, the person who does this is guilty of doing an unlawful act. If the death of the woman does not ensue from it, he is liable to fine and imprisonment in the county jail (act March 15,1858, Rev. § 4221); and, if the death of the woman does, ensue from it, though there be no specific intention to take her life, he becomes guilty of the crime of murder in the second degree. The. guiit has its origin in such cases in the unlawful act which the party designs to commit, and if the loss of life attend it as incident or consequence, the crime and guilt of murder will attach to the party committing such an unlawful act.”

We have quoted the court’s language in order to say that it has our approval as being a correct statement of the law of the land. But it is due to the defendant’s counsel — whose argument against the correctness of the propositions stated by the court was so distinguished for its fairness, acumen and ability — to notice, and briefly to answer, his objections to this view.

The defendant’s counsel concedes, that, tested by the common law rules, the doctrine of the court’s charge is correct. In his written brief he says: “ It is conceded that at common law the act of procuring an abortiozr resulting in the death of the mother is murder.” But he contends that under the statutes of the.State the doctrine does not apply.

In the outset, he calls attention to the fact that the criminal code of the commozi law has no existence in Iowa, that is, that in Iowa no act, though indictable at common law, can be punished as a czdme unless the criminality of such act has been declared or z-ecognized by the statute. Estes v. Carter, 10 Iowa, 400. This is followed by the proposition that the act of procuring an abortion was not a criminal offezise until made so by the statute of March 15, 1858, reprinted . as section 4221 of the Revision. See Abrams v. Forshee, 3 Iowa, 278; Hatfield v. Gano, 15 id. 177.

The deduction dz-awn by him from the above is, that, until the statute of 1858, the act of procuring an abortion was not unlawful, because not specifically made cz-imizzal by statzite, and, not “ being unlawful, if death en.sues therefrom, it is neither murder nor manslaughter,”

He then admits that if the law of murder, as contained in the Revision (§§ 4191, 4192, 4193, 4194), had been enacted at the same time that the law of March 15,1858 (Rev. § 4221), was passed, or if the statute on the subject of murder had been passed after the act of 1858 (which made criminal the willful procuring of an abortion), that the doctrine of the court’s charge would have been correct.

But the statute defining and punishing murder was passed in 1851, and does not, it is argued, blend with the subsequent statute of 1858.

The text of these statutes is given in the margin.^*

The conclusion fi’om these premises is, that prior to 1858 it would not have been murder, under sections 4191 and 4193, to have willfully procured an abortion, though the death of the woman was thereby caused, and that the subsequent passage of the act of 1858, which says nothing about murder, cannot make that murder which was not so before. This, briefly stated, is believed to be a fair synopsis of the counsel’s argument.

Our view is this: Our statute defines murder in the language of the common law definition of that offense. Compare Kev. § 4191 and 4 Black. Com. 195.

As at common law, malice, express or implied, is the essential and distinguishing element of murder. Taking sections 4191 and 4193 together, the proper construction is, that what would be regarded as murder in a common law court would be murder under our statute. Section 4192 does not extend or abridge the field of murder, but declares certain specified kinds of homicide to be murder in the first degree, and the next section declares all other kinds of murder (that is, all murder as defined by section 4191) to be of the second degree.

It will be observed that manslaughter is not defined at all, but simply made punishable and the limits of the punishment fixed. Rev. § 4199. It follows that we are remitted to the common law to ascertain what manslaughter is, and it seems also necessarily to follow, that what would be regarded in a common law tribunal as manslaughter would be manslaughter in this State, under our statute.

Inasmuch, therefore, as it is conceded that, at common law, the act charged upon the defendant is murder, the same act is murder in Iowa, and would have been prior to the passage of the act of 1858.

We grant that the present is not a case of express, but of implied, malice. In cases of homicide, the settled doctrine of the common law is, that malice may be implied from unlcmful acts dangerous to life, committed without lawful justification. 1 Bish. Com. law, § 263; Foster on Hom. 261; Ann v. The State, 11 Humph. 159; Rex v. Martin, 3 Car. & P. 211; Commonwealth v. Parker, 9 Metc. 263-5, per Shaw, Ch. J.

The fundamental proposition of the defendant’s argugument is, that in Iowa malice cannot be implied from, the doing of any act whatever, no matter what its tendency, unless such act is expressly made a crime by statute.

It woiild result from this, that if there was no statute in Iowa forbidding persons from putting an obstruction on a railroad track, and one were willfully and purposely put there, causing death, the party doing this act (if he did not intend to produce death) could not be convicted of murder, for the reason that malice (in Iowa) cannot be implied from an act not made unlawful by statute.

In this State, we have no statute specifically forbidding a person in a crowded city from throwing a heavy and dangerous beam from a high building, likely to injure and kill passers-by.

At common law, if this be done and death happen, the law would imply malice. But in Iowa, under the doctrine contended for, the party doing an act evincing such an utter and wanton disregard of moral and social duty would not be guilty, even though death be caused thereby, of murder or even manslaughter. These are put by way of illustrations of the. consequences of the doctrine maintained by the counsel.

The common law is distinguished, and is to be commended, for its all-embracing and salutary solicitude for the sacredness of human life and the personal safety of every human being. This protecting, paternal care, enveloping every individüal like the air he breathes, not only extends to persons actually born, but, for some purposes, to infants im ventre sa mere. 1 Black. Com. 129.

The right to life and to pérsonal safety is not only sacred in the estimation of the common law, but it is inalienable. It is no defense to tbe defendant that the abortion was procured with the consent of the deceased.

The common law stands as a general guardian holding its aegis to protect the life of all. Any theory which robs the law of this salutary power is not likely to- meet with favor. Certain it is, that a doctrine leading to such results as these above instanced cannot be sound, and is not defensible.

We hold, therefore, that, in cases of homicide, malice may, as at common law, be implied from any act unlawful and dangerous in its nature, unjustifiably committed.

The willful and unnecessary procurement of an abortion is an act highly dangerous to the mother, and generally fatal, and frequently designed to be fatal, to the child. It is abhorrent to all our notions of sound morality and to all the precepts of our holy religion.

. Nearly two hundred years ago Lord Hale laid down the law as follows: “ If a woman be with child, and any gives her -a potion to destroy the child within her, and she takes it and it works so strongly that it kills her, this is murder; for it was not to cure her of a disease, but unlawfully to destroy the child within her; and therefore, he that gives a potion to this end, must take the hazard, and if it kills the mother it is murder.” 1 Hale P. C. 429, 430.

See also Tinkler's Case, cited 1 East P. C. ch. 5, § 16, p. 264, and Commonwealth v. Keeper, etc., 2 Ashm. (Pa.) 227, directly in point; Fost. on Hom. 261; Ann v. The State, 11 Humph. (Tenn.) 159; Commonwealth v. Parker, 9 Metc. 263-5, per Shaw, Ch. J.

And such is the law to-day and in Iowa. Thus to hold the law to be is not laying a snare for the physician, since his conscience and the sages of that useful and learned profession concur in condemning the practice. By none has the guilt of - the offense' been more earnestly and per*. euasively portrayed, and its too great prevalence lamented than by eminent medical writers and teachers.

Under the foregoing view, the willful and unnecessary procurement of an abortion resulting in the unintended death of the woman would have been punishable as murder in the second degree prior to the act of 1858. Of the correctness of this view I entertain no doubt. But instead of resting the decision of the present question upon this ground, or upon it alone, the court think all possible doubt removed by the act of 1858. The act of 1851, be* ing unrepealed, continued to speak in 1858, and still continues to speak; and has the same force and effect as if it had been passed concurrently with or subsequent to the act of 1858. So that if it were true tliat malice can only be implied from acts legislatively made criminal, we have even in this view all of the conditions of the offense of murder.

2. — abortion: mansiaughter. . II. The charge against the defendant was not negligence and unskillfulness in procuring an abortion under justifiable circumstances, but the willful procurement of an abortion without any necessity for it, whereby death was occasioned.

If death unexpectedly results from such an act, the crime we have seen was at common law murder, and under our statute is murder in the second degree. Under the charge, and under the evidence, the defendant was guilty of murder in the second degree, or of nothing, and hence the court did not err in refusing to say to the jury that they might convict the defendant of manslaughter.

s im. §OTce™fime" . of objection. III. The defendant introduced several witnesses to impeach certain witnesses sworn for the State, by attacking their general character. The defendant complains, that in rebuttal the State was aljowe(j to introduce witnesses to attack the character of the impeaching witnesses.

As we read the record, the objection that this kind of evidence was imcompetent, if made at all, was not made nntil after the evidence complained of had been admitted. In a case of this kind the party cannot sit silent and wait until the evidence is in, willing to take the benefit of it if it shall chance to be for him, and insist as a matter of right to exclude it if it be against him. But as it is not clear that the objection was not made in time, we hold, also, that we would not, because of the admission of such evidence, reverse the judgment.

Aside from our statute, this course, subject to the control of the court to prevent abuse of the right, has the sanction of high authority (Starks v. The People, 5 Denio, 106), but' the record requires the court to íay down no general rule on the subject.

IY. The charge of the court as to the degree and quantity of proof was quite full and unexceptionable. While the. defendant’s instruction to the effect that if the theory of guilt and innocence was equally satisfied by the whole evidence, the jury should acquit, might properly have been given, yet it is not, in reality, as favorable for the defendant as the instructions actually given, and hence its refusal presents no error for which to reverse the judgment.

4._aocom-PshcomiSentf’ witness. Y. The defendant complains of the refusal of the court to instruct that an accomplice cannot be corroborated by his wife. In this there was no error. To have given it would have been, in substance, saying to the jury to disregard the testimony of Mrs. Bowman, instead of leaving them to judge of its credibility.

The doctrine asked to be given to the jury is not in unison with the provisions of our statute relating to evidence, nor the decisions of this court thereunder. Rev. §§ 3978, 3979, et sep.; The State v. Guyer, 6 Iowa, 263; State v. Rankin, 8 id. 355; State v. Collins, 20 id. 85.

It is further to be observed, that, if Mrs. Bowman be regarded as the wife of an accomplice, her evidence is not the only corroborating evidence in the case. Indeed, the case of the State did not essentially depend upon the testimony of Bowman.

The question as to the liability of the county to compensate the defendant’s witnesses is not properly before us on this appeal; and has, moreover, been previously decided by this court.

Affirmed.

* Sections 4191,4192,4193,4194, passed in 1851, are as follows:

“ Seo. 4191. Whoever ldlls any human being with malice aforethought, either express or implied, is guilty of murder.

“ Seo. 4192. All murder which is perpetrated by means of poison or lying in wait or any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing, or which is committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any arson, rape, robbery, mayhem or burglary, is murder of the first degree, and shall be punished with death.

“Sec. 4193. Whoever commits murder otherwise than is set forth in the preceding section, is guilty of murder in the second degree, and shall be punished by imprisonment in the penitentiary for life, or for a term of not. less than ten years.

“ Seo. 4194. Upon the trial of an indictment for murder, the jury, if they find the defendant guilty, must inquire, and by their verdict ascertain, whether he be guilty of murder of the first or second degree; but if such' defendant be convicted upon his own confession in open court, the court, must proceed by the examination of witnesses to determine the degree of murder, and award sentence accordingly.”

The act of March 15, 1858 (Rev. § 4221), is as follows:

“ Sec. 4221. Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Iowa, that every person who shall willfully administer to any pregnant woman, any medicine, drug, substance or thing whatever, or shall use or employ any instrument or other means whatever with the intent thereby to procure the miscarriage of any such woman, unless the same shall be neces-' sary to preserve the life of such woman, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by imprisonment in the county jail for a term of not exceeding one year, and be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars.”