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Brandon Brown v. State of Iowa ( 2021 )


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  •                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
    No. 19-1815
    Filed April 28, 2021
    BRANDON BROWN,
    Applicant-Appellant,
    vs.
    STATE OF IOWA,
    Respondent-Appellee.
    ________________________________________________________________
    Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County, Lars Anderson,
    Judge.
    Brandon Brown appeals dismissal of his postconviction-relief action.
    AFFIRMED.
    Mark C. Meyer, Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
    Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Sheryl Soich, Assistant Attorney
    General, for appellee State.
    Considered by Mullins, P.J., and May and Schumacher, JJ.
    2
    MAY, Judge.
    Brandon Brown appeals the dismissal of his postconviction-relief (PCR)
    action. We affirm.
    I. Factual Background
    Two eye witnesses told police that Brown shot Donelle Lindsey several
    times. The State charged Brown with Lindsey’s murder. A jury found Brown guilty
    of murder in the first degree.
    Brown appealed. Our court affirmed. State v. Brown, No. 14-0066, 
    2015 WL 2393441
    , at *8 (Iowa Ct. App. May 20, 2015). Our opinion included this
    summary of the record:
    On June 21, 2012, DiMarco Harris spent the day drinking with
    Donelle Lindsey at Harris’s apartment on Petsel Road in Iowa City.
    Harris testified he had just been released from prison and was on
    parole. They met between 11:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m. and drank until
    around 7:00 pm. On two occasions, Lindsey left the apartment to
    talk on his telephone. At around 7:00 p.m., Lindsey told Harris he
    was going to leave to “meet [his] ride” and would call later. Thirty
    minutes later, Lindsey returned, eager to spend more time with
    Harris. Sometime around 9:00 or 10:00 p.m., Lindsey arranged for
    a friend to come pick him up. Harris testified that although they had
    been drinking, they were not inebriated.
    Harris testified he and Lindsey were waiting outside and
    talking. Brandon Brown and Byron Fisher approached them. Harris
    knew Fisher was his downstairs neighbor but did not know Brown.
    Fisher greeted Harris and shook his hand. Brown addressed Lindsey
    by a nickname and asked to talk to him. Brown and Lindsey walked
    off together toward the side of the apartment building. Harris
    continued talking with Fisher. At one point, Fisher said to Brown and
    Lindsey, “You all better cut that shit out.” Harris then saw Brown
    reveal a gun and shoot Lindsey. He thought there were four shots.
    Brown ran off toward the back of the building and to the north.
    Lindsey walked back to where Fisher and Harris were standing.
    Harris could not tell how badly Lindsey was injured but could see he
    was bleeding. Fisher left and went back into the apartment building.
    Harris ran after Fisher asking, “Who was that dude?” Fisher was
    crying and unable to speak. Harris went into his apartment and
    stayed there. His girlfriend had already called 911. He did not return
    3
    to the scene when police officers arrived because he had just been
    released from jail, he was on parole, and had been drinking.
    Fisher testified that he was at his apartment when Brown
    came over at about 6:00 or 7:00 p.m. that evening. He had known
    Brown for seven or eight months. Fisher and Brown drank together
    for a couple of hours. While walking to Fisher’s apartment building,
    they observed Lindsey and several other people hanging out outside.
    Fisher testified he and Brown decided to walk to a nearby gas station,
    but Brown stopped to speak with Lindsey. The conversation was
    hostile on both sides with Brown stating something like, “[Lindsey]
    can’t fight or [Brown] will whup his ass.” Fisher testified Brown
    walked away in anger, then returned a few minutes later with a gun
    in his hand, held low by his side. He pulled Lindsey away from the
    main gathering, and said something like, “What was that shit you was
    just talking.” Lindsey did not respond. Fisher testified Brown then
    pointed the gun at Lindsey from a couple feet away and shot him four
    times in rapid succession. Lindsey took a few steps, then fell and
    did not move. Fisher went into his apartment and remained there.
    He testified he did not contact police when they arrived on the scene
    because he did not want anything to do with the incident. Both Harris
    and Fisher lied when initially interviewed by law enforcement officers,
    but later told what happened and testified at trial. Upon seeing a line-
    up of suspects in the shooting, Harris initially narrowed the options
    down to two men.
    Nicole Blosser was living with her boyfriend, Ivan Hardemon,
    in a nearby apartment complex. Hardemon was Brown’s cousin.
    She and Hardemon were standing outside her apartment on the
    evening of June 21 when they heard gunshots. They ran into the
    apartment. Hardemon got a telephone call on his cell phone, went
    downstairs, then came back up with Brown. Hardemon and Brown
    went into a back room and talked for a few minutes. They then came
    out, and Hardemon told Blosser they all had to go. Blosser,
    Hardemon, and Brown took her car and drove to Chicago. Brown
    stated he had shot a man. They dropped Brown off at an apartment
    building in Chicago, turned around and drove straight back to Iowa
    City. In the car on the way back, Hardemon instructed Blosser not
    to discuss the event with anyone. Once back in Iowa City, Hardemon
    got a phone call from Brown’s girlfriend, who lived a few buildings
    over. Hardemon and Blosser drove over to the girlfriend’s apartment.
    The girlfriend gave them a shoe box containing two handguns. They
    then drove to the home of Brett and Kathy Kriz and handed Brett the
    box. Brett and Hardemon went into a back room for a few minutes
    and returned. Later, law enforcement officers interviewed Blosser at
    her apartment. At first she did not cooperate, because she was
    scared and did not want to be involved, but later gave full answers.
    At the time of the incident, Hardemon was present in Iowa in violation
    of his parole and, as a felon, could not possess firearms.
    4
    Brett Kriz was subpoenaed to testify but refused to answer
    most questions, citing his Fifth Amendment right against self-
    incrimination. Law enforcement officers executed a search of his
    home but found nothing relevant to the shooting. The medical
    examiner testified Lindsey suffered five gunshot wounds. At least
    one bullet went through Lindsey’s heart and death would have
    followed shortly afterward as a result. Two of the wounds would have
    been fatal individually.
    
    Id.
     at *1–2 (alterations in original) (footnotes omitted).
    Procedendo issued on July 10, 2015. About a year and a half later, in
    February 2017, Brown filed the present PCR action. In October 2019, the court
    entered an order denying relief.      The court rejected Brown’s claims that trial
    counsel had been ineffective in (1) failing to convey an alleged time limitation on a
    plea offer; (2) not seeking to move venue of his trial out of Johnson County;
    (3) failing to investigate and introduce certain evidence; (4) advising Brown not to
    testify; and (5) inviting and not objecting to certain testimony of Nicole Blosser.
    This appeal follows.
    II. Standard of Review
    “We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo.” King v.
    State, 
    797 N.W.2d 565
    , 570 (Iowa 2011). “In conducting our de novo review, ‘we
    give weight to the lower court’s findings concerning witness credibility.’” Id. at 571
    (citation omitted).
    “To establish [a] claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, [the applicant]
    must show [their] trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty and counsel’s
    failure resulted in constitutional prejudice.” State v. Walker, 
    935 N.W.2d 874
    , 881
    (Iowa 2019). “The claimant must prove both elements by a preponderance of the
    evidence.” State v. Madsen, 
    813 N.W.2d 714
    , 724 (Iowa 2012).
    5
    To establish breach of an essential duty, the claimant must prove counsel
    “perform[ed] below the standard demanded of a reasonably competent attorney.”
    State v. Haas, 
    930 N.W.2d 699
    , 703 (Iowa 2019) (citation omitted). “In analyzing
    the [applicants]’s claims, we ‘must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s
    conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance . . . .’”
    
    Id.
     (citation omitted). So the applicant “must overcome the presumption that, under
    the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial
    strategy.’” 
    Id.
     (citation omitted).
    “To establish constitutional prejudice, the [applicant] is required to show
    ‘that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the [applicant] of a fair trial, a
    trial whose result is reliable.’” Walker, 935 N.W.2d at 881 (citation omitted). “It is
    not enough for the [applicant] to show that the errors had [only] some . . . effect on
    the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. (second alteration and omission in original)
    (citation omitted). “Rather, ‘[t]he [applicant] must show that there is a reasonable
    probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
    would have been different.’” Id. (first alteration in original) (citation omitted).
    When the applicant fails to show constitutional prejudice, it is not necessary
    for the court to decide whether counsel breached a duty. See id.; King, 797 N.W.2d
    at 574 (“In this case, however, it is not necessary to decide the issue of whether
    King’s counsel provided inadequate assistance because, upon our review of the
    entire record, we conclude that King has failed to show prejudice as required under
    the Strickland [v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
     (1984)] test.”).
    6
    III. Analysis
    In this appeal, Brown claims the PCR court erred in failing to find trial
    counsel was ineffective by (1) not presenting evidence that police altered a
    recording of an interview in which police may have used a racial epithet to refer to
    Brown; and (2) opening the door for witness Blosser to testify that her now-
    deceased boyfriend told her he could not protect her if she became involved in the
    investigation of Lindsey’s murder. Brown also claims PCR counsel was ineffective
    in failing to raise three additional theories. We begin with his claims of error by the
    PCR court.
    A. Claims of error by the PCR court
    1. The recording
    Brown claims the PCR court should have found trial counsel was ineffective
    in failing to offer evidence that police might have altered a recording of an interview.
    We disagree.
    As trial approached, Brown’s counsel requested discovery from the State.
    The State permitted defense counsel to bring an external hard drive to the police
    station and download all of the State’s documents and recordings. This included
    a video recording of an interview of Ivan Hardemon by police detective Gonzales.
    While reviewing the recording, one of Brown’s attorneys thought she heard
    Gonzales use a racial epithet to describe Brown. Counsel noted the issue.
    Later, counsel learned that additional discovery was available. Counsel
    then took the same hard drive back to the police station to obtain the additional
    materials.   As counsel explained to the PCR court, this process “erased the
    7
    discovery that was on . . . the drive and put everything back on again, including the
    additional discovery.”
    When counsel later reviewed the Hardemon interview again, she could not
    hear the racial epithet. It seemed “like it was a different word,” maybe “dude,” “in
    its place.”
    So counsel found a forensic expert, Jerry Hatchett, to evaluate whether the
    recording had been altered. At first, Hatchett expressed a “VERY preliminary”
    sense that the recording seemed “fishy.” After completing his analysis, though,
    Hatchett’s opinion changed. He told counsel he had gone through the recording
    “in excruciating detail” but “there’s just nothing there to suggest an edit.” Hatchett
    advised that while additional testing was possible, he did not “expect it to yield
    anything different.” In short, as counsel explained at the PCR trial, Hatchett simply
    “did not believe” the recording “had been edited or altered.”
    But Hatchett also told counsel that, when the current copy was made, “they
    had the record levels set too high, resulting in terrible quality, much distortion, etc.”
    Hatchett believed that counsel “could’ve heard an earlier copy that was far clearer.”
    Brown now claims that, although counsel could not have shown purposeful
    erasure of the possible racial epithet, counsel could have used Hatchett to show
    the second recording was not as clear as the first. Brown contends this would
    have cast doubt on the “integrity of the investigation.” Counsel was ineffective for
    failing to do so, Brown contends.
    We disagree. When trial counsel makes strategic decisions after thorough
    investigation and consideration, those decisions are “virtually unchallengeable.”
    Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 690 (1984). Like the State, we think
    8
    counsel exercised due diligence by retaining Hatchett and exploring the question
    of whether police had engaged in wrongdoing. From our review, though, the
    inquiry revealed no smoking gun that would have (1) shown police certainly used
    a racial epithet or (2) certainly created doubts in the jury’s minds about the “integrity
    of the investigation.” Moreover, as counsel explained during PCR testimony,
    raising these issues at trial was not a risk-free proposition. Rather, counsel was
    concerned the jury might consider these issues to be “red herrings” and then “hold
    that against [the defense’s] credibility in some way.” We do not think counsel
    violated professional norms by concluding these risks were, in counsel’s words,
    “too big . . . to take.” See Haas, 930 N.W.2d at 703 (“In analyzing the defendant’s
    claims, we must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within
    the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must
    overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action
    might be considered sound trial strategy.” (internal quotation marks and citation
    omitted)).
    In any event, Brown has not demonstrated constitutional prejudice. Two
    eyewitnesses testified that Brown shot Lindsey at least four times at close range.
    The jury heard Brown’s admission that he had “shot somebody” through the
    testimony of Blosser. And the jury heard Brown fled to Chicago on the night of the
    shooting. As we observed in Brown’s direct appeal, “[t]he weight of the evidence
    . . . heavily support[ed] the jury’s guilty verdict.” Brown, 
    2015 WL 2393441
    , at *7.
    Given the State’s formidable case against Brown, we see no “reasonable
    probability that . . . the result of the proceeding would have been different” if
    9
    Brown’s counsel had offered the available evidence on this issue. See Strickland,
    
    466 U.S. at 694
    .
    2. Blosser cross-examination
    Brown next complains counsel was ineffective in asking certain questions
    of Blosser on cross-examination. We disagree.
    As noted, Blosser was an important witness for the State. She testified that
    she and Hardemon took Brown across state lines to Chicago after the shooting.
    More importantly, she told the jury that, during the trip, Brown admitted he shot
    somebody.
    On cross-examination, though, the defense was able to demonstrate that
    Blosser was not always truthful in her discussions with police. She admitted she
    had sometimes denied any knowledge of the shootings.
    Counsel also asked about Blosser’s conversations with Hardemon during
    the trip back from Chicago. Brown draws our attention to this portion of the
    testimony:
    Q: What conversation was had when you dropped him off,
    was it just see ya, you guys turned around and came back to Iowa
    City? A: Yes.
    Q: Any conversation you and [Hardemon] had on the way
    back from Iowa City? A: Don’t talk about it, don’t tell the police.
    Q: I’m sorry? A: Don’t talk about it, don’t tell anybody.
    Q: [Hardemon] told you don’t say anything to anyone? A: Yes.
    Brown claims these questions created an “opportunity” that the State
    “seiz[ed]” on re-direct. Brown focuses on this portion of the State’s questioning:
    Q: When did [Hardemon] begin telling you not to tell anybody,
    not to cooperate about this case? A. On the ride home.
    Q: In what kind of terms did he put that? A: I can’t help you if
    you talk.
    10
    Q: How did that make you feel? A: That I shouldn’t talk,
    scared.
    Q: That’s what I’m looking for, did you have an emotional
    reaction to that? A: Yes.
    Q: Does that remain? A: Yes.
    Q: Why would the father of your children, if you know, say that
    to you? A: Because he didn’t want me to get hurt.
    Before the PCR court, Brown argued “[t]he State could not have gotten any
    of this useful evidence . . . on its own from direct testimony because what
    [Hardemon] allegedly told [Blosser] was clearly hearsay.” But, Brown complained,
    counsel’s questions about Blosser’s conversation with Hardemon “opened the
    door” for the State to elicit this testimony on re-direct. “In doing so,” Brown
    contended, counsel “failed to perform an essential duty [of] not handing the State
    a great explanation” for Blosser’s “credibility issues.”
    The PCR court believed Brown’s complaint was about hearsay. The court
    described Brown’s complaint as follows: “Brown claims that trial counsel erred by
    opening the door to allow the otherwise inadmissible hearsay testimony of Blosser
    on re-direct.” The court did not believe this claim was meritorious. The court
    concluded Blosser’s testimony was not hearsay because it was offered “not to
    show the truth of the matter asserted but to explain responsive conduct,” namely,
    inconsistency in Blosser’s statements. And so, in the court’s view, no breach of
    duty occurred.
    On appeal, Brown does not contest the PCR court’s ruling on the hearsay
    issue. Instead, Brown raises purely tactical criticisms about counsel’s choice of
    cross-examination questions. Brown notes that, at the PCR trial, defense counsel
    “did not give an explanation” as to how counsel “expected it would benefit Brown
    to ask Blosser about her conversation with Hardemon.” In fact, Brown argues,
    11
    counsel’s questions to Blosser were damaging because they “opened the door” for
    the State to elicit from Blosser “her explanation for not being forthcoming and
    apparently lying about having no knowledge about the murder.” All told, Brown
    believes there was nothing to gain and much to lose from asking Blosser about her
    conversations with Hardemon.          Therefore, Brown argues, counsel’s cross-
    examination amounted to a breach of professional duties.1
    We disagree. As counsel explained at the PCR trial, portraying Hardemon
    as a villain played into their defense: “[T]he theory of the case was that [Hardemon]
    was responsible [for Lindsey’s murder], and our theory was that if [Hardemon] is
    threatening [Blosser] not to talk, that leads into our . . . theory that he’s threatening
    her not to talk about his involvement in the case.” While the “blame Hardemon”
    gambit did not ultimately win an acquittal, we cannot say it was unreasonable
    under the circumstances. Certainly Brown has not “overcome the presumption
    that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound
    trial strategy.’” See Haas, 930 N.W.2d at 703 (citation omitted). So Brown has not
    met his burden of showing PCR counsel was ineffective.
    1 We note it does not appear the PCR court ruled on Brown’s current argument
    that counsel breached professional duties by asking questions that were “ill-
    advised” from a tactical perspective. Rather, it appears the PCR court only ruled
    on Brown’s argument that counsel breached professional duties by eliciting and
    opening the door for hearsay. So we question whether error was preserved on
    Brown’s current argument. See Lamasters v. State, 
    821 N.W.2d 856
    , 862 (Iowa
    2012) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily
    be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on
    appeal.” (citation omitted)). But we note that, as part of its prejudice analysis, the
    district court addressed Brown’s complaint that counsel’s questions helped the
    State explain “that Blosser was afraid and this explains why she lied to the police
    initially.” We assume without deciding this was sufficient to preserve Brown’s
    current argument.
    12
    B. Ineffective assistance of PCR counsel
    In addition to his claims of error by the PCR court, Brown also contends we
    should address his arguments that PCR counsel was ineffective in failing to argue
    that trial counsel was ineffective in (1) failing to obtain and examine the original
    audio recording of the interview of Hardemon; (2) failing to object to certain
    “vouching” testimony by Detective Gonzales; and (3) failing to object to the
    prosecutor’s remarks about included offenses during closing argument.             We
    address each below.
    1. New claim about the Hardemon interview
    Brown concedes the present record is insufficient for us to review his new
    claim about Hardemon’s interview. We accept his concession. The real question
    is what to do next. Ordinarily, we would preserve Brown’s claim for a separate
    action. But Brown asks us to remand for further proceedings instead. Brown
    acknowledges the supreme court’s decision in Goode v. State, which made clear
    that we should not “remand claims of ineffective assistance of postconviction
    counsel raised for the first time on appeal to the district court to hear and decide.”
    
    920 N.W.2d 520
    , 527 (Iowa 2018); see also Taylor v. State, No. 19-1175, 
    2020 WL 4814119
    , at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 19, 2020) (declining request for remand
    and relying on Goode); Lusk v. State, No. 18-1125, 
    2019 WL 1953461
    , at *2 (Iowa
    Ct. App. May 1, 2019) (same).             In Brown’s view, though, subsequent
    developments—particularly, the legislature’s recent amendment of Iowa Code
    section 822.3 (2019)—cast doubt on Goode’s validity. See 2019 Iowa Acts ch.
    140, § 34. But see Goode, 920 N.W.2d at 527 (“The request made on appeal to
    remand the case to the postconviction court fails not because of the statute of
    13
    limitations governing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, but the rules
    governing our appellate process.”).
    We cannot adopt Brown’s position. “[T]he Iowa Court of Appeals must
    follow the legal precedents of the Iowa Supreme Court.” In re Estate of O’Banion,
    No. 19-0485, 
    2020 WL 567271
    , at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2020) (citation
    omitted); see also McGee v. State, No. 19-1335, 
    2020 WL 5650470
    , at *4 (Iowa
    Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2020) (“Any new exceptions [to the prejudice requirement in
    PCRs] should be recognized first by the supreme court, not this intermediate
    court.”); Purvis v. State, No. 18-2001, 
    2020 WL 4497383
    , at *3 n.1 (Iowa Ct. App.
    Aug. 5, 2020) (“Purvis suggests Iowa should adopt different standards for
    prejudice. But the standards explained above come directly from our supreme
    court. Any changes to those standards may not come from this intermediate court
    of appeals.”); In re T.W., No. 20-0145, 
    2020 WL 1881115
    , at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr.
    15, 2020) (noting the supreme court’s statutory interpretation is “binding on this
    intermediate appellate court”). So, consistent with Goode, we decline Brown’s
    request to remand. See 920 N.W.2d at 527. Instead, we preserve his new
    argument about the Hardemon interview for possible future litigation.
    2. The other new claims
    We turn now to Brown’s other new ineffective-assistance claims. As to
    these claims, the parties agree the record is sufficient for our review.2 Before
    2 We accept this agreement because, as will be explained, the current record is
    sufficient to determine that Brown’s claims are not meritorious. If we believed
    Brown’s claims could have merit, however, the current record would not permit us
    to grant relief and would instead require us to preserve Brown’s claims for a future
    PCR proceeding. This is because both of Brown’s claims concern the decision-
    making processes of Brown’s prior lawyers. And our record does not include
    14
    reaching their merits, though, we consider the State’s argument concerning
    section 822.3.
    Section 822.3 requires every PCR proceeding to be “commenced by filing
    an application.” In general, the “application[] must be filed within three years from
    the date the conviction or decision is final or, in the event of an appeal, from the
    date the writ of procedendo is issued.” 
    Iowa Code § 822.3
    .
    In Dible v. State, our supreme court held that ineffective assistance by PCR
    counsel action did not excuse the untimely filing of a second PCR application. 
    557 N.W.2d 881
    , 883 (Iowa 1996), abrogated in part by Harrington v. State, 
    659 N.W.2d 509
     (Iowa 2003). Later, in Allison v. State, our supreme court “qualif[ied]
    Dible” and held:
    [W]here a PCR petition alleging ineffective assistance of trial counsel
    has been timely filed per section 822.3 and there is a successive
    PCR petition alleging postconviction counsel was ineffective in
    presenting the ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, the
    timing of the filing of the second PCR petition relates back to the
    timing of the filing of the original PCR petition for purposes of Iowa
    Code section 822.3 if the successive PCR petition is filed promptly
    after the conclusion of the first PCR action.
    testimony from trial counsel about why counsel made the decisions of which Brown
    complains. Nor does our record include testimony from PCR counsel as to why
    these issues were not raised before the PCR court. So the current record does
    not allow us to say whether counsel’s actions could be explained as “a trial tactic
    or strategy.” See State v. Tompkins, 
    859 N.W.2d 631
    , 643 (Iowa 2015).
    Accordingly, based on the current record, we could not conclude counsel’s
    decisions “fell below the standard of a reasonably competent practitioner, such that
    counsel failed to perform an essential duty.” Id.; accord Trott v. State, No. 18-
    0624, 
    2019 WL 1300418
    , at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 20, 2019) (concluding claim
    “should be preserved for a further postconviction proceeding, where PCR counsel
    may explain what issues he determined had merit to pursue postconviction”);see
    also State v. Coil, 
    264 N.W.2d 293
    , 296 (Iowa 1978) (“Even a lawyer is entitled to
    his [or her] day in court, especially when his [or her] professional reputation is
    impugned.”).
    15
    
    914 N.W.2d 866
    , 890–91 (Iowa 2018) (emphasis added).
    Then, in 2019, the legislature amended section 822.3, apparently in
    response to Allison.     The amendment added these words: “An allegation of
    ineffective assistance of counsel in a prior case under this chapter shall not toll or
    extend the limitation periods in this section nor shall such claim relate back to a
    prior filing to avoid the application of the limitation periods.” 2019 Iowa Acts ch.
    140, § 34 (codified at 
    Iowa Code § 822.3
     (Supp. 2019)).
    In the State’s view, this amendment reflects the legislature’s choice “to
    restore the law to its pre-Allison, Dible roots.” “The State urges that th[is] anti-
    Allison provision squarely applies to Brown” and bars our consideration of his
    claims of ineffective-assistance by PCR counsel.
    We reach a different conclusion. Dible and Allison both involved “second”
    or “successive” PCR applications that were filed outside the three-year limitation
    period. See Dible, 
    557 N.W.2d at 882
    ; see also Allison, 914 N.W.2d at 871.
    Similarly, the 2019 amendment only applies to second or subsequent PCR cases.
    See 
    Iowa Code § 822.3
    . According to the words chosen by our legislature, the
    amendment only governs “allegation[s] of ineffective assistance of counsel in a
    prior case under this chapter,” that is, in a prior PCR case.3 
    Id.
     (emphasis added).
    By definition, allegations about what happened “in a prior case” can only be
    brought in a second or subsequent case, not a first case. See 
    id.
     (emphasis
    3 In full, the amendment states: “An allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel
    in a prior case under this chapter shall not toll or extend the limitation periods in
    this section nor shall such claim relate back to a prior filing to avoid the application
    of the limitation periods.” 
    Iowa Code § 822.3
     (emphasis added). We think “such
    claim[s]” must refer back to “allegation[s] of ineffective assistance of counsel in a
    prior case under this chapter.” See 
    id.
    16
    added); see also Maguire v. Fulton, 
    179 N.W.2d 508
    , 510 (Iowa 1970) (“Effect
    must be given, if possible, to every word, clause and sentence of a statute.”);
    Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts
    174 (2012) (“If possible, every word and every provision is to be given effect . . . .
    None should be ignored. None should needlessly be given an interpretation that
    causes it . . . to have no consequence.”).
    But Brown has had no “prior” PCR case. This is his first PCR case—and
    his application was filed within the three-year period. So the authorities relied on
    by the State do not address Brown’s situation. Therefore, based on the current
    record and briefing, we cannot conclude Brown’s new claims are time-barred.4 We
    turn to their merits.
    a. Testimony of Detective Gonzales
    Brown claims that Detective Gonzales was permitted to “vouch” for the
    credibility of Harris, Fisher, and Blosser. So, in Brown’s view: (1) trial counsel was
    ineffective in failing to object to Gonzales’s “vouching”; and (2) PCR counsel was
    ineffective for failing to raise the “vouching” issue in the current PCR action. We
    disagree.
    To be sure, Harris, Fisher, and Blosser were all important witnesses for the
    State. All three implicated Brown in the shooting. As Brown notes, though, each
    4 We need not, and do not, address the question of whether a future second PCR
    action regarding the Hardemon interview would be barred by section 822.3. The
    issue is not “ripe”; it is not an “actual, present controversy” before us; it is
    “hypothetical or speculative” at this stage; and our answer would constitute an
    improper “advisory opinion.” In re Det. of Babcock, No. 08-1644, 
    2009 WL 2392057
    , at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 6, 2009) (quoting State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 
    616 N.W.2d 575
    , 578 (Iowa 2000)).
    17
    was “subject to impeachment” on several grounds “including that Harris and Fisher
    originally avoided the police” and “that Harris and Blosser [did] not implicate Brown
    when they were located and first interviewed.” But the State “rehabilitated these
    witnesses,” Brown claims, by eliciting the following testimony from Detective
    Gonzales:
    Q. Was it surprising that DiMarco Harris was difficult to locate?
    A. No.
    Q. Is it surprising that any witnesses in general can be difficult
    to locate? A. No.
    Q. Tell me about your experience in dealing with witnesses to
    violent crimes and their level of cooperation and attitude towards the
    investigation? A. It’s not uncommon for, in my experience, for
    probably one major reason that stands out more than any other.
    That’s because it’s not uncommon for those witnesses not to be
    witnesses, necessarily they don’t want to be a witness in a violent
    crime, and this particular case that rings true.
    Q. Do you see that manifest itself in the completeness or
    veracity of statements given to officers over time? A. Yes.
    Q. Could you elaborate on that? A. Because certain
    witnesses would prefer not to be witnesses when we do interviews,
    when I say we, I mean the police, do interviews, it’s not uncommon
    to have to maybe extract information from a witness, to get to the
    truth of what happened or what they saw. That unfortunately is a
    common occurrence.
    According to Brown, these statements amounted to improper “vouching” in
    violation of the supreme court’s edicts in State v. Brown, 
    856 N.W.2d 685
    , 688
    (Iowa 2014),5 as amended (Feb. 23, 2015), State v. Dudley, 
    856 N.W.2d 668
    , 677
    5 In Brown, the court found an expert impermissibly vouched for a child by stating
    the child’s “disclosure” of abuse was “significant and that an investigation is clearly
    warranted.” 856 N.W.2d at 688.
    18
    (Iowa 2014),6 and State v. Jaquez, 
    856 N.W.2d 663
    , 665 (Iowa 2014).7 We
    disagree. In Brown, Dudley, and Jaquez, “an expert directly or indirectly vouche[d]
    for a witness’s credibility thereby commenting on a defendant’s guilt or innocence.”
    See Jaquez, 856 N.W.2d at 665. That is not what occurred here. Gonzales
    discussed the widely-understood fact that most people would rather not get
    involved in the investigation of violent crimes. Cf. State v. Purk, No. 18-0208, 
    2019 WL 5790875
    , at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 6, 2019) (noting “the dangers faced by
    informants, who are sometimes referred to as ‘snitches,’ and who sometimes end
    up in ‘ditches’”). While Gonzales noted that this observation “rings true” in “this
    particular case,” he was no more specific. He did not address the veracity—or lack
    thereof—of any particular allegation or any particular witness. So we believe
    Brown, Dudley, and Jaquez are distinguishable. Trial counsel had no duty to
    object, and PCR counsel had no duty to raise the issue. This claim fails. See
    State v. Lorenzo Baltazar, 
    935 N.W.2d 862
    , 868 (Iowa 2019) (noting “[f]ailure to
    prove either [the duty or prejudice] prong is fatal to an ineffective-assistance-of-
    counsel claim”).
    b. Argument about lesser-included offenses
    Finally, we address Brown’s new claim about the prosecutor’s comments
    about the jury instructions during closing arguments. The jury was instructed on
    murder in the first degree as well as several included offenses such as murder in
    6 In Dudley, the court found an expert impermissibly vouched for a child by opining
    “she believed” that the defendant had “sexually abused” a child, as the child
    claimed. 856 N.W.2d at 678.
    7 In Jaquez, the court found an expert impermissibly vouched by opining that a
    child’s demeanor was “completely consistent with a child who has been
    traumatized, particularly multiple times.” 856 N.W.2d at 665.
    19
    the second degree, voluntary manslaughter, and so on.               The marshalling
    instruction for murder in the first degree stated:
    The State has charged the defendant with murder in the first
    degree with premeditation, willfulness, and deliberation. The State
    must prove all the following elements as set forth below:
    1. On or about the 21st day of June 2012, Brandon Brown
    intentionally shot Donelle Lindsey.
    2. Donelle Lindsey died as a result of being shot.
    3. Brandon Brown acted with malice aforethought.
    4. Brandon Brown acted willfully, deliberately, premeditatedly
    and with a specific intent to kill Donelle Lindsey.
    If the State has proved all of the elements, the defendant is
    guilty of murder in the first degree with premeditation, willfulness and
    deliberation. If the State has failed to prove any one of the elements,
    the defendant is not guilty of murder in the first degree with
    premeditation, willfulness and deliberation; and you will then
    consider the charge of murder in the second degree explained in the
    next instruction.
    Each of the included offense instructions was structured similarly, although
    with different elements required. For instance, the instruction for murder in the
    second degree stated:
    The State must prove all of the following elements of murder
    in the second degree:
    1. On or about the 21st day of June 2012, Brandon Brown
    intentionally shot Donelle Lindsey.
    2. Donelle Lindsey died as a result of being shot.
    3. Brandon Brown acted with malice aforethought.
    If the State has proved all of the elements, the defendant is
    guilty of murder in the second degree. If the State has failed to prove
    any one of the elements, the defendant is not guilty of murder in the
    second degree and you will then consider the charge of attempt to
    commit murder as explained in the next instruction.
    In closing argument, the prosecutor walked the jury through the “staircase”
    of offenses charged: murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, and
    so on. Brown draws our attention to these comments in particular:
    You noticed when the Judge read these instructions that we
    started with murder in the first degree, that’s what you were promised
    20
    at the beginning of this trial, but then she kept going and going and
    going, down a stair step, staircase of lesser included offenses.
    That’s the legal concept going on here.
    ....
    We work our way down the staircase, if you need to. As you
    notice at the end of each marshalling instruction, the jury is told that
    if you find the State proved all of those elements, you will find the
    defendant guilty of that charge and you’re done. If you find the
    defendant not guilty of that charge, then you move down the next
    level down that staircase and they are laid out in the order in which
    you will examine them.
    You will only examine one if you decide that the defendant is
    guilty of murder in the first degree.
    Brown contends these comments imposed an “acquittal-first” requirement,
    that is, a requirement that all twelve jurors agree to an acquittal on murder in the
    first degree before moving on to consider the next offense. See State v. Ambrose,
    
    861 N.W.2d 550
    , 555 (Iowa 2015).           But we agree with the State that the
    prosecutor’s comments were merely “a shorthand way of characterizing” the actual
    text of the instructions given, which was: “If the State has failed to prove any one
    of the elements, the defendant is not guilty . . . .” So we do not think trial counsel
    had a duty to object to the prosecutor’s comments.
    Nor do we believe Brown has shown prejudice. Importantly, Brown raises
    no complaint about the jury instructions. Rather, Brown complains only about the
    prosecutor’s comments. But the prosecutor told the jury that “if my language is not
    perfectly in line with what your instructions are, obviously go on the instruction.”
    And even without that proviso, we presume the jury followed the instructions as
    given—not as a lawyer characterized them. State v. Ondayog, 
    722 N.W.2d 778
    ,
    785 n.2 (Iowa 2006) (“A jury is presumed to follow the instructions of the court.”).
    Moreover, because the jury found the State proved all of the elements of
    murder in the first degree, we do not believe comments about included offenses
    21
    could have prejudiced Brown. So Brown’s claim about closing arguments cannot
    prevail. See Lorenzo Baltazar, 935 N.W.2d at 868 (noting “[f]ailure to prove either
    [the duty or prejudice] prong is fatal to an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim”).
    IV. Conclusion
    We conclude: (1) the PCR court did not err in declining relief; (2) Brown is
    not entitled to relief based on his new claims concerning Detective Gonzales’s
    testimony; (3) Brown is not entitled to relief based on his new claim concerning the
    prosecutor’s arguments; (4) the record is not sufficiently developed to reach
    Brown’s new claim about Hardemon’s interview; (5) pursuant to Goode, 920
    N.W.2d at 527, we decline Brown’s request to remand the case for further
    development of his new claim about Hardemon’s interview; and (6) consistent with
    Goode, we preserve Brown’s new claim about Hardemon’s interview for possible
    future litigation.
    AFFIRMED.