State of Iowa v. Caleb A. Dormire , 919 N.W.2d 635 ( 2018 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 16-1747
Filed May 2, 2018
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CALEB A. DORMIRE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Scott County, Stuart P. Werling,
Judge.
Caleb Dormire appeals following his conviction of second-degree sexual
abuse. AFFIRMED.
Kent A. Simmons, Bettendorf, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Darrel L. Mullins, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and Bower, JJ.
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DOYLE, Judge.
Caleb Dormire appeals following his conviction of second-degree sexual
abuse. He first argues the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss because
the trial information was filed more than forty-five days after he was taken into
custody, in violation of his right to a speedy indictment. We review this claim for
correction of errors at law. See State v. Williams, 895 N.W.2d 856, 860 (Iowa
2017).
On the evening of December 16, 2014, a law enforcement officer stopped
Dormire’s vehicle while investigating a report of sexual assault. Dormire was
searched for weapons, placed in the backseat of a patrol car, and informed of his
Miranda rights. Dormire agreed to answer questions at the police station and
consented to a physical search and confiscation of his clothing for DNA testing.
During the night, he was repeatedly told he was not under arrest.
The DNA samples were sent to a lab for analysis in January 2015, and the
results of testing were not received until August 2015. The results led to the
issuance of a warrant for Dormire’s arrest. He was formally arrested on October
7, 2015, and on November 4, 2015, the State filed a trial information that charged
Dormire with second-degree sexual abuse.
Dormire moved to dismiss the charge, alleging the State had violated Iowa
Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.33(2)(a), which states:
When an adult is arrested for the commission of a public
offense . . . and an indictment is not found against the defendant
within 45 days, the court must order the prosecution to be dismissed,
unless good cause to the contrary is shown or the defendant waives
the defendant's right thereto.
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Dormire alleged he was arrested on December 16, 2014, nearly a year before the
State filed the charge against him. He relied on State v. Wing, 791 N.W.2d 243,
247-49 (Iowa 2010), which held the clock begins to tick on a speedy-indictment
claim when a reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have believed
an arrest occurred—regardless of whether the defendant is arrested under the
conditions required by statute.1 The district court denied the motion, finding a
reasonable person in Dormire’s position, “having been advised by three officers
that he was not under arrest and was free to leave at any time, would have
understood that he was not under arrest.” The matter proceeded trial, a jury found
Dormire guilty, and Dormire filed a notice of appeal.
After Dormire filed this appeal, the supreme court overruled Wing. See
State v. Williams, 895 N.W.2d 856, 867 (Iowa 2017). The court held:
Arrest for the purposes of the speedy indictment rule requires the
person to be taken into custody in the manner authorized by law.
The manner of arrest includes taking the arrested person to a
magistrate. The rule is triggered from the time a person is taken into
custody, but only when the arrest is completed by taking the person
before a magistrate for an initial appearance.
Id. In his brief, Dormire argues that because his trial counsel raised the speedy-
indictment claim under Wing, we are obligated to apply the rationale of Wing in
analyzing whether the speedy-indictment rule was violated.
“[J]udicial decisions generally operate retroactively and prospectively, and
we apply the law to a case that exists at the time the case comes before us.”
Casey’s Gen. Stores, Inc., 661 N.W.2d 515, 525 (Iowa 2003). Our supreme court’s
1
Dormire also cited State v. Williams, No. 14-0793, 2016 WL 146197 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan.
13, 2016). After Dormire filed his appeal, the court of appeals opinion was vacated on
further review by the supreme court in Williams, 895 N.W.2d at 867.
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construction of a statute “is an authoritative statement of what the statute meant
before as well as after the decision of the case giving rise to that construction.”
State ex rel. Miller v. Pace, 677 N.W.2d 761, 772 (Iowa 2004) (quoting Rivers v.
Roadway Express, Inc., 511 U.S. 298, 312-13 (1994). Although Dormire notes,
however, that in overruling its prior decisions, our supreme court has the power to
apply a new rule prospectively only, see Nguyen v. State, 878 N.W.2d 744, 754
(Iowa 2016), the court did not declare a prospective-only application in Williams.
As of yet, the supreme court has not addressed how the Williams holding should
be applied. Without a statement that the decision is to operate prospectively only,
we will apply Williams retroactively. See In re Estate of Nicolaus, 366 N.W.2d 562,
566 (Iowa 1985) (retroactively applying a holding overruling prior decisions
because “[n]othing . . . indicates that it is restricted to prospective operation”).
Applying the Williams holding here, there was no violation of the speedy-indictment
rule, and we therefore affirm the order denying Dormire’s motion to dismiss.
Dormire also contends his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in
several respects concerning testimony that he believes violated the court’s rulings
on his motions in limine. Dormire’s first motion in limine sought to exclude
evidence concerning his character or criminal history and his third motion in limine
sought to exclude “[a]ny attempted admission of and/or testimony regarding”
certain photographs depicting marijuana. When the complaining witness was
asked at trial if Dormire was going to pay her to watch his house while he was
away, she testified that Dormire said he was going to give her marijuana in
exchange for it. Outside the jury’s presence, Dormire’s trial counsel objected to
the testimony as a violation of the court’s rulings. The trial court ruled that the third
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motion in limine did not extend beyond the photographic evidence. The court
found the evidence could potentially damage Dormire but would also damage the
witness’s testimony and would not be particularly damaging to the defense.
Dormire argues that counsel was ineffective by failing to move for a mistrial and
request the jury be instructed to disregard the evidence. He also argues counsel
was ineffective by failing to better frame the motion in limine to include all
references to marijuana.
We review ineffective-assistance claims de novo. See State v. Straw, 709
N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006). In order to establish ineffective assistance of
counsel, Dormire must show by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel
failed to perform an essential duty and that failure prejudiced him. See id.Generally, we reserve claims of ineffective assistance of counsel for postconviction
proceedings to allow the record to be developed on various issues. State v.
Bumpus, 459 N.W.2d 619, 627 (Iowa 1990). “Only in rare cases will the trial record
alone be sufficient to resolve the claim.” State v. Atley, 564 N.W.2d 817, 833 (Iowa
1997). Preserving a claim of ineffective assistance is particularly important “where
the challenged actions of counsel implicate trial tactics or strategy which might be
explained in a record fully developed to address those issues.” State v. Clay, 824
N.W.2d 488, 494 (Iowa 2012) (citation omitted). Accordingly, we preserve
Dormire’s ineffective-assistance claim for a possible postconviction proceeding to
allow full development of the record.
AFFIRMED.