In the Interest of J.G. and Z.F., Minor Children, A.F., Mother ( 2015 )


Menu:
  •                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
    No. 15-1362
    Filed October 28, 2015
    IN THE INTEREST OF J.G. and Z.F.,
    Minor Children,
    A.F., Mother,
    Appellant.
    ________________________________________________________________
    Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Hancock County, Karen Kaufman
    Salic, District Associate Judge.
    A mother appeals from a juvenile court order terminating her parental
    rights. AFFIRMED.
    Michael Moeller of Sorensen Law Office, Clear Lake, for appellant.
    Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant
    Attorney General, and David Solheim, County Attorney, for appellee.
    Crystal Ely of Young Law Office, Mason City, for father.
    Theodore Hovda, Garner, attorney and guardian ad litem for minor
    children.
    Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
    2
    MULLINS, Judge.
    A mother appeals from a juvenile court order terminating her parental
    rights to her two children under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l) (2015).1
    The mother argues the State failed to prove the grounds for termination by clear
    and convincing evidence and, alternatively, the court should have granted her an
    additional six months toward reunification. She also contends termination is not
    in the children’s best interests under section 232.116(2) and a statutory
    exception existed under section 232.116(3)(c) to prevent termination.                 She
    further claims the juvenile court erred in finding the Iowa Department of Human
    Services (DHS) made reasonable efforts toward reunification. We affirm.
    I.     Background Facts and Proceedings
    The mother has two children, J.G., born in September 2003, and Z.F.,
    born in December 2006. The DHS first became involved with the family in 2006,
    when J.G. was two years old. DHS provided voluntary services to the mother
    and J.G. for six months. DHS again became involved with the family in early
    August 2013 because of concerns regarding the mother’s substance abuse when
    both she and Z.F., then six years old, tested positive for methamphetamine. The
    mother participated in voluntary services, and the children remained in her care
    and custody even after the mother tested positive for THC in November 2013
    and methamphetamine in December 2013. In February 2014, the children were
    removed from their mother’s care due to her ongoing methamphetamine use and
    1
    The parental rights of J.G.’s biological father were terminated pursuant to Iowa Code
    section 232.116(1)(b), (e), and (f). He does not appeal. The court further ordered that
    guardianship of J.G., and her care, custody, and control were transferred to Z.F.’s father,
    her step-father, and she was placed in his home along with Z.F.
    3
    an incident in which Z.F., then age seven, was found walking alone around town
    after 10:00 p.m. After the removal hearing, the mother entered into an inpatient
    substance abuse treatment program for methamphetamine use.                             She
    successfully completed the inpatient treatment program in March 2014.
    In March 2014, the children were adjudicated children in need of
    assistance (CINA),2 and the court placed the children in the care and custody of
    Z.F.’s father.3 The court held a dispositional hearing in April 2014. During that
    time, the mother was in an outpatient treatment program and consistently met
    with her counselors for individual and group sessions though she continued to
    abuse alcohol and prescription medication.
    2
    At one point in its adjudicatory order, the juvenile court stated it dismissed the
    allegations under Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) and (n) without prejudice based upon
    a motion by the State. But at all other points in the adjudicatory order and in subsequent
    orders, the court found the parties admitted the allegations of the petition as to Iowa
    Code section 232.2(6)(n) and adjudicated the children as children in need of assistance
    pursuant to paragraph (n). Thus, we determine that the dismissal of the allegations
    under paragraph (n) was a scrivener’s error. The mother neither argues nor cites
    authority in support of a claim that the error prejudiced her in any way. In fact, she notes
    in her petition that the children were adjudicated under section 232.2(6)(n) after
    randomly noting earlier in her petition that the allegations were dismissed. We therefore
    consider any issue as to adjudication under section 232.2(6)(n) waived. Iowa R. Civ. P.
    6.903(2)(g)(3); see also Soo Line R.R. v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 
    521 N.W.2d 685
    , 689
    (Iowa 1994) (holding that random mention of an issue, without citing authority or offering
    substantive argument to support the claim, is insufficient to raise issue for appellate
    court’s consideration).
    3
    The mother and father of Z.F. were separated prior to DHS’s involvement but reunited
    shortly after DHS became involved. The parents attempted marital counseling, but the
    father left the family home in December 2013. The children continued in the mother’s
    care and custody following this separation, thus requiring a removal order to place Z.F.
    in his father’s care. J.G.’s biological father’s location was unknown at the time of
    removal from the mother. Therefore, a removal order was required to place J.G. in her
    stepfather’s care. The removal hearing was originally scheduled for February 2014, but
    was waived by the parties and held in conjunction with the adjudication hearing in March
    2014.
    4
    At the review hearing in August 2014, the mother’s visitation had been
    increased to seven hours per week and the court approved semi-supervised
    visits to start by September.       She was participating in substance abuse
    treatment, consistently engaging with her counselors, was employed, and had
    had negative drug screens since late April 2014. However, by the November
    2014 review hearing, there were concerns regarding the mother’s attendance in
    treatment and her failure to appear for a hair stat test. She had also lost her
    employment.
    In January 2015, the juvenile court held a permanency hearing at which it
    granted the mother an additional six months to work toward reunification with her
    children. At the time, the mother was living with her grandparents on their farm
    because her home was in foreclosure. She had a new job. Her visits with the
    children had been increased to unsupervised visits every other weekend in
    addition to visits during the week, but the court ordered that her visitation not be
    expanded further until she verified her sobriety. In late January 2015, the mother
    tested positive for methamphetamine.         The mother again participated in an
    inpatient   substance   abuse   treatment     program,   but   was   unsuccessfully
    discharged in February 2015 due to increased methamphetamine use and lack of
    attendance. As a result of her ongoing substance abuse issues, as well as her
    housing situation and involvement in a relationship with a man who had a history
    of drug-related criminal activities, the mother’s visits returned to being fully
    supervised. The mother was convicted of driving while suspended in March, and
    5
    failed to inform her providers of the conviction, the revocation of her driving
    privileges, or her arrest for failure to appear.
    In April 2015, the court held a permanency review hearing. The mother
    stated she consistently attended Narcotics Anonymous meetings and spoke with
    her sponsor daily. She was still living with her grandparents and had another
    new job. In May 2015, the mother again tested positive for methamphetamine.
    The State then filed a petition to terminate the mother’s parental rights to her two
    children. The mother knew she needed help and obtained two more substance
    abuse evaluations.      She entered treatment, but was again unsuccessfully
    discharged in June 2015 after having no contact with the agency.          After the
    second evaluation, the mother attended two group sessions and one individual
    session. She participated in partial-day intensive outpatient services and later
    full-day services until she could be admitted to inpatient services.       A space
    opened for her for inpatient services, and she stated she would enter but never
    entered and later claimed she did not know she was going into inpatient. The
    mother continued to use methamphetamine weekly and was homeless and
    unemployed.
    In July 2015, the juvenile court held a termination-of-parental-rights
    hearing. At the time, the mother had visits with her children for two hours once a
    week. The DHS worker testified that the visits went well, the mother had a strong
    bond with her children, and there had never been any issues with her parenting
    skills during visits.   However, the mother had not attempted to contact the
    children outside of her visits with them and did not inquire about their well-being.
    6
    She admitted she was using methamphetamine and that she had not made
    progress in addressing her addiction since February 2014. She also testified that
    because of her substance abuse issues, she knew her children could not safely
    be returned to her care but requested an additional six months to get clean and
    work toward reunification with her children. She had unresolved mental health
    issues and had been off medication since April. She continued to be involved in
    inappropriate relationships.    She was again living with her grandfather and
    supporting herself by using her savings, selling some of her household
    belongings, and receiving food assistance. Following the hearing, the juvenile
    court entered an order terminating the mother’s parental rights under Iowa Code
    section 232.116(1)(f) and (l). This appeal followed.
    II.    Standard of Review
    We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re A.M.,
    
    843 N.W.2d 100
    , 110 (Iowa 2014). We give weight to the factual determinations
    of the juvenile court, especially with regard to witness credibility, but are not
    bound by them. In re A.B., 
    815 N.W.2d 764
    , 773 (Iowa 2012). Our primary
    consideration is the best interests of the child. Id. at 776.
    III.   Analysis
    A. Statutory Grounds
    The juvenile court terminated the mother’s parental rights to J.G. and Z.F.
    under Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) and (l). When a juvenile court terminates
    parental rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the order on any of the
    statutory grounds supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re D.W., 791
    
    7 N.W.2d 703
    , 707 (Iowa 2010). Evidence is clear and convincing when there is
    no serious or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusions of law
    drawn from the evidence. Id. at 706.
    The mother argues the State failed to prove the grounds for termination by
    clear and convincing evidence.4 Specifically, she asserts that the State failed to
    prove that the children could not be returned to her care at the time of the
    termination hearing. She alternatively contends the juvenile court should have
    granted her an additional six months toward reunification with her children.
    Under section 232.116(1)(f), the court may terminate parental rights if the
    court finds that the State has proved by clear and convincing evidence the child
    (1) is four years old or older; (2) has been adjudicated CINA; (3) has been
    removed from the parent’s physical custody “for at least twelve of the last
    eighteen months, or for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at
    home has been less than thirty days”; and (4) cannot be returned to the parent’s
    custody at the time of the termination hearing.
    There is no dispute that both J.G. and Z.F. are over the age of four. The
    juvenile court adjudicated both children CINA in March 2014. Both children have
    been out of the mother’s physical care and custody since February 2014 and
    have had no trial periods at home.         The mother testified at the termination
    hearing that the children could not be returned to her care at that time because of
    her methamphetamine addiction.          The mother testified that she last used
    4
    The mother argues the State failed to prove the grounds for termination under Iowa
    Code section 232.116(1)(h). However, this is apparently a typographical error because
    the juvenile court terminated her parental rights under paragraphs (f) and (l). We will
    therefore examine the mother’s claim with respect to paragraph (f).
    8
    methamphetamine in early July, a few weeks before the termination hearing.
    When asked if she believed her children were safe in her care, she testified that
    she knew she needed help and requested additional time to work toward
    reunification. The mother did not have stable housing or employment. She had
    unresolved mental health issues and required medication management.           For
    these reasons, we find clear and convincing evidence that J.G. and Z.F. could
    not be returned to the care and custody of their mother at the time of the
    termination hearing and grounds for termination exist under Iowa Code section
    232.116(1)(f).
    Furthermore, the mother is not entitled to an additional six months
    because she has not proved that the need for removal will no longer exist at the
    end of that six-month period. See 
    Iowa Code § 232.104
    (2)(b). The mother’s
    minimal progress in addressing her methamphetamine addiction since the CINA
    case was opened and the children were removed from her care and custody
    indicate that another six months will only postpone the permanency and stability
    these children need. We cannot ask these children to continuously wait for their
    mother to become a stable parent. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. “[A]t some
    point, the rights and needs of the children rise above the rights and needs of the
    parent.” In re C.S., 
    776 N.W.2d 297
    , 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). Therefore, we
    affirm the juvenile court’s denial of an additional six months.
    B. Best Interests
    Next, the mother contends that termination of her parental rights was not
    in the children’s best interests as defined in section 232.116(2).     Even if a
    9
    statutory ground for termination is met, a decision to terminate must still be in the
    best interests of the child after a review of section 232.116(2). In re P.L., 
    778 N.W.2d 33
    , 37 (Iowa 2010).
    We have thoroughly reviewed the record before us “giv[ing] primary
    consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the
    long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and
    emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” 
    Iowa Code § 232.116
    (2). “It is
    well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has
    proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a
    parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the
    child.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 777 (quoting In re P.L., 
    778 N.W.2d at 41
    ).
    The mother claims the State failed to present evidence that the mother
    was using illegal substances while caring for the children and that the mother
    never put the children in a situation that would likely lead to their imminent abuse
    or neglect. She claims the children would be safe in her care. Although she
    consistently visited her children, appropriately cared for them during visits, and
    exhibited good parenting skills, she has put her children in dangerous situations
    before. She testified at the termination hearing that it would not be safe for the
    children to be returned to her care full time. DHS became involved with this
    family in August 2013 because Z.F. tested positive for methamphetamine when
    he was six years old. The children were removed from their mother’s care in
    February 2014, in part because Z.F., at age seven, was found walking the streets
    of town alone after 10:00 p.m.          The mother has experienced unstable
    10
    employment and housing. “Insight for the determination of the child’s long-range
    best interests can be gleaned from evidence of the parent’s past performance for
    that performance may be indicative of the quality of the future care that parent is
    capable of providing.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 778 (internal quotation marks
    omitted). The children were doing well in their father’s care and appeared to be
    happy and their needs were being met. Thus upon our de novo review of the
    record, we conclude that termination of the mother’s parental rights is in the
    children’s best interests.
    The mother also claims it is in the children’s best interests to maintain their
    relationships with the mother’s extended family—namely her grandparents with
    whom she lived at different points throughout this case. The State argues the
    mother failed to raise this issue before the juvenile court and therefore error was
    not preserved. We apply our standard error preservation rules to termination-of-
    parental-rights cases.       See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 773.        “Even issues
    implicating constitutional rights must be presented to and ruled upon by the
    district court in order to preserve error for appeal.” In re K.C., 
    660 N.W.2d 29
    , 38
    (Iowa 2003). The mother did not raise and the juvenile court did not rule upon
    the issue of separation of the children from their maternal grandparents.
    Therefore, she has not preserved error for appellate review. See Iowa R. Civ. P.
    1.904(2), see also In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d at 773.
    C. Exceptions or Factors Against Termination
    The mother asserts that an exception under section 232.116(3) applies
    because “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination would be
    11
    detrimental to the child[ren] at the time due to the closeness of the parent-child
    relationship.” 
    Iowa Code § 232.116
    (3)(c).
    A court need not terminate parental rights if it finds any of the statutory
    exceptions under section 232.116(3) apply. In re P.L., 
    778 N.W.2d at 39
    . “The
    factors weighing against termination in section 232.116(3) are permissive, not
    mandatory, and the court may use its discretion, based on the unique
    circumstances of each case and the best interests of the child, whether to apply
    the factors in this section to save the parent-child relationship.” In re A.M., 843
    N.W.2d at 113 (internal quotation marks omitted).
    Although the mother shares a strong bond with her children, who love her
    in return, we agree with the juvenile court when it found that “[g]iven the depth
    and length of Mother’s substance abuse issues, and the ramifications her
    addiction and mental health issues have had on her life, it is more detrimental to
    the children to continue a legal relationship with her than it is to terminate
    parental rights.” Accordingly, we find that none of the permissive factors weigh
    against termination of the mother’s parental rights.
    D. Reasonable Efforts
    The mother also argues the State failed to prove by clear and convincing
    evidence that reasonable efforts toward reunification have been made.
    Specifically, the mother claims that she was unable to gain stability and trust with
    her service providers because her providers changed frequently.           She also
    complains that she did not receive any trial periods at home despite having
    successful overnight weekend visits.
    12
    Following removal of a child from a parent’s care and custody, the State
    must make reasonable efforts to reunify the family as quickly as possible. 
    Iowa Code § 232.102
    (7); In re C.B., 
    611 N.W.2d 489
    , 493 (Iowa 2000). Reasonable
    efforts are not, however, a “strict substantive requirement of termination.” In re
    C.B., 
    611 N.W.2d at 493
    .       Although the State has an obligation to provide
    reasonable services, the parent has an obligation to demand different or
    additional services the parent may require prior to the termination hearing. In re
    S.R., 
    600 N.W.2d 63
    , 65 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999).
    Here, the mother did not raise these issues regarding reasonable efforts
    until closing arguments during the termination hearing when counsel made an
    oral motion for a finding of lack of reasonable efforts. Because the mother did
    not make her requests prior to the termination hearing, the argument that DHS
    did not make reasonable efforts is waived. See In re C.H., 
    652 N.W.2d 144
    , 148
    (Iowa 2002).
    IV.      Conclusion
    On our de novo review, we find clear and convincing evidence supporting
    termination of the mother’s parental rights and affirm under Iowa Code section
    232.116(1)(f). The juvenile court did not err in denying the mother an additional
    six months to work toward reunification. We further find termination is in the best
    interests of J.G. and Z.F. and none of the permissive factors weigh against
    termination of the mother’s parental rights. Therefore, we affirm the juvenile
    court’s ruling terminating the mother’s parental rights to her two children.
    AFFIRMED.