State of Iowa v. Donnell Christopher Pearl ( 2014 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-0796
Filed April 30, 2014
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
DONNELL CHRISTOPHER PEARL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Eliza J. Ovrom,
Judge.
A defendant appeals following his guilty plea asserting counsel was
ineffective in not objecting to the State’s breach of the plea agreement and the
court abused its discretion in sentencing him. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Martha Lucey, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, John P. Sarcone, County Attorney, and Andrea Petrovich and Stephen
Bayens, Assistant County Attorneys, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Mullins, JJ.
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MULLINS, J.
Donnell Pearl appeals his conviction, following a guilty plea to theft in the
second degree, in violation of Iowa Code sections 714.1(4) and 714.2(2) (2011),
and possession of a controlled substance, third offense, in violation of section
124.401(5). He contends his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance when
counsel failed to object to the State’s breach of the plea agreement. While the
State recited the agreement to the court, Pearl contends the State did not
“recommend” the agreement to the court thus violating the “spirit” of the
agreement. He also claims the court abused its discretion in sentencing him
when the court improperly considered his failure to reside at the halfway house
as ordered in his release from jail. He also contends the court abused its
discretion in ordering consecutive sentences without considering all the pertinent
factors. Finally, he claims the court did not properly consider his reasonable
ability to pay when it ordered him to reimburse the State for the cost of his court-
appointed attorney. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm Pearl’s conviction
and sentence.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Pearl was charged with possession of a controlled substance, third
offense, and second-degree theft of an automobile arising from two separate
incidents in the fall of 2012. As part of a plea agreement, Pearl agreed to plead
guilty to the offenses, the State would dismiss two other pending charges, and
the parties would jointly recommend to the court to suspend the sentences,
which were to run consecutively, and place Pearl on probation. After Pearl pled
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guilty, but before sentencing, he was released from jail on his own recognizance
with the condition he reside in a halfway house. The record indicates Pearl was
at the halfway house for only one day before he left. He subsequently missed his
presentence investigation interview, and a warrant was issued for his arrest.
After he was arrested, the case proceeded to sentencing on May 6, 2013.
The prosecutor stated to the court during sentencing:
In reviewing the court order of January 22, it appears there is a plea
agreement that had been struck wherein the parties would jointly
recommend consecutive sentences with a suspended sentence
and probation, so long as the defendant refrained from further
criminal activity. Obviously the events that have transpired, as
documented by the court, I don’t believe probably constitute
additional criminal activity, so as a result the State continues to be
bound by the terms of the plea agreement and would urge the court
to adopt those terms as stated in the order accepting guilty plea
dated January 22, 2013.
Defense counsel also asked the court to adopt the terms of the plea
agreement and suspend the sentences. Counsel acknowledged that Pearl did
not abide by the conditions of his presentence release to remain at the halfway
house, but he had maintained his sobriety. He completed treatment at the Iowa
Residential Treatment Center, and his prior criminal history only included
misdemeanors.1 Pearl admitted to leaving the halfway house but had nothing
else to say in relation to his sentence.
1
Pearl’s criminal history includes more than twenty misdemeanor convictions for crimes
including theft, domestic abuse assault, harassment, possession of drug paraphernalia,
possession of a controlled substance, stalking, child endangerment, assault, harassment
of a public officer, interference with official acts, driving while barred, criminal mischief,
and trespass.
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The court ordered Pearl be sentenced to imprisonment not to exceed five
years on each offense, ordered the sentences to be served consecutive, and did
not suspend the sentences. The court stated:
I am not going to honor the plea agreement to suspend
those sentences and provide probation in this case. This is based
on two things. One is your criminal history, Mr. Pearl. It is lengthy.
While it may not be felonies, it’s very lengthy. I don’t think it shows
success on probation, community-based matters. And, two, your
behavior since the [plea hearing] when we tried to send you to the
halfway house and you left and so forth and missed the PSI
interview. So I don’t think that probation would provide reasonable
protection of the public or maximum opportunity for your
rehabilitation.
I’m also going to run these two sentences consecutively to
each other based on the separate and serious nature of the
offenses, so this is a sentence of a period not to exceed ten years.
The court suspended the minimum fines due to his incarceration but ordered
Pearl to pay the attorney fees in the amount approved by the state public
defender “because that’s going to be a reasonable amount.”
Pearl appeals.
II. Breach of Plea Agreement.
Pearl claims his attorney was ineffective in failing to object to the State’s
breach of the plea agreement. Specifically, he claims the State, while technically
complying with the terms of the agreement, breached the spirit of the agreement
by not advocating for the recommendation. He contends the prosecutor’s
statement was “at best, half-hearted and, at worst, a poorly disguised hint that
the court need not follow the agreement.”
In order to prove counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the State’s
alleged breach of the plea agreement, Pearl must prove counsel failed to perform
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and essential duty and he suffered prejudice as a result. State v. Horness, 600
N.W.2d 294, 298 (Iowa 1999). We will not fault counsel for failing to object if in
fact the prosecutor’s statement does not breach the plea agreement. Id. Our
review of this claim is de novo. Id. at 297.
Our supreme court has determined that when the State assumes an
obligation to make a certain sentencing recommendation as part of a plea
agreement, “mere technical compliance is inadequate; the State must comply
with the spirit of the agreement as well.” Id. at 296.
A fundamental component of plea bargaining is the prosecutor’s
obligation to comply with a promise to make a sentencing
recommendation by doing more than simply informing the court of
the promise the State has made to the defendant with respect to
sentencing. The State must actually fulfill the promise. Where the
State has promised to “recommend” a particular sentence, we have
looked to the common definition of the word “recommend” and
required “the prosecutor to present the recommended sentence
with his or her approval, to commend the sentence to the court, and
to otherwise indicate to the court that the recommended sentence
is supported by the State and worthy of the court’s acceptance.”
State v. Bearse, 748 N.W.2d 211, 215–16 (Iowa 2008) (citations omitted).
Because plea agreements are “essential to the efficient administration of justice,”
and because a plea agreement “requires a defendant to waive fundamental
rights,” “we are compelled to hold prosecutors and courts to the most meticulous
standards of both promise and performance.” See id. at 215.
The State claims the prosecutor did comply with the spirit of the
agreement. The prosecutor did first mention the events that had transpired
between the plea and sentencing did not constitute additional criminal activity,
and he stated that it was his understanding he was still bound by the agreement.
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He then “urge[d]” the court to adopt the sentencing recommendation. The State
points out this case is unlike many other cases where the State was found to
have breached the spirit of the agreement by referencing the presentence
investigation report and reminding the court it was not bound by the plea
agreement, see id. at 216, or failing to commend the sentence to the court and
proposing “alternative” sentences. See Horness, 600 N.W.2d at 300.
We agree with the State that the prosecutor here did not breach the spirit
of the agreement. The court was aware of and had already mentioned Pearl had
failed to appear at his presentencing investigation interview resulting in an arrest
warrant being issued. In mentioning this event, the prosecutor was clarifying for
the court that the defendant had not committed additional criminal activity, which
would have relieved the State of the obligation to comply with the plea
agreement. The prosecutor did not propose alternative sentences or reference
the sentencing recommendation contained in the presentence investigation
report. While he did not detail the reasons the sentencing recommendation was
appropriate in this case, he did “urge” the court to adopt the terms of the
agreement and sentence Pearl accordingly. We find no breach of the spirit of the
plea agreement. Therefore, Pearl’s ineffective-assistance claim fails.
III. Sentencing.
Pearl also contends the court abused its discretion in a number of
respects in sentencing him. First, he claims the court improperly considered his
decision to leave the halfway house as “absconding.” Because the halfway
house was a private facility, not a correctional institution, he could not have been
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considered to have “escaped” from the placement. He contends that his decision
to leave the halfway house was at most a violation of the conditions of his
release. Secondly, he claims the court abused its discretion in imposing
consecutive sentences based only on the “separate and serious nature of the
offenses.” Finally, he states the court did not consider his reasonable ability to
pay when it ordered him to reimburse the State for the cost of his court-appointed
attorney.
Our review of a court’s sentencing decision is for correction of errors at
law. State v. Formaro, 638 N.W.2d 720, 724 (Iowa 2002). We will reverse a
district court’s decision only when the court abuses its discretion or there is a
defect in the sentencing procedure. Id. A sentence that is within the statutory
limits is cloaked with a strong presumption in its favor. Id.While the court did not refer to Pearl as “absconding” from the halfway
house at the time it imposed the sentence, it had earlier in the hearing stated the
court file showed he failed to appear at his presentence investigation interview,
“that he had absconded from that halfway house placement,” and that an arrest
warrant was issued. Nowhere does the court state that Pearl had “escaped” from
the facility or that he was charged with a crime as a result of leaving the halfway
house. Pearl admitted to the court at sentencing that he did leave the halfway
house in violation of the conditions of his release, and his attorney even
mentioned the incident as well, asserting that despite the fact he left, he had
maintained his sobriety. The court did refer to his absence from the halfway
house as a reason for not honoring the plea agreement, in particular rejecting the
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recommendation of probation. The court considered the absence as an
indication that placing Pearl on probation would not adequately protect the public
or provide him the best opportunity for rehabilitation. We find no abuse of
discretion in the court’s consideration of Pearl’s failure to comply with the
presentence release conditions when it was determining whether placing Pearl
on probation would be appropriate in this case. See State v. Grey, 514 N.W.2d
78, 79 (Iowa 1994) (finding no abuse of discretion in the court’s consideration of
the defendant’s prior record and the report of his pretrial release supervisor).
Next, we will address Pearl’s claim the court abused its discretion in
ordering consecutive sentences in this case. We begin by noting the plea
agreement called for consecutive sentences, though it was recommended those
sentences be suspended and Pearl be placed on probation. While the court
stated it was imposing consecutive sentences based on the separate and serious
nature of the offenses, it also clearly considered Pearl’s criminal history and lack
of success in community based programs as reasons for imposing the sentence
that it did. The court clearly considered the need to protect the public and what
placement would provide the best opportunity for Pearl’s rehabilitation. Even a
terse and succinct statement by the court of the reasons for imposing the
sentence is sufficient so long as the brevity does not prevent us from reviewing
the exercise of the court’s discretion. See State v. Boltz, 542 N.W.2d 9, 11 (Iowa
Ct. App. 1995). These statements show the court considered multiple factors in
crafting a sentence in this case. See State v. Leckington, 713 N.W.2d 208, 217
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(Iowa 2006). We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s imposition of
consecutive sentences.
Finally, Pearl challenges the court’s order requiring him to reimburse the
State for his court-appointed attorney. He claims the court erroneously
considered the reasonableness of the fees rather than considering his
reasonable ability to pay. He claims the court abused its discretion by failing to
exercise its discretion. The State asks us to find this challenge premature in light
of the fact the court did not order a specific amount of attorney fees to be repaid.
The State claims only after a restitution order is entered on the record detailing
the amount to be repaid can Pearl assert his challenge. We agree.
A challenge to the court’s failure to consider a defendant’s ability to pay
can only be made after there is a plan of restitution contemplated by Iowa Code
section 910.3. See State v. Jackson, 601 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Iowa 1999). Until a
plan of restitution is complete, the court is not required to give consideration to a
defendant’s ability to pay. Id. When a plan is entered, the defendant can then
seek a modification if he is dissatisfied with the amount. Id. “Unless that remedy
has been exhausted, we have no basis for reviewing the issue.” Id.; see also
State v. Swartz, 601 N.W.2d 348, 354 (Iowa 1999). Because the plan of
restitution was not complete in the case by the time the notice of appeal was
filed, we are unable to consider this issue at this time.
AFFIRMED.