State of Iowa v. Nicholas Ashley Boggs ( 2020 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 19-0862
Filed November 4, 2020
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
NICHOLAS ASHLEY BOGGS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Warren County, Richard B. Clogg
(suppression motion) and Paul R. Huscher (bench trial & sentencing), Judges.
Nicholas Boggs appeals four drug-related convictions. REVERSED AND
REMANDED.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Melinda J. Nye, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Thomas E. Bakke, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Heard by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ.
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DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
Nicholas Boggs appeals his convictions and sentences on four offenses
related to the seizure of illegal drugs from his apartment following a January 2019
search. He challenges the denial of his motion to suppress evidence he claims
was obtained in violation of his constitutional right to be free from unreasonable
searches.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On the night of January 17, 2019, Carlisle police officers were investigating
a report of a low-flying drone that almost hit a pedestrian. The drone was
reportedly operated by someone named Jason. While investigating the area, the
officers encountered Boggs outside the apartment he shares with his then
seventeen-year-old son. Boggs told the officers he had seen a drone but did not
know who was flying it, nor did he know anyone named Jason. When asked if
someone named Jason might be inside the apartment, Boggs stated he had just
returned home and did not know. Sergeant Dave Larson asked Boggs if he minded
if they went up to check to see if someone named Jason was inside. Boggs replied,
“I can go check” and headed to his apartment.
The apartment is situated on the second floor at the rear of a building. The
first floor houses a business. To reach the apartment, one must take an exterior
stairway that runs along the outside of the building. At the top of the stairs is a
small landing. Off the landing is a white storm door that opens to an enclosed
porch. At the other end of the porch is a solid wooden door to the interior of the
apartment. One must go through the porch to reach the front door of the
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apartment. Neither the storm door nor the interior door is equipped with a doorbell
or doorknocker.
The officers followed Boggs. By the time Officer Andreas Guerra reached
the bottom of the stairs, Boggs was almost to the top. Boggs answered one of the
officer’s questions about the apartment’s address as he hurried up the stairs.
Boggs entered the porch through the storm door and went towards the front door
of the apartment. The storm door did not close behind Boggs. When Officer
Guerra reached the door at the top of the stairs, Boggs was just entering his
apartment. Officer Guerra barged into the porch through the open storm door
without stopping and asking for permission to enter. He rushed through the porch
as Boggs pushed the apartment’s front door to shut it. Just as the door was about
to close, Officer Guerra reached his hand out and pushed the door open. Again,
without stopping and asking permission to enter, he just walked right into the
apartment. He met Boggs in the front hallway. Shortly thereafter, Sergeant Larson
arrived and stood in the front doorway of the apartment. After some small talk,
Sergeant Larson asked, “Any reason I’m smelling marijuana?” Boggs responded,
“I don’t have any clue.” Boggs’s son then entered the apartment. Again, after a
little small talk, Sergeant Larson asked Boggs’s son, “Any reason why we’re
smelling marijuana in here?” The son responded, “No.” Boggs denied the officers
permission to search the apartment.
Law enforcement searched Boggs’s apartment after obtaining a warrant.
Inside, officers found drugs, paraphernalia, and a large sum of money. The State
charged Boggs with twelve counts of drug-related offenses. Boggs moved to
suppress the evidence obtained during the search of his apartment, which the trial
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court denied. The State dismissed all but four charges, and the parties agreed to
a bench trial on the minutes of evidence. The court found Boggs guilty of all four
charges and sentenced him to consecutive sentences totaling fifty years in prison
with a nine-year mandatory minimum sentence.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
Boggs appeals the denial of his motion to suppress. He alleges the officers
violated his constitutional rights by entering the enclosed porch without his
consent. We review the denial of a motion to suppress based on deprivation of
constitutional rights de novo. See State v. Hunter, 947 N.W.2d 657, 660 (Iowa
2020). We therefore review the entire record, the evidence introduced at both the
suppression hearing and at trial, and “make an independent evaluation of the
totality of the circumstances.” Id. (citation omitted).
III. Analysis.
The federal and state constitutions prohibit the government from engaging
in unreasonable searches. See State v. Frescoln, 911 N.W.2d 450, 453 (Iowa
2017). We presume a warrantless search is unreasonable unless it falls under a
recognized exception to the warrant requirement. See id. The “chief evil” these
constitutional provisions protect against is the government’s physical entry into the
home. State v. Legg, 633 N.W.2d 763, 767 (Iowa 2001) (quoting United States v.
U.S. Dist. Ct., 407 U.S. 297, 313 (1972)); see also State v. Kern, 831 N.W.2d 149,
164 (Iowa 2013) (“[T]he Fourth Amendment and article I, section 8 create a
substantial expectation of privacy in the home.”).
The constitutional protections against unreasonable searches extend to a
home’s curtilage. Legg, 633 N.W.2d at 767. Whether an area falls within a home’s
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curtilage is determined by an individual’s reasonable expectation of privacy in that
area. See id. at 767-68. The United States Supreme Court has established four
nonexclusive factors to consider in making that determination:
(1) “the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home”; (2)
“whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the
home”; (3) “the nature of the uses to which the area is put”; and (4)
“the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation
by people passing by.”
Id. at 768 (quoting United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 301 (1987)). “[T]he
primary focus is whether the area in question harbors those intimate activities
associated with domestic life and the privacies of the home.” Dunn, 480 U.S. at
301 n.4.
The enclosed porch meets the first two factors in the criteria for curtilage. It
is attached to Boggs’s apartment and sits above the building’s first floor. It is
covered by the building’s roof and has permanent walls. The porch is outfitted with
storm windows and an aluminum storm door with a window in the center.
Functionally and structurally, the porch is the same as the rest of the building. See
State v. Reinier, 628 N.W.2d 460, 462-63 (Iowa 2001) (noting “[t]he outside walls
of the porch had the same siding as the remainder of the house and the roof of the
porch also conformed to the roof of the remainder of the house” in determining its
occupant had a reasonable expectation of privacy on it); State v. Kriley, 976
S.W.2d 16, 22–23 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) (finding an enclosed structure was part of
the home where, notwithstanding the lack of a door or floor, one exterior wall was
made of concrete, brick, wood and glass, another exterior wall was shingled like
the house, the roof and flashing were continuous between the house and the
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structure, the room was wired for electricity, and it held numerous items and was
being used for various purposes).
In its brief, the State does not contest the first two factors but claims “the
remaining factors support the conclusion that Boggs did not have a legitimate
expectation of privacy in the porch.” But at oral argument, the State seemed to
concede that Boggs did have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the porch.
Nevertheless, we turn then to the third element of the test: the nature of the uses
to which the porch is put. The district court found “[n]othing of value was stored in
this area,” but there is no dispute that Boggs kept a table and chairs on it along
with a refrigerator or deep freezer. A cabinet with a countertop runs along one
side of the porch. The presence of furniture and other items on the porch indicates
its use for those intimate activities associated with domestic life and the privacies
of the home. Although there may have been items of trash on the porch as well,
that does not change the nature of the structure. See Ingram v. State, 703 P.2d
415, 426-27 (Alaska Ct. App. 1985), aff’d, 719 P.2d 265 (Alaska 1986) (finding a
reasonable expectation of privacy in a shared storage shed that contained
“primarily junk”); In re Lallo, No. 1997CA00426, 1998 WL 525561, at *3 (Ohio Ct.
App. Aug. 17, 1998) (“Due to the nature of the structure, we find the expectation
of privacy pertaining to the porch was reasonable. The porch was entirely
enclosed, with windows and a door. It has double hung pane windows with
screens. The porch is wired for electricity and has lamps and a telephone. The
porch also contains in-door furniture. . . . The fact that various items may be stored
in this area, such as dog dishes, boxes and boat oars, does not alter the nature of
the structure. The porch is enclosed, attached to the house and has a front door.
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Appellant clearly had an expectation of privacy as it pertains to the porch.”
(emphasis added) (internal citations omitted)). Boggs had an expectation of
privacy on his porch.
On the final element, the district court found Boggs failed to establish a
reasonable expectation of privacy interest in the porch because “[t]he condition of
the storm door missing a window indicates it could not be locked.” The evidence
on this point is in dispute. One officer described the door to the porch as “the
standard storm door, push button lock that was, you know, the normal flimsy
handle on it” with “no external lock.” He also claimed that even if the door could
be locked, “you could reach through the open window and open the door from the
inside.” The upper half of the storm door held a glass panel, but it is not readily
apparent from Officer Guerra’s body camera video whether the bottom half lacked
either a glass panel or a window screen panel on the night in question.
Regardless, the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable intrusion into
an area where privacy is expected “extends even to ‘occupants of flimsily
constructed dwellings with unobstructed windows or other openings directly on
public lands, streets, or sidewalks, who failed to lock their doors to bar entrance.’”
Wayne R. LaFave, 1 Search and Seizure § 2.3(b) (6th ed. Sept. 2020 update)
(quoting United States v. Moss, 963 F.2d 673, 676 (4th Cir. 1992)); see also United
States v. Wilson, No. 08-CR-2020-LRR, 2009 WL 905709, at *7 (N.D. Iowa Mar.
30, 2009) (observing that it is not uncommon for residents of small towns in Iowa
to leave their doors unlocked). For the same reason, we discount the State’s
argument that Boggs’s lack of window coverings diminishes his expectation of
privacy. See Wilson, 2009 WL 905709, at *7 (“Glass front doors are not unknown
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in Iowa, and the mere fact Defendant did not place a curtain on his glass door
cannot carry the day for the government.”). More important to note is that the porch
and its contents cannot be observed by those simply passing by the building. C.f.
Ingram, 703 P.2d at 426-27 (noting, in finding a reasonable expectation of privacy
in a shared storage shed attached to the rear of a fourplex and enclosed by a porch
and its stairs, that neither “the presence of a nearby walkway or the partially open
door of the shed justif[ies] a warrantless police entry”); State v. Witherington, 702
So. 2d 263, 264-65 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1997) (holding the warrantless search of a
screened-in back porch violated the home owner’s legitimate privacy expectation
even though the yard was not fenced and the owner was visible through the screen
because the porch was not visible without entering back yard and the deputy was
on property only to investigate misdemeanor boating violation, did not plan to make
arrest, and no other exception to the warrant requirement applied). Its location
one-story above ground and at the back of the building protects the porch and its
contents from view of all but those who intend to enter or to seek audience with
the apartment’s occupant. Applying the factors first articulated in Dunn, Boggs’s
porch is a constitutionally protected area.
The United States Supreme Court has held, “The front porch is the classic
exemplar of an area adjacent to the home and ‘to which the activity of home life
extends.’” Florida v. Jardines, 569 U.S. 1, 7 (2013) (citation omitted). In Jardines,
the Court considered whether law enforcement violated a home owner’s
constitutional rights by bringing a drug-detecting dog onto the porch. Id. at 3-4.
Because it found the investigation took place in a constitutionally protected area,
the court next considered whether the investigation “was accomplished through an
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unlicensed physical intrusion.” Id. at 7. The existence of a license to enter onto
property may be implied by local custom. See id.
This implicit license typically permits the visitor to approach the home
by the front path, knock promptly, wait briefly to be received, and
then (absent invitation to linger longer) leave. Complying with the
terms of that traditional invitation does not require fine-grained legal
knowledge; it is generally managed without incident by the Nation’s
Girl Scouts and trick-or-treaters.
Id. at 8. A government actor has the same license as a private citizen. See id.
The State argues it was not unreasonable for the officers to walk onto the
porch to reach the inner door to the apartment. The investigating officers provided
different accounts on the question of whether they believed they had license to
enter the porch. Officer Guerra testified he would not ordinarily have walked onto
the porch without knocking on the storm door:
Q. Officer Guerra, if you had not met Mr. Boggs down in the
driveway working on the trailer when you were looking for the drone
person and you had walked up those stairs, would have you knocked
on that white door? A. Yes. If I was there by myself, not knowing
who lived at that residence or who all lived at that residence, yes. [1]
Boggs’s attorney followed up on this question on cross-examination:
Q. So you would have knocked on that white door if you went
to that house.
That’s what you just said, right? A. Yeah, possibly, yep, or
any other residence in the vicinity.
....
Q. [B]ecause that white door is part of the house, right? Inside
that door was part of that apartment? A. To go through there,
yes . . . .
....
Q. . . . And there was things of value in that area right behind
that white door? A. Correct.
1In response to the prosecutor’s next question, Officer Guerra agreed that if he
was “trying to get the attention of the people who lived inside the house,” he “would
have needed to go into the porch in order to knock on the big door.”
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On the other hand, Sergeant Larson had no qualms about walking onto the
porch, testifying that he would not stop and knock on the storm door to speak with
the apartment’s occupants because the storm door is “far enough away way from
that actual main entrance door that nobody would have heard.” The sergeant
likened the storm door to a screen door at the main entry of a house that one opens
to knock on the main door. Of course, a screen door that hangs in front of a main
door at a home’s entry is not separated by any space of consequence. Here, there
was an entire room in which Boggs enjoyed an expectation of privacy separating
the storm door and the inner wooden door.
At least one court has rejected Sergeant Larson’s reasoning:
[T]he mere fact that it was “understandable” that the officers desired
to proceed to the inner door to improve the chances of their knocking
being heard did not constitutionally justify their entry. This is so in
that, to justify a denial of Fourth Amendment protection simply
because law enforcement believes its criminal investigation would be
enhanced by particular investigative conduct, would, as a practical
matter, completely abrogate the protection afforded by the
amendment.
Kriley, 976 S.W.2d at 23.
But even assuming that the officers had a license to enter the porch in order
to make contact with an occupant of the apartment, that license does not apply
under the circumstances. The officers made contact with Boggs outside. Boggs
was in Officer Guerra’s presence when Officer Guerra entered the porch. It follows
that the only legitimate way the officers could enter the porch was with Boggs’s
consent.
The State does argue that the officers had Boggs’s consent to enter the
porch. The State bears the burden of providing consent as an exception to the
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warrant requirement. See State v. Lewis, 675 N.W.2d 516, 522 (Iowa 2004); see
also State v. Reinier, 628 N.W.2d 460, 464 (Iowa 2001) (noting that warrantless
searches are presumed to be unreasonable unless they fall within one of the
established exceptions to the warrant requirement). A homeowner must give “free
and voluntary” consent for the exception to apply. Reinier, 628 N.W.2d at 465.
“Consent is considered to be voluntary when it is given without duress or coercion,
either express or implied.” Id. Factors to help determine the validity of the consent
encompass “both the circumstances surrounding the consent given and the
characteristics of the defendant.” Id. The State must establish voluntary consent
by a preponderance of the evidence. See id.
The interaction between the officers and Boggs captured on body camera
video shows that Sergeant Larson asked, “Do you mind if we go up and see if
there’s somebody named Jason that lives here?” Boggs did not give his assent to
the officers doing so. Instead, he cut the sergeant off by replying, “I can go check,”
words that indicate he alone planned to look around the apartment. (Emphasis
added.) Boggs then turned and headed toward the apartment building. Rather
than waiting for the officers to follow, he moved quickly and was at the top of the
stairs by the time the officers reached the bottom. During his climb up the stairs,
Boggs provided his address when asked but did not stop or slow his movement in
doing so. And though the porch door did not close behind Boggs, he made no
effort to keep it open for the officers. Boggs attempted to close the front door to
the apartment but was thwarted when Officer Guerra pushed the door open before
it could snap shut. Boggs’s actions appear to be those of a person in a hurry rather
than a host welcoming visitors into his home. A reasonable person could conclude
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that Boggs was hurrying to keep the officers out of his apartment rather than
inviting them in. Although Boggs did not protest, that does not equate with consent.
See State v. Ochoa, 792 N.W.2d 260, 292 (Iowa 2010) (noting that the State’s
burden of showing consent was freely and voluntarily given “cannot be discharged
by showing no more than acquiescence to a claim of lawful authority” (quoting
Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 548 (1968))).
Without Boggs’s voluntary consent to allow the officers onto the enclosed
porch, where he enjoyed a reasonable expectation of privacy, the officers intruded
on his rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution. The trial court erred in denying his
motion to suppress. We vacate Boggs’s convictions, reverse the suppression
ruling, and remand the case for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.