Miller v. Brumbaugh , 7 Kan. 343 ( 1871 )

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Brewer, J.:

x. pleading; c 0^1 si d era ti o n Í" a. in-e|uiaritto Lo“wawed.n’ The learned judge who tried the caseheldi the stipulation to arbitrate inadmissible under the pleadings, treated the proceedings before the arbitrators as-simply a settlement of accounts, and ruled that the first •count in the reply did not put in issue the defenses set up in the answer. In each of these rulings we think there was error. The first defense in the answer is that the note was given “ without any consideration whatever therefor.” The petition, reciting the note, affirms that it was “for value received.” The answer denies that value was received; an affirm a - tion that it was without value is equivalent to a denial that it was with consideration. This affirmance and denial make an issue. It is complete. Whether plaintiff could by motion have compelled defendant to set out the circumstances' under which the note was given, the facts upon which he bases his averment that the note was given without consideration, it is useless to inquire. The parties were satisfied with thq issues as made. They went to trial upon them. Under that general averment, the defendant could offer any fact which tended to prove that the note was give without consideration, and the plaintiff on the otner had, could show any consideration. Chamberlin v. P. & H. Railroad Co., 15 Ohio St., 225; Wheeler v. Billings, 38 N. Y., 263. This stipulation being as we have seen competent evidence, it, together with the choice of arbitrators, the award, and the acceptance of the same by the parties, the one giving and the other receiving a note for the amount awarded, present what would have been at common law complete arbitration proceedings. Any irregularities in the number of arbitrators, or in any part of the proceedings, were waived by an acceptance of the result, and a payment of the award. Precisely as the giving of a note for the amount of a verdict of a jury waives any irregularities in the prior proceedings in the case.

3. abmthahox; when and in ' Iii'owed^Tus cuscussed.estlon II. An impression seems to have prevailed that this •court has decided that arbitration proceedings were not recognized by tbe laws of Kansas, and of no ° ^ force here. The only case whose decision could afford a basis for such impression is that of Stigers v. Stigers, decided in the winter of 1865. No-opinion was ever written; ahd the only information we have concerning the decision is that furnished by the syllabus of the judge who announce < it. This will be found in the appendix to 5 Kansas Reports, p. 652, and is as follows : “ l.-At common law disputes concerning “ real property were not the subjects of arbitration. 2.— “ The statute of William III, eh. 15, in aid of the com“monlaw, has not-been adopted in this State. B.-An “award concerning real estate cannot be offered in evi- “ dence in an action for the possession thereof, unless it “ shall appear that it was made in pursuance of a refer- “ ence from the district court.” This syllabus, so far: from holding all arbitration proceedings void, impliedly recognizes the validity of «. The point the court makes is, not the right to arbitrate, but the subject of arbitration. We do not care to carry the decision of the court any further than its language compels. Caldwell, in his work on Arbitration, p. 3, treating of the subjects of' arbitration, after speaking of the rule as respects real-estate, and noticing some decisions thereon, uses this language: “ Any controversy relating to personal prop- . erty may form the subject of a reference. And in all cases of injury, either to the person or property, where damages would be recoverable by action, the arrangement of the matter may be left to arbitration. Disputes respecting rent, or tithes, charges of slander, breaches of contract, trespass to the person or property, the adjustment of the terms of a marriage separation, etc., may be submitted to arbitration.” And this seems to be sup-' ported by an unbroken current of decisions. Whatever ■may have been the rule regarding real-estate questions, controversies concerning personal property and personal, .actions were always matters of arbitration. The settlement of disputes by arbitration is a matter of ancient practice at the common law. It did not originate with 'the statute of “William III, but existed long anterior. That statute increased its efficacy, and enlarged its use, by providing a method of transforming the award of the arbitrators into the judgment of a court. A similar -statute may be found in many States. But the right to arbitrate exists independent of those statutes. In 15 Wend., 100, Senator Edwards says: “The revised statutes have not changed the law in relation to submitting matters in controversy to arbitration, except in cases ■where the parties enter into a submission in pursuance •of the provisions they contain. They do not declare all ■other submissions void; nor do they affect a parol submission ; such a submission is as valid as it ever was.” And Senator Maison: “Parties may by parol submit any matters in controversy between them to arbitration; this is the common law of the land.” In a note in 2 Hill, p. 273, the editor says: “ Statutes like the one in this State, (New York,) prescribing a certain foi’m for -submission to arbitration, and for enforcing awards made thereon, by special proceedings in court, have seldom been construed as excluding parties from the right of submitting in the common law mode. • (See Lagsdon v. Roberts’ Ex’rs, 3 Monroe, 256; Evans v. McKinney, Litt. Select Cas., 264; Wells v. Lain, 15 Wend., 99; Richardson v. Cassily, 3 Watts, 320.) Indeed, even where the statute had been pursued in respect to the form of submission, it has been held that the party in whose favor it was made might elect either to enforce it under the statute, or treat it as a common-law award, and enforce it by action. Dickinson v. Tiner, 4 Black., 253; Titus v. Scantling, id., 89. See also, Lamar, et ux, v. Nicholson, 7 Porter, (Ind.,) 158.” And Denio, J., giving the opinion of the court, in 21 N. Y., 148, uses this language: “ It has been often held that the statute prescribing certain forms for submission to arbitrators, and allowing the parties to agree that a judgment of a court of record designated in the instrument of submission should be rendered upon the award, was cumulative merely, not exclusive; and that an award pursuant to a submission which would have been valid at common law, but which did not conform to the statute, would support an action.” This arbitration, which, from the above quotations, and numberless other authorities which might be cited, is shown to exist independent of any statutory provisions, and as a right guarantied by the common law, is thus defined by Blackstone, Book iii, p. 16 : “ Arbitration is where the parties, injuring and injured, submit all matters in dispute concerning any personal chattels or personal wrong to the judgment of two or more arbitrators who are to decide the controversy, and if they do not agree, it is usual to add that another person be called in as umpire, to whose sole judgment it is then referred; or frequently there is only one arbitrator originally appointed. This decision in any of these cases is called an award; and thereby the question is as fully determined, and the right transferred or settled, as it could have been by the agreement of the parties or the judgment of a court of justice.” Bacon in his Abridgement, on page 306, says: “The submission is the authority given by the parties in controversy to the arbitrators to determine and end their grievances; and this being a contract or agreement must not be taken strictly, but largely, and according to the intent of the parties submitting.” And further on a few lines occur these words: “ The submission may be by word or deed; if the submission be by word, there is no remedy to enforce the party to . perform the award; but reciprocal actions on the case, and an action of debt will lie, if money be awarded, for it is in nature of a simple contract.” The note on page 35 of Caldwell on Arbitration reads thus : “ A submission is a contract by which contending parties agree to submit the matters in controversy between them to the decisión of a third person or persons, and to be bound by such decision.” And in the text, on the same page, are these words : “ The submission may be simply the act of the parties, or may be entered into through the medium of a court of law or equity. In the former case the submission may be verbal, by written agreement, not under seal;-by indenture, with mutual covenants to abide by the. decision of the arbitrators; by deed poll, or by bond, each party executing an obligation to the other, conditioned to be void respectively, on performance of the award.

4. Arbitration: coifciusiveN Arbitration proceedings may be properly classified under three heads: First, Where, in the absence or regardless of any statutory provisions, the parties to any controversy submit the decision thereof to mutually chosen arbitrators. In these cases, while the questions in dispute are settled, neither the arbitrators nor the party in whose favor the award is made have power to enforce it. The successful party must resort to the courts in an action on the award, and is benefitted by the arbitration only in this, that he may base his action on the award, instead of the original cause of action, and such award is, unless impeached, conclusive evidence in his favor. Second, Where by statute authority is given to'parties to a controversy not in court to submit tbe same to arbitrators, whose award may on motion be entered as the judgment of a designated court. Here the successful party has not only the advantage of a determination of the disputed questions, but an easy and expeditious method of placing that determination in a position where the law will enforce it. This was the aim and scope of the statute of William III, above referred to. Third, When a court in which a controversy is pending, sends such controversy for determination to arbitrators chosen by the parties or selected by the court. This method of arbitration which is usually designated as a reference is very common in this country. Of these throe methods or kinds of arbitration, the second does not exist in Kansas, the first and third do. The parties to this suit proceeded under the first method. They arbitrated their differences, accepted the award, and gave and received a note in settlement. Such award is con. elusive until impeached.

5. Answer; delaf”allegations, III. The denial in the reply was, “ of each and every material allegation of new matter in the answer.” It seems to have been thought that the use of the word “material” vitiated this denial; that to be good it should extend to every allegation. “ Who is to say from this, that he denied any specific allegation ? ” inquire counsel in their brief. A little examination will expose the error. The affirmance and denial of an immaterial matter make no issue in an action. We consider pleadings with reference to the issues they present, and take note of affirmations and denials only as they affect these issues. The evidence.is confined to those allegations only which are material. They only are subjects of consideration. If immaterial allegations prejudice a party they may be stricken out on his motion. If they do not prejudice, they maybe disregarded. If a denial were necessary, they would be considered as denied under section 128 of the code. “Every material allegation of the petition, not controverted by the answer, and every material allegation of new matter in the answer not controverted by the reply, shall, for the purposes of the action be taken as true.” The use of an adjective, which, when not used, is implied, cannot injure a pleading.

A great many points are discussed by counsel in the briefs, and many rulings are claimed to be erroneous; but inasmuch as the decision of the preceeding questions will give an entirely different shape to the case, on a subsequent trial, we do not deem it necessary or proper to encumber the record with a discussion of them.

The judgment is reversed, and a new trial awarded.

All the Justices concurring.