State v. Weis (Supreme Court) ( 2017 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 104,295
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
STEVEN HOWARD WEIS,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in 47 Kan. App. 2d 703, 280 P.3d 805 (2012).
Appeal from Saline District Court; RENE S. YOUNG, judge. Opinion filed August 18, 2017. Judgment of
the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed as to the issue subject to review. Judgment of
the district court is affirmed as to the issue subject to review.
Heather Cessna, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, and Rachel L. Pickering, of the same
office, were on the briefs for appellant.
Ellen H. Mitchell, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were on the brief for
appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Per Curiam: Steven Howard Weis was convicted of two counts of reckless
aggravated battery and ordered to register as a violent offender under the Kansas
Offender Registration Act (KORA), K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., after a district court judge
found Weis used a deadly weapon to commit those offenses. For the first time on appeal,
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Weis argues his registration requirement violates Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466,
490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), because the fact was not submitted to a
jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The persuasiveness of that challenge turns on
whether KORA's requirements constitute punishment for his crimes. We affirm the
offender registration order.
The outcome of Weis' appeal is controlled by State v. Meredith, 306 Kan. __, __
P.3d __ (No. 110,520, filed August 4, 2017), slip op. at 10, and State v. Huey, 306 Kan.
__, __ P.3d __ (No. 109,690, filed August 11, 2017). Like the appellants in those cases,
Weis offers no fact-based arguments on the factors we must consider in determining
whether the Act's effects render it punitive as applied to violent offenders because he
raises his Apprendi challenge—and, consequently, his argument that the registration
requirements are punishment—for the first time on appeal. See Meredith, 306 Kan. at __,
slip op. at 10 ("[A]nalysis of the [Kennedy v.] Mendoza-Martinez[, 372 U.S. 144, 168-69,
83 S. Ct. 554, 9 L. Ed. 2d 644 (1963),] factors requires a robust record because the effects
prong of the applicable legal test obliges an appellate court to premise its legal conclusion
on at least some fact-intensive questions—i.e., the legitimacy of the public safety
interests at stake, the effectiveness of the alternative purpose to promote public safety,
etc.").
Without a factual record, we cannot conclude that KORA's registration
requirements imposed on violent offenders are so punitive as to override the legislature's
intent that KORA be a civil remedy. Therefore, Weis has not demonstrated, as he must,
that the registration requirements constitute punishment. Because the registration
requirements did not increase Weis' punishment under the law of this case, it was not
necessary that his use of a deadly weapon be found beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury.
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We affirm the lower courts' judgment on the issue subject to our review.
***
BEIER, J., dissenting: Consistent with my votes in State v. Meredith, 306 Kan.
___, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 110,520, filed August 4, 2017); and State v. Huey, 306 Kan. ___,
___ P.3d ___ (No. 109,690, filed August 11, 2017), I respectfully dissent from the
majority's decision in this case.
"Kansas' requirement of offender registration—especially in its modern, maximally
invasive, maximally pervasive, and infinitely more public incarnation—is punishment,
certainly in effect if not in intent. It is no less so for a drug offender than for a sex
offender or a violent offender. It is no less so when the Ex Post Facto Clause is before us
than when Apprendi or the Eighth Amendment is before us." Meredith, 306 Kan. at ___,
slip op. at 11-12 (Beier, J., dissenting).
ROSEN and JOHNSON, JJ., join the foregoing dissent.
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