State v. Hayes ( 2021 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 121,881
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
MICHAEL STEVEN HAYES,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
The plain language of K.S.A. 22-3504, which allows an illegal sentence to be
corrected at any time, operates as a legislative override of traditional principles of waiver,
abandonment, and res judicata.
2.
The plain language of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3504(3) defines an illegal sentence as
one imposed by a court without jurisdiction, one that does not conform to statutes, or one
that is ambiguous. This definition does not include a claim that the sentence is illegal
because it violates a constitutional provision.
3.
The holding in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed.
2d 435 (2000)—that a jury, not the sentencing court, must determine that the State has
proven beyond a reasonable doubt any fact that increases a sentence beyond its statutory
maximum—does not apply to cases final before Apprendi's filing.
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Appeal from Atchison District Court; ROBERT J. BEDNAR, judge. Opinion filed March 5, 2021.
Affirmed.
John R. Kurth, of Kurth Law Office Incorporated, P.A., of Atchison, was on the brief for
appellant.
Patrick E. Henderson, assistant county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were on
the brief for appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
LUCKERT, C.J.: Michael Steven Hayes seeks review of the district court's
summary denial of his motion to correct an illegal sentence. Hayes argues his sentence is
illegal under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435(2000). In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court applied the Sixth Amendment to
the United States Constitution and held that the State must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory
maximum and that a jury, not the sentencing judge, must determine if the State met that
burden. 530 U.S. at 476-77. Here, the sentencing judge granted the State's request for an
upward departure without the use of a jury.
But several factors prevent Hayes from pursuing relief through a motion for illegal
sentence. First, a motion for illegal sentence cannot serve as a vehicle for raising
constitutional issues, such as an Apprendi Sixth Amendment claim. Second, in State v.
Gould, 271 Kan. 394, Syl. ¶ 6, 23 P.3d 801 (2001), this court held that Apprendi did not
apply retroactively to cases final before it was decided. Hayes' direct appeal ended in
1996—about four years before Apprendi became final.
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We thus affirm the district court's summary dismissal of Hayes' motion to correct
an illegal sentence.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
An Atchison County jury convicted Hayes of first-degree murder, aggravated
robbery, and conspiracy to commit robbery. The convictions arose from his role in a
robbery and murder. State v. Hayes, 258 Kan. 629, 629-30, 908 P.2d 597 (1995); State v.
Cox, 258 Kan. 557, 560-61, 908 P.2d 603 (1995).
Before sentencing, the State filed a motion for upward departure for the
aggravated robbery and conspiracy convictions based on aggravating factors. In its
motion, the State argued the crime was excessively brutal because testimony from the
doctor who conducted the autopsy revealed that the victim was shot in the back of the
head at a range of less than one foot. The district court granted the motion and doubled
the sentence for both the aggravated robbery and the conspiracy convictions and ordered
them to run consecutive to each other and to the life sentence for murder.
This court affirmed Hayes' convictions on direct appeal. Hayes, 258 Kan. at 638.
The mandate, which marks the judgment's finality, issued on January 9, 1996.
Hayes has sought relief from his sentence through several motions. Before filing
the motion we now consider, he had filed a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion and an earlier motion
for illegal sentence. The district court denied both motions, and those decisions were
affirmed on appeal. See State v. Hayes, 307 Kan. 537, 539, 411 P.3d 1225 (2018); Hayes
v. State, No. 102,448, 2010 WL 5139930 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion), rev.
denied 291 Kan. 912 (2011).
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In this his latest motion, Hayes cites Apprendi, 530 U.S. 466, and Gould, 271 Kan.
394, and argues the upward departure sentence violates his due process rights because he
had a right to have a jury, rather than the court, determine facts that increased his
maximum sentence.
The district court summarily denied the motion in a written order, citing caselaw
that holds that Apprendi does not apply to cases final before Apprendi's filing. The
district court also held that Hayes' sentences conformed to applicable statutes and the
sentencing court had jurisdiction.
Hayes appeals the district court's summary denial.
ANALYSIS
Whether Hayes' sentence was illegal presents an issue of law. That means our
review of the district court's ruling is unlimited and we do not grant any deference to the
district court. See State v. McAlister, 310 Kan. 86, 89, 444 P.3d 923 (2019).
In considering the issue of law, we begin with an argument raised by the State. It
argues Hayes waived the constitutional argument he asserts here by failing to raise it in
his prior motion to correct an illegal sentence. The State relies on res judicata principles.
We reject this argument based on our many decisions holding that the plain language of
K.S.A. 22-3504, which allows correction of an illegal sentence "at any time," operates as
a legislative override of traditional principles of waiver, abandonment, and res judicata.
See McAlister, 310 Kan. at 90; State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1032, 350 P.3d 1054(2015) (Dickey I). Under these cases, serial motions to correct an illegal sentence can be
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filed and the failure to raise an issue in the first such motion is not a bar to appellate
review.
Even though Hayes can raise the argument, his effort still fails for at least two
reasons.
First, Hayes' argument does not fall within the allowed parameters of a motion for
illegal sentence. The illegal sentence statute, K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3504(3), defines an
illegal sentence as one imposed by a court without jurisdiction, one that does not conform
to statutes, or one that is ambiguous. This court has long held the plain language of this
narrow statutory definition does not include a claim that the sentence is illegal because it
violates a constitutional provision. See State v. Kirtdoll, 306 Kan. 335, 339, 393 P.3d
1053 (2017); State v. Brown, 306 Kan. 330, 332, 393 P.3d 1049 (2017); State v. Dickey,
305 Kan. 217, 221, 380 P.3d 230 (2016) (Dickey II); State v. Lee, 304 Kan. 416, 418,
372 P.3d 415 (2016); State v. Warrior, 303 Kan. 1008, 1010, 368 P.3d 1111 (2016); State
v. Moncla, 301 Kan. 549, 553-54, 343 P.3d 1161 (2015); State v. Noyce, 301 Kan. 408,
410, 343 P.3d 105 (2015). And Apprendi's holding rests on constitutional grounds,
specifically on the Sixth Amendment. 530 U.S. at 476-77.
Hayes does not discuss this longstanding holding nor does he offer any authority
that would allow this court to reconsider this principle. Because his argument rests on
constitutional grounds, the district court did not err in denying Hayes' motion to correct
his sentence.
Second, Hayes' motion fails because Gould, 271 Kan. at 414, directly contradicts
his argument—a point Hayes acknowledges. In Gould, the court held that the holding in
Apprendi—that a jury, not the court, must determine facts that increase a sentence
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beyond its statutory maximum—does not apply to cases final before Apprendi's filing.
See Sherwood v. State, 310 Kan. 93, 102, 444 P.3d 966 (2019); State v. Tauer, 310 Kan.
1, 2, 444 P.3d 936 (2019); State v. Elliott, 281 Kan. 583, 592, 133 P.3d 1253 (2006).
Hayes argues his case should be an exception because the charges did not give him
notice of the facts used to enhance his sentence. Hayes offers only Jones v. United States,
526 U.S. 227, 119 S. Ct. 1215, 143 L. Ed. 2d 311 (1999), to support his position. In
Jones, the United States Supreme Court held that the government needed to include
aggravating factors increasing a sentence in a federal indictment. Gould declined to rule
on whether that holding applied to a Kansas charging document because it was
unnecessary in that case. 271 Kan. at 412. Hayes now asks us to apply Jones to Kansas
procedures.
Other defendants have made the same request and failed. We discussed and
rejected the argument in State v. Scott, 286 Kan. 54, 101-02, 183 P.3d 801 (2008),
overruled on other grounds by State v. Dunn, 304 Kan. 773, 375 P.3d 332 (2016). As we
explained there, Jones applied to federal grand jury procedures, which do not apply to the
states through the Fourteenth Amendment. Hayes offers no reason we should abandon
our holding in Scott.
In conclusion, Hayes' argument that Apprendi renders his sentence illegal because
the judge, and not the jury, found the existence of aggravating factors is unavailing
because unconstitutional sentences are not illegal sentences and Apprendi does not apply
to cases final before the date it was filed. The district court did not err in summarily
denying Hayes' motion to correct illegal sentence.
Affirmed.
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