State v. Entsminger ( 2024 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 126,289
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
ANDREW FORD ENTSMINGER,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Shawne District Court; BRETT A. WATSON, judge. Submitted without oral
argument. Opinion filed October 4, 2024. Affirmed.
Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Carolyn A. Smith, assistant district attorney, Michael F. Kagay, district attorney, and Kris W.
Kobach, attorney general, for appellee.
Before GARDNER, P.J., GREEN and HILL, JJ.
PER CURIAM: Andrew Ford Entsminger appeals the district court's revocation of
his probation and imposition of his underlying 32-month prison sentence. He claims that
the district court abused its discretion by revoking his probation and imposing his
underlying sentence without first imposing intermediate sanctions. But finding no abuse
of discretion, we affirm.
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Factual and Procedural Background
Entsminger pleaded guilty to two counts of sexual exploitation of a child in
violation of K.S.A. 21-5510(a)(2), a severity level 5 person felony, based on charges
committed between May 2019 and October 2020 that he possessed images of children
under the age of 18. Entsminger's criminal history score placed him in a border box
category for sentencing. The district court made border box findings and sentenced
Entsminger to a prison term of 32 months suspended to 36 months of supervised
probation. Along with other conditions of probation, the district court ordered Entsminger
to continue his sex offender treatment, to follow its recommendations, to have no
unsupervised contact with children under 18, and to have no internet usage of any kind
until an appropriate monitoring program was installed on his usable electronic devices.
About four months after sentencing, the State requested a hearing to clarify
Entsminger's probation conditions related to his internet usage and to address concerns by
Entsminger's probation officer. At that hearing, the district court ordered Entsminger to
continue using the monitoring application, to refrain from using the incognito mode in
any web browser, and to get permission from his probation officer before purchasing or
using any new electronic devices.
The State later moved to revoke Entsminger's probation. In an affidavit filed in
support of the motion, Enstminger's probation officer, Edna Raub, alleged that
Entsminger had accessed the internet without her approval and monitoring. Raub stated
that in a polygraph test in December 2022, when asked about his internet usage,
Entsminger stated that he used the internet "on his X-Box game system to play live online
with other adult players." At the probation violation hearing, Raub testified that
Entsminger's sex offender treatment provider had notified her of Entsminger's polygraph
test results. They showed that Entsminger had unmonitored internet access on his Xbox
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and that the monitoring application had blocked Entsminger's attempt to access an
unauthorized website called "PureNudism" on his phone or computer.
When Raub asked Entsminger about those results, he admitted that he had used the
Xbox to play "Live games" with his friends on the internet, but he denied that he had
tried to access the "PureNudism" website. Raub testified that a condition of Entsminger's
probation required him to report to her any devices that might have internet connectivity
so monitoring software could be installed on that device, but Entsminger never reported
his Xbox to Raub until after she got his polygraph test results. Raub also explained that
accessing a nudism website violated the terms of Entsminger's probation.
Jacob Koppenhaver, an investigator with the Shawnee County Public Defender's
Office, then testified for the defendant. He had examined Entsminger's Xbox and
determined that Entsminger had not set the Xbox to automatically connect to online
social features when he logged in.
Entsminger testified that he knew his Xbox used Wi-Fi, but he only played Xbox
Live games with his adult friends and did not realize that violated the terms of his
probation. Entsminger denied accessing any websites which would violate the terms of
his probation.
After hearing the testimony and arguments of both parties, the district court found
that the State proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Entsminger had violated the
terms of his probation by trying to access an unauthorized nudism website and by using
his Xbox to access the internet without the permission and monitoring of his probation
officer. The district court then revoked Entsminger's probation and imposed his
underlying 32-month prison sentence. It found that the conditions of Entsminger's
probation prohibiting his internet usage without proper monitoring were necessary to
protect public safety.
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Entsminger timely appeals the disposition of his probation violation.
Did the District Court Abuse Its Discretion by Revoking Entsminger's Probation and
Imposing His Underlying Sentence?
Entsminger argues that the district court erred by bypassing the statutorily required
intermediate sanctions and revoking his probation after finding only technical probation
violations related to his unauthorized internet access. Entsminger contends that the
district court failed to make particularized findings under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(7)(A) that revocation of his probation served public safety interests. Thus, he
asks this court to reverse the district court's revocation of his probation and remand with
instructions to either impose an intermediation sanction or make particularized public
safety findings.
Discussion
This court reviews a district court's revocation of an offender's probation for an
abuse of discretion. State v. Tafolla, 315 Kan. 324, 328, 508 P.3d 351 (2022). Judicial
discretion is abused only if (1) no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the
district court; (2) it is based on an error of law; or (3) it is based on an error of fact.
Entsminger bears the burden of showing such abuse of discretion. See State v. Thomas,
307 Kan. 733, 739, 415 P.3d 430 (2018).
Once the State establishes a probation violation, the district court has discretion to
revoke probation unless the court is otherwise limited by statute. Tafolla, 315 Kan. at
328. Entsminger does not challenge the district court's finding that he violated his
probation. Thus, the sole issue is whether the district court abused its discretion in
revoking Entsminger's probation and ordering him to serve his underlying sentence.
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Entsminger first contends that the district court misunderstood its legal authority
as shown by its statement that whether to revoke probation was "purely within the
discretion of the Court." But the record reflects that the district court was refuting defense
counsel's argument that the State had the burden to establish that revocation of probation
was required:
"The first is, as to the legal argument. I didn't allow the State to respond to this. I
don't think a response is necessary. The proposition that your defense attorney has put
forth is now at the disposition stage of the proceedings.
"The State bears the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
imposing the underlying sentence is either necessary to protect public safety, or public
safety will be otherwise jeopardized. That's not a correct statement of the law. At this
point in time, whether or not your probation is revoked or not is purely within the
discretion of the Court. The State bears a burden of proof to show that you violated the
terms of your probation, but we have handled that matter, separately.
"What remains for the Court, essentially, is a question of, in its discretion, what
is the appropriate disposition of the case?"
The district court properly stated the general legal standard that after the State establishes
a probation violation, the district court has discretion to determine whether to revoke
probation. See Tafolla, 315 Kan. at 328.
Entsminger next contends that the court erred by failing to impose an intermediate
sanction under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(B). The district court must exercise its
discretion to revoke an offender's probation within the statutory framework of K.S.A. 22-
3716. The version of the statute in effect at the time of Entsminger's criminal conduct
supporting his convictions governs the district court's probation revocation decision. See
State v. Coleman, 311 Kan. 332, 337, 460 P.3d 828 (2020); State v. Cole, No. 122,052,
2020 WL 5996433, at *6 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion). Because Entsminger's
convictions resulted from acts last committed in October 2020, the 2020 version of
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K.S.A. 22-3716 applies to his probation revocation. See Anderson v. Bruce, 274 Kan. 37,
47, 50 P.3d 1 (2002). Under that statute, a district court may revoke an offender's
probation for a felony conviction and impose the underlying sentence after the offender
has received at least one two- or three-day intermediate jail sanction. K.S.A. 2020 Supp.
22-3716(c)(1)(C).
The parties acknowledge that the district court did not impose an intermediate
sanction here. But Kansas law provides several exceptions to the intermediate sanctioning
scheme. One of those provides that a district court may revoke probation without having
previously imposed an intermediate sanction if: (1) the court "finds and sets forth with
particularity the reasons for finding that the safety of members of the public will be
jeopardized or that the welfare of the offender will not be served by such sanction."
K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3716(c)(7)(A). If that exception is established, the district court
has discretion to determine whether to continue the offender's probation or to revoke it
and require the offender to serve his or her underlying prison sentence. See State v.
Brown, 51 Kan. App. 2d 876, 879-80, 357 P.3d 296 (2015).
The district court invoked the public safety exception here. The only dispute is
whether the district court made a sufficiently particularized finding—as the statute
requires—that Entsminger's continued probation would jeopardize public safety.
Entsminger claims that the district court's findings were generalized, could apply
equally to all probationers, and did not explain why his use of the internet was a public
safety concern. The Kansas Supreme Court has held: "The particularity requirement . . .
is not met when an appellate court must imply the district court's reasons for finding that
the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the welfare of the offender
will not be served by the bypassed intermediate sanction." State v. Clapp, 308 Kan. 976,
Syl. ¶ 4, 425 P.3d 605 (2018). Rather, when a statute requires particularized findings "'it
must be distinct rather than general, with exactitude of detail, especially in description or
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stated with attention to or concern with details.'" 308 Kan. at 989-90 (quoting State v.
Huskey, 17 Kan. App. 2d 237, Syl. ¶ 2, 834 P.2d 1371 [1992]). This court has added that
in the probation revocation context, "[b]road generalizations that equally could apply to
all similar cases are not sufficiently particularized." State v. Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d
1268, 1276, 445 P.3d 761 (2019).
We examine the district court's findings in light of that caselaw.
"I was not the Judge who had this case, originally, but I prepared for this hearing
by reviewing the records and files in this case. That includes the records and files of the
previous proceedings, but it also includes the Affidavit from Officer Hachmeister, who
investigated this case.
"And I have to tell you, sir, that what I read in that Affidavit about your conduct,
was very, very disturbing to me. You are here because you have been convicted of the
crime of sexual exploitation of a child. You were, what we call, presumptive
incarceration, at the time of your original sentence, but you were in a border box, which
allowed the Court, in its discretion, to place you onto probation. That is, essentially, to
give you a chance. You were given that chance.
"Now, these matters that we have discussed today, that formed the basis of your
violation of probation, these are the sorts of things that if we took some average person
off the street, or even another person on probation, for example, say someone who's been
convicted of a drug offense, it would probably be a trifling matter, if, for example, they
had accessed the internet through their Xbox, or even accessed a nudist website.
"But, in your case, it is not a trifling matter. It's a very serious matter because of
your conduct that was revealed to the Court in the Affidavit, because of the crime that
you were convicted of.
"It's unfortunate, and I hate to have to be the one that says this to you, and says it
to you in this way, but because of that conviction, you cannot be trusted to do those
things. That is the reason why, and there is a rational reason why there are these
conditions of your probation. It's because of what you've done before. And it's because
we do not feel that we can trust or take your word for it, that you're not up to no good, if
you're having unmonitored, unregulated access to the internet.
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"You've given some testimony, in this case, about your relationship with Ms.
Raub, and some testimony indicating that you might not have necessarily been aware of
what the rules are. To the extent that this matters, I don't find your testimony credible.
And where there's conflict between your testimony and Ms. Raub's testimony, I find it
more credible.
"I agree with the State, that I believe that there have been previous proceedings,
in this case, which revealed that you were not sincerely taking your orders of probation—
or taking your orders of probation seriously. And they relate directly to the kinds of
activities that you were engaged in when you committed the underlying offense, that is,
your access to the internet.
"And, again, there is some dispute, there's some argument about, well, when you
were on the Incognito function of your phone, your conduct was innocent. When you
were on your Xbox, you didn't use the social media functions of that device. You were
only talking to your friends.
"The problem, sir, is that I simply can't take your word for it. I can't find what
you're saying, right now, credible, in light of the criminal conduct that you engaged in.
And so I have to judge the severity of the probation violation that you have committed,
and determine whether that warrants sending you to prison, considering the fact that this
was originally a presumptive imprisonment offense, considering the fact that I believe
that, throughout the case, you have not adhered to that condition, and that condition is
necessary to protect public safety.
"I find that it is appropriate to impose the underlying sentence against you."
Consistently, the journal entry for Entsminger's probation revocation states:
"[Entsminger]'s use of internet poses a danger to public safety in light of his underlying
offense/conduct."
These findings are particularized enough to meet the public safety exception. They
are not broad generalizations that equally could apply to all similar cases. They are
detailed and specific to Entsminger's case. The district court credited Raub's testimony
over Entsminger's. The district court found that Entsminger's testimony about playing
games only with his adult friends online through his Xbox and his denial that he had tried
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to access a nudism website, were not credible. Entsminger had been given a chance to
succeed on probation, yet he failed and did not take his probation conditions seriously.
The district court found that the conditions of Entsminger's probation that he
violated related to internet usage and were necessary to protect public safety, considering
Entsminger's convictions for sexual exploitation of a child. Contrary to Entsminger's
argument, the district court explained that his unmonitored use of the internet posed a
public safety concern because of its similarity to his acts that gave rise to his convictions.
Entsminger had pleaded guilty to two counts of sexual exploitation of a child for
possessing images of children under the age of 18.
In deciding to revoke probation, the district court relied on a probable cause
affidavit from Special Agent Aaron Hachmeister which detailed Entsminger's
inappropriate conduct on the internet involving minors. Even though the record does not
show that Entsminger, while on probation, contacted minors while using the internet, the
district court found that his unmonitored internet access and his attempt to access a
nudism website created public safety concerns based on the facts of his underlying
offenses. Here, as in Cole, even if the district court could have been more expansive in
describing the danger Entsminger posed, "the underlying facts were known to all of the
participants, and the connection between those facts and the district court's detailed
reasoning was unmistakable." 2020 WL 5996433, at *8.
The district court's explanation meets the particularity requirement of the public
safety exception to the rule requiring intermediate sanctions. Thus, the district court did
not abuse its discretion by revoking Entsminger's probation and imposing his underlying
32-month prison sentence without first ordering intermediate sanctions.
Affirmed.
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