State v. Fahnert ( 2017 )

No. 115,058
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
LEE HORST RALF FAHNERT,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
In classifying a prior out-of-state conviction as person or nonperson for purposes
of scoring criminal history, the court shall refer to comparable offenses under the Kansas
Criminal Code in effect on the date the current crime of conviction was committed. If the
state of Kansas does not have a comparable offense in effect on the date the current crime
of conviction was committed, the out-of-state conviction shall be classified as a
nonperson crime. If Kansas does have a comparable offense at the time the defendant
committed the current crime of conviction, the court must refer to that comparable
offense in Kansas in deciding whether to classify the prior out-of-state conviction as a
person or nonperson offense.
2.
To determine whether a Kansas offense is comparable to an out-of-state
conviction, the offenses need only be comparable, not identical. A comparable crime is
one that is similar in nature and covers a similar type of criminal conduct.
1
3.
If the current comparable offense under the Kansas Criminal Code criminalizes
some conduct as a person offense and other conduct as a nonperson person offense, both
the Kansas and United Stated Constitutions require further analysis to determine the
propriety of classifying a prior out-of-state conviction as a person offense for purposes of
scoring criminal history under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e). In that circumstance,
which arises under the Kansas burglary statute, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807, at issue here,
the constitutional protections described in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.
Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), are implicated when the court goes beyond the fact
of a prior out-of-state conviction and its statutory elements to make findings of fact that
are then used to increase the penalty for the current crime of conviction beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum.
4.
In referring to the current comparable offense under the Kansas Criminal Code,
there are two ways to analyze prior convictions for scoring criminal history in calculating
a current sentence without violating the constitutional protections in Apprendi. When the
out-of-state statute of conviction is indivisible, meaning it sets out only a single set of
elements, courts take a "categorical approach" and look only to the elements of the statute
upon which the prior offense was based in referring to the comparable Kansas statute.
When the out-of-state statute of conviction is divisible, meaning it sets out alternative sets
of elements that represent more than one crime, courts take a "modified categorical
approach" to determine which alternative set of statutory elements the court should use
for its comparison under the categorical approach,
5.
The modified categorical approach is inapplicable to a divisible statute when none
of the alternative elements match any elements of the current comparable crime.
2
6.
The vehicles and structures listed in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) (2000) are
alternative factual ways to satisfy the location element of an inhabitable structure, which
is an element required to prove the crime of second-degree burglary in an inhabitable
structure under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 (2000), the statute in Missouri that is similar in
nature and covers a similar type of criminal conduct to the Kansas burglary statute.
7.
Under the facts of this case, the district court was constitutionally prohibited from
classifying the defendant's prior burglary conviction as a person felony under K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 21-6811(d) because doing so necessarily resulted from the district court
making or adopting a factual finding (i.e., the prior burglary involved a dwelling) that
went beyond simply identifying the statutory elements that constituted the prior burglary
conviction.
8.
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e) governs the classification of prior convictions as
person or nonperson offense for purposes of scoring criminal history when the prior
offense qualifies as both an out-of-state conviction and as a prior burglary conviction.
Appeal from Johnson District Court; BRENDA M. CAMERON, judge. Opinion filed April 28, 2017.
Sentence vacated and case remanded with directions.
Kai Tate Mann, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Steven J. Obermeier, senior deputy district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and
Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before ATCHESON, P.J., STANDRIDGE and SCHROEDER, JJ.
3
STANDRIDGE, J.: Lee Horst Ralf Fahnert appeals the district court's classification
of his 2007 Missouri burglary conviction as a person felony for purposes of scoring his
criminal history. We find the district court's classification violated Fahnert's
constitutional rights under Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. __, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 186
L. Ed. 2d 438 (2013), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L.
Ed. 2d 435 (2000), as applied by our state in State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 350 P.3d
1054 (2015). Accordingly, we vacate the sentence imposed and remand to the district
court for resentencing.
FACTS
On June 26, 2015, Fahnert pled guilty to attempted theft with two or more prior
convictions, a severity level 10 nonperson felony. A presentence investigation (PSI)
report prepared before sentencing indicated that Fahnert's criminal history score was B
based in part on a prior 2007 burglary conviction in Cass County, Missouri, which was
classified as a person felony. Fahnert objected to his criminal history score and requested
a continuance so he could file a written objection. The district court granted Fahnert's
request.
On August 24, 2015, Fahnert filed a brief objecting to his criminal history score.
Specifically, Fahnert claimed his 2007 Missouri burglary conviction was improperly
classified as a person felony because he pled guilty in that case to burglary of a structure
that was not a dwelling. In a response brief, the State argued the Missouri burglary was
properly classified. In support of its argument, the State attached documents from the
underlying Missouri conviction to establish that Fahnert's 2007 Missouri conviction was
burglary of a residence. After reviewing the documents submitted by the State and
hearing arguments from both counsel at Fahnert's October 16, 2015, sentencing hearing,
the court overruled Fahnert's objection to his criminal history score and sentenced him to
a term of 10 months in prison.
4
ANALYSIS
Fahnert's only contention on appeal is that the district court erred in classifying his
2007 Missouri burglary conviction as a person offense. Whether a district court properly
classified a defendant's prior burglary conviction as a person crime for purposes of
scoring criminal history is a question of law over which an appellate court has unlimited
review. See State v. Luarks, 302 Kan. 972, 976, 360 P.3d 418 (2015); State v. Taylor, 299
Kan. 5, 8, 319 P.3d 1256 (2014). We begin our analysis with the revised Kansas
Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6801 et seq., which sets forth
the procedure for classifying prior convictions to score criminal history.
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e) governs the classification of prior out-of-state
convictions like the one here. Under that subsection, the court first must determine
whether the prior conviction is a misdemeanor or a felony based on the law of the state
where the defendant was convicted. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(2). In this case, the
sentencing court properly classified Fahnert's prior conviction as a felony for purposes of
scoring criminal history because Missouri treated the prior conviction as a felony. See
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 (2000). Next, the court must determine whether to classify the
prior out-of-state conviction as a person or nonperson offense. The court makes this
determination by looking to see whether the Kansas Criminal Code had a comparable
offense at the time the defendant committed the current crime of conviction. K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6811(e)(3); State v. Keel, 302 Kan. 560, 590, 357 P.3d 251 (2015), cert. denied
136 S. Ct. 865 (2016). If there is no comparable offense in Kansas at the time the
defendant committed the current crime of conviction, the out-of-state conviction is
classified as a nonperson offense. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3). If Kansas does have
a comparable offense at the time the defendant committed the current crime of
conviction, the court must refer to that comparable offense in Kansas in deciding whether
to classify the prior out-of-state conviction as a person or nonperson offense. K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6811(e)(3).
5
To determine whether a Kansas statute is comparable to an out-of-state conviction,
"'the offenses need only be comparable, not identical.'" State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 870,
873, 326 P.3d 1070 (2014) (quoting State v. Vandervort, 276 Kan. 164, 179, 72 P.3d 925
[2003], overruled on other grounds by State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1032, 350 P.3d
1054 [2015]). Instead of identical, a comparable crime is one that is "'similar in nature
and cover[s] a similar type of criminal conduct.'" State v. Riolo, 50 Kan. App. 2d 351,
353, 330 P.3d 1120 (2014) (quoting State v. Barajas, 43 Kan. App. 2d 639, 643, 230 P.3d
784 [2010]), rev. denied 302 Kan. 1019 (2015). Thus, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)
allows the sentencing court to classify a prior out-of-state conviction as a person felony in
scoring criminal history if the out-of-state offense is similar in nature and covers a type of
criminal conduct similar to a Kansas offense that is classified as a person felony. If the
current comparable offense under the Kansas Criminal Code criminalizes some conduct
as a person offense and other conduct as a nonperson person offense, however, both the
Kansas and United Stated Constitutions require further analysis to determine the
propriety of classifying a prior out-of-state conviction as a person offense for purposes of
scoring criminal history under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e). In that circumstance,
which arises under the Kansas burglary statute, K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807, at issue here,
the constitutional protections described in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.
Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), are implicated when the court goes beyond the fact
of a prior out-of-state conviction and its statutory elements to make findings of fact that
are then used to increase the penalty for the current crime of conviction beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum.
In Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, Syl. ¶ 7, our Supreme Court explained that "[t]he
constitutional protections described in [Apprendi] are implicated when a district court, for
purposes of enhancing a defendant's sentence for a current conviction, makes findings of
fact at sentencing that go beyond merely finding the existence of a prior conviction or the
statutory elements that made up the prior conviction." In Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, the
United States Supreme Court held that "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any
6
fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must
be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."
In Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2281, the United States Supreme Court identified the
two ways in which a sentencing court can analyze prior convictions for purposes of
current sentencing without violating the constitutional protections articulated in
Apprendi: the categorical approach and the modified categorical approach. Regardless of
which approach is used, the sentencing court ultimately is required to compare the
elements of the prior conviction with elements of the generic offense without looking into
the facts underlying the prior conviction. Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at 2281. Both of these
approaches were adopted by the Kansas Supreme Court in Dickey, 301 Kan. at 1036-40.
Under the categorical approach, the court looks only at the statutory elements of
the two offenses being compared. A modified categorical approach is used, however,
when the prior conviction statute is divisible—in other words, when the statute under
which the defendant previously was convicted provides alternative ways of committing
the crime, each with its own set of elements. Under the modified categorical approach,
the court can look at a limited set of documents to determine which set of statutory
elements it should use for purposes of comparing that prior conviction with the elements
of the current comparable offense. So, the modified categorical approach lets the court
look at a few underlying facts from the prior conviction, but not for sentencing
purposes—only to determine which alternative set of elements in the prior conviction
statute it should compare to the current comparable offense. Descamps, 133 S. Ct. at
2281.
Most recently, in Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2243, 2249, 195
L. Ed. 2d 604 (2016), the United States Supreme Court clarified that the modified
categorical approach applies only to statutes that list "multiple elements disjunctively"
and not to those that merely list "various factual means of committing a single element."
7
To illustrate the difference, the Court provided an example. If "a statute requires the use
of a 'deadly weapon' as an element of a crime and further provides that the use of a 'knife,
gun, bat, or similar weapon' would all qualify," application of the modified categorical
approach would be inappropriate because that statute "merely specifies diverse means of
satisfying a single element of a single crime." 136 S. Ct. at 2249. Thus, "[t]he first task
for a sentencing court faced with an alternatively phrased statute is thus to determine
whether its listed items are elements or means." 136 S. Ct. at 2256.
Having set forth the statutory procedure for classifying prior out-of-state
convictions for purposes of scoring criminal history in circumstances where that
particular classification ultimately enhances a defendant's sentence for a current
conviction, we are ready to review the district court's decision to classify Fahnert's 2007
Missouri burglary conviction as a person offense. At the time Fahnert committed his
current crime, the Kansas burglary statute provided, in relevant part:
"(a) Burglary is, without authority, entering into or remaining within any:
(1) Dwelling, with intent to commit a felony, theft or sexually motivated crime
therein;
(2) building, manufactured home, mobile home, tent or other structure which is
not a dwelling, with intent to commit a felony, theft or sexually motivated crime therein;
or
(3) vehicle, aircraft, watercraft, railroad car or other means of conveyance of
persons or property, with intent to commit a felony, theft or sexually motivated crime
therein.
....
"(c)(1) Burglary as defined in
(A) Subsection (a)(1) is a severity level 7, person felony . . . ." K.S.A. 2014 Supp.
21-5807.
Based on the language in the Kansas burglary statute, Fahnert's 2007 Missouri
burglary conviction must be classified as a prior person felony if it was burglary of a
8
dwelling but as a prior nonperson felony if it was burglary of a nondwelling. K.S.A. 2014
Supp. 21-5807. In Kansas, a dwelling is defined as "a building or portion thereof, a tent, a
vehicle or other enclosed space which is used or intended for use as a human habitation,
home or residence." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5111(k). Thus, if the Missouri burglary statute
includes a requirement that the burglary was of an enclosed space used or intended for
use as a human habitation, home, or residence, then the prior conviction should be
classified as a person felony in Kansas.
The Missouri burglary statute that forms the basis for Fahnert's prior conviction in
2007 provided, in relevant part:
"1. A person commits the crime of burglary in the second degree when he
knowingly enters unlawfully or knowingly remains unlawfully in a building or
inhabitable structure for the purpose of committing a crime therein.
"2. Burglary in the second degree is a class C felony." Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170
(2000).
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010 (2000) sets forth the definition of inhabitable structure as
that term is used in the Missouri second-degree burglary statute above:
"(2) 'Inhabitable structure' includes a ship, trailer, sleeping car, airplane, or other
vehicle or structure:
(a) Where any person lives or carries on business or other calling; or
(b) Where people assemble for purposes of business, government, education,
religion, entertainment or public transportation; or
(c) Which is used for overnight accommodation of persons. Any such vehicle or
structure is 'inhabitable' regardless of whether a person is actually present." (Emphasis
added.)
Fahnert argues the sentencing court erred in classifying his prior conviction as a
person felony. In support of his argument, Fahnert first points out that Mo. Rev. Stat.
9
§ 569.170 does not include a dwelling element. Second, Fahnert points out that the list of
vehicles and structures that qualify as an inhabitable structure under Mo. Rev. Stat. §
569.010 is significantly broader than the vehicles and structures that qualify as a dwelling
under the comparable Kansas statute. A Missouri burglary conviction includes burglary
of any vehicle or structure where a person carries on a business or other calling or where
people assemble for business, government, education, religion, entertainment, or public
transportation. But a Kansas (person) burglary conviction must involve burglary of a
dwelling, which is limited to vehicles and structures used solely for purposes of human
habitation, home, or residence. Given the 2000 Missouri burglary statute does not include
a requirement that the burglary be of an enclosed space used or intended for use as a
human habitation, home, or residence, Fahnert claims the sentencing court necessarily
had to have considered facts beyond the elements of the comparable statutes to find that
his prior Missouri burglary had been committed in a dwelling. Because his sentence was
enhanced as a result of this finding, Fahnert argues the sentencing court engaged in
improper judicial factfinding that violated his constitutional rights under Apprendi and
Descamps, as applied by Dickey.
Utilizing the legal principles dictated by Dickey, we begin by examining the 2000
Missouri burglary statute to determine whether the categorical approach or the modified
categorical approach applies to our analysis. Because the modified categorical approach
is applicable only when the defendant was convicted of violating a divisible statute and
then, only to the extent it is necessary to determine which alternative statutory offense
formed the basis for the conviction, we begin with that determination. A criminal offense
is "divisible" only when a statute lists multiple, alternative elements that effectively
create several different crimes. But as the Supreme Court specifically pointed out in
Dickey, 301 Kan. at 1038, the modified categorical approach will not be applicable to
every statute that is divisible
10
"'because, in some cases, none of the alternative elements will match any elements of the
corresponding generic crime. Post-Descamps, a case involving a prior statute of
conviction for burglary containing alternative elements, none of which match any
element of a generic statute, is virtually indistinguishable from a case involving a prior
statute of conviction for burglary containing a single and indivisible set of elements; thus,
the modified approach has no role to play.'"
Our review of the Missouri burglary statute reveals it is phrased in the alternative
with respect to the type of structure burglarized: building or inhabitable structure. See
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 (2000). But in this case, it is unnecessary to determine whether
the statute is divisible, i.e., whether "building" and "inhabitable structure" are alternative
elements (making the statute divisible) or alternative factual means (making the statute
indivisible). As was the case in Dickey, the modified categorical approach would not be
proper here even if we did decide the alternative phrasing of "building" and "inhabitable
structure" rendered Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 divisible because neither the elements of
burglary of a building or burglary of an inhabitable structure match the dwelling location
element of the Kansas statute. See Dickey, 301 Kan. at 1038 (modified categorical
approach inapplicable to a divisible statute when none of the alternative elements match
any elements of the current comparable crime).
Although we have declined to decide whether "building" and "inhabitable
structure" are alternative elements (making the statute divisible) or alternative factual
means (making the statute indivisible), we note there are federal courts in Missouri after
Mathis that have construed the alternate locations in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 as
alternative means, which in turn have caused the courts to conclude the statute is
indivisible. See Givens v. United States, __ F. Supp. 3d __, No. 4:16-CV-1143 CAS,
2016 WL 7242162, at *5-7 (E.D. Mo. 2016) (concluding Missouri second-degree
burglary statute is indivisible because it includes alternative means, not elements; thus
modified categorical approach not permitted); Taylor v. United States, __ F. Supp. 3d __,
No. 1:16-CV-149 CAS, 2016 WL 6995872, at *6 (E.D. Mo. 2016) (same); Johnson v.
11
United States, __ F. Supp. 3d __, No. 4:16-CV-00649-NKL, 2016 WL 6542860, at *3
(W.D. Mo. 2016) (same); United States v. Bess, No. 4:15-CR-00021-ERW, 2016 WL
6476539, at *4 (E.D. Mo. 2016); Henderson v. United States, 207 F. Supp. 3d 1047, 1054
(W.D. Mo. 2016) (same); Small v. United States, 204 F. Supp. 3d 1069, 1074 (W.D. Mo.
2016) (same); see also United States v. Rockwell, 207 F. Supp. 3d 915, 919 (W.D. Ark.
2016) (same). Cf. United States v. Sykes, 844 F.3d 712, 715-16 (8th Cir. 2016) (finding
burglary of "building" describes element of second-degree burglary rather than a means;
thus, court did not run afoul of Mathis in looking at documents to determine whether
prior conviction was burglary of building, which, if so, would have conformed to
elements of generic burglary).
But, again, under the legal principles expressly stated by our Supreme Court in
Dickey, there is no need for us to decide whether Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 is divisible
because even if building and inhabitable structure are alternative elements, neither match
the dwelling element required in the comparable Kansas statute. Dickey, 301 Kan. at
1038-39. For this reason, we find the district court erred by using the modified
categorical approach to go beyond simply comparing the statutory elements to look at
documents in the underlying case and make a factual finding that Fahnert's Missouri
burglary conviction had been committed in a dwelling. And because Fahnert's sentence
was enhanced as a result of that finding, we conclude the sentencing court engaged in
improper judicial factfinding that violated Fahnert's constitutional right to trial by jury
under Apprendi. Under Dickey, Fahnert's prior Missouri burglary conviction should have
been classified as a nonperson felony because the burglary statute in Missouri did not
include a dwelling element, and the definition of inhabitable structure as that term was
used in the statute included vehicles and structures used or intended to be used for
purposes other than a human habitation, home, or residence.
Our analysis of the Missouri statute on the issue presented here not only complies
with Kansas Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court precedent but also is
12
consistent with that used by other panels of our court in several unpublished opinions.
See State v. Wetrich, No. 112,361, 2016 WL 197808, at *5 (Kan. App. 2016)
(unpublished opinion) ("[E]ven though Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 [1988] is a divisible
statute, because none of the alternative elements in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 [1988]
match the essential 'dwelling' element in K.S.A. 21-3715[a], the district court was
prohibited from looking outside the elements of the comparable offenses without
violating Apprendi and Descamps."), rev. granted 305 Kan. __ (December 13, 2016);
State v. Beck, No. 113,496, 2016 WL 3570543, at *4 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished
opinion) (prior Arkansas burglary conviction properly classified as nonperson felony
because Arkansas burglary statute did not include dwelling element where definition of
"occupiable structure" included commercial buildings not intended for use as a human
habitation, as long as they could be "occupied"), rev. denied 305 Kan. __ (February 7,
2017); State v. Farley, No. 109,655, 2014 WL 5345895, at *7 (Kan. App. 2014)
(unpublished opinion) (district court erred in treating Farley's 1998 Missouri burglary
conviction as a person felony in scoring his criminal history because "[t]he Missouri
statute under which Farley was convicted covered conduct that would not qualify as a
person felony in Kansas"), rev. denied 302 Kan. 1014 (2015).
Notwithstanding the state and federal decisions supporting our analysis, we note
that our decision today conflicts with a recent unpublished decision from another panel of
this court in State v. Sodders, No. 115,366, 2017 WL 462046 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed March 3, 2017. But we are not bound by the
decision of a previous panel of our court. State v. Urban, 291 Kan. 214, 223, 239 P.3d
837 (2010). "While we must carefully consider each precedent cited to us, we also must
uphold our duty to correctly determine the law in each case that comes before us. In
doing so, we sometimes find that we must respectfully disagree with the opinion of
another panel." Uhlmann v. Richardson, 48 Kan. App. 2d 1, 13, 287 P.3d 287 (2012).
13
Like here, the issue on appeal in Sodders was whether the sentencing court
misclassified a prior Missouri burglary conviction as a person offense. Contrary to the
conclusion we reach today, the Sodders court ultimately found it proper to apply the
modified categorical approach. In so concluding, the court disagreed with the ruling in
Wetrich that none of the alternative elements (building or inhabitable structure) in the
Missouri statute match the dwelling element in K.S.A. 21-3715(a), the Kansas burglary
statute. Citing Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010, the definitional statute that enumerates the broad
list of vehicles and structures qualifying as inhabitable structures under Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 569.170, the Sodders panel singled out two narrow examples that would qualify as a
dwelling under the Kansas burglary statute: "(a) Where any person lives or carries on
business or other calling; or (b) Where people assemble for purposes of business,
government, education, religion, entertainment or public transportation; or (c) Which is
used for overnight accommodation of persons." (Emphasis added.) Mo. Rev. Stat.
§ 569.010(2).
Although the Sodders panel never said so expressly, it construed the two narrow
examples of structures it singled out of the broader list to be separate location elements of
the crime of burglary (as opposed to alternative factual ways to satisfy the location
element) that matched the element of dwelling in the Kansas burglary statute. Construing
the statute this way allowed the court to apply the modified categorical approach and look
beyond the language in the Missouri statute to review the written petition to enter a plea
of guilty in the prior underlying case, which stated Sodders "'knowingly entered
unlawfully into a house owned by Wendy Hale.'" Sodders, 2017 WL 462046, at *5.
Finding the term "house" fell within the definition of dwelling, the court affirmed the
district court's decision to classify Sodders' 2008 Missouri burglary conviction as a
person felony. 2017 WL 462046, at *5.
We disagree with the analysis utilized by the court in Sodders. Our disagreement
centers on the panel's finding that the list of vehicles and structures provided in Mo. Rev.
14
Stat. § 569.010(2) are separate location elements of the crime of second-degree burglary
in Missouri under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170. As previously explained, use of the modified
categorical approach is proper "when the statute forming the basis of the prior conviction
is a 'divisible statute,' i.e., a statute which includes multiple, alternative versions of the
crime and at least one of the versions matches the elements of the [Kansas] offense."
Dickey, 301 Kan. at 1037. If we were to adopt the analysis in Sodders, each and every
vehicle and structure listed in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) would state an alternative
element that would create a separate way in which one can commit the crime of second-
degree burglary in Missouri. Instead of distinct and separate elements, we believe the
vehicles and structures listed in the Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) (2000) are alternative
factual ways to satisfy the locational element of inhabitable structure, which is an element
that is required to prove the crime of second-degree burglary in Missouri. See Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 569.170 (2000) (second-degree burglary defined as unlawfully entering or
remaining in a building or inhabitable structure).
In State v. Brown, 295 Kan. 181, 196, 284 P.3d 977 (2012), the Kansas Supreme
Court addressed the difference between alternative elements that present distinct ways of
committing a crime and various factual means by which the element can be proved:
"Regardless of such subsection design, however, a legislature may list additional
alternatives or options within one alternative means of committing the crime. But these
options within an alternative do not constitute further alternative means themselves if
they do not state additional and distinct ways of committing the crime, that is, if they do
not require proof of at least one additional and distinct material element."
The distinction between alternative elements that present alternative crimes and
alternative factual ways to satisfy a single element of a crime was recently addressed by
the United States Supreme Court in Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2257. At issue in Mathis was
Iowa's burglary statute, which lists multiple, alternative means of satisfying one of its
elements—the place where a burglary can occur. The generic offense of burglary requires
15
unlawful entry into a "building or other structure." In contrast, the Iowa statute describes
a broader range of places where a burglary can be committed: "'any building, structure,
[or] land, water, or air vehicle.'" 136 S. Ct. at 2250 (quoting Iowa Code § 702.12 [2013]).
The Supreme Court concluded the listed locations in Iowa's statute are not "alternative
elements, going toward the creation of separate crimes" but instead are "alternative ways
of satisfying a single locational element." 136 S. Ct. at 2250. Given the elements of
Iowa's burglary statute were broader than the elements of generic burglary, the Court held
that the defendant's prior burglary convictions in Iowa could not be used to enhance his
current sentence as provided in the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA). 136 S. Ct. at
2257. In so holding, the Court reiterated that generally established principles render "the
'underlying brute facts or means' of commission" irrelevant and that sentencing courts are
to engage in "an elements-only inquiry" of the statute of conviction. 136 S. Ct. at 2251-
52. The Court held this to be true even if the sentencing judge knows or can easily
discover that the actual facts underlying defendant's prior conviction satisfy the elements
of the generic offense. 136 S. Ct. at 2251.
Notably, each of the Missouri federal courts cited above construing the Missouri
second-degree burglary statute relied on Mathis to find, like we have here, that the
vehicles and structures listed in the Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) (2000) are alternative
factual ways to satisfy the element of inhabitable structure in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170
(2000). See Givens, 2016 WL 7242162, at *5-7; Taylor, 2016 WL 6995872, at *6;
Johnson, 2016 WL 6542860, at *3; Bess, 2016 WL 6476539, at *4; Henderson, 207 F.
Supp. 3d at 1053-54; Small, 204 F. Supp. 3d at 1074; see also Rockwell, 207 F. Supp. 3d
at 919. In light of this finding, each of the courts held Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 to be an
indivisible statute subject to the categorical approach, which limits the sentencing court
to comparing statutory elements.
Although the defendant in Sodders relied on Mathis in his written brief on appeal
in arguing that the sentencing court went beyond simply comparing statutory elements to
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classify his prior Missouri burglary conviction as a person felony and enhance his current
sentence, the panel found the defendant's reliance on Mathis to be misplaced.
Specifically, the panel "consider[ed] Mathis inapplicable because its analysis was
mandated by the ACCA, not the Sixth Amendment" to the United States Constitution.
Sodders, 2017 WL 462046, at *5. But based on our review of the United States Supreme
Court opinion, we respectfully disagree with the panel's conclusion that the holding in
Mathis is grounded solely in the ACCA. In its opinion, the United States Supreme Court
expressly stated three separate and distinct reasons for its "adher[ence] to an elements-
only inquiry": (1) the ACCA's use of the word "conviction" mandates it; (2) a contrary
approach would "raise serious Sixth Amendment concerns"; and (3) "an elements-focus
avoids unfairness to defendants" by preventing factual admissions that a defendant had
no reason to contest in a prior proceeding from serving as the basis for an enhanced
penalty. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2252-53. Thus, in addition to the statutory language of the
ACCA, it is clear that the Court's analysis equally was grounded in (1) safeguarding the
rights guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment and (2) preventing manifest injustice.
Consistent with the analysis in Brown and Mathis, we find the vehicles and
structures itemized in the Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) (2000) are alternative factual ways
to prove inhabitable structure, an element required to prove the crime of second-degree
burglary in Missouri. We do not know whether Fahnert's 2007 conviction was for
burglary of a structure where a person lived or burglary of a structure used for overnight
accommodation of persons, both of which would qualify as a person felony under K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 21-5807. But we do know that Fahnert's burglary conviction under Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 569.170 (2000) was not contingent on a finding that he committed burglary of a
structure where a person lived or burglary of a structure used for overnight
accommodation of persons. His conviction was contingent on proof that he committed
burglary of an inhabitable structure. The manner in which the inhabitable structure was
used is not an element of second-degree burglary under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 and is
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immaterial to whether the elements of the crime of conviction sufficiently match the
elements of burglary of a dwelling in Kansas.
Despite the difference in our opinions regarding an alternative element to the
crime of second-degree burglary in Missouri and an alternative factual way to prove that
element, we do agree with the panel in Sodders on an issue that, although not analyzed in
Sodders, is a significant point of law. Both this panel and the panel in Sodders decided
the sentencing court misclassified a prior out-of-state burglary conviction as a person
offense by applying K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e), which governs classification of out-
of-state convictions in scoring an offender's criminal history. This is significant because
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(d), which is set forth in a subsection of its own separate and
apart from the procedure for classifying prior out-of-state convictions, governs
classification of prior burglary convictions. Under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(d), the
sentencing court's decision regarding classification of a prior burglary conviction as a
person or nonperson offense is based solely on whether the prior conviction involved a
dwelling and does not require a comparability analysis.
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811 does not indicate whether it is subsection (e) or
subsection (d) that governs the classification process when, as here, the prior offense
qualifies as both an out-of-state conviction and as a prior burglary conviction. But the
classification of a prior offense can vary based on which process is used. If K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6811(e) is used, the court is required to consider whether the out-of-state
burglary statute of conviction is similar in nature and covers a type of criminal conduct
similar to the Kansas burglary statute. If K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(d) is used, however,
the court's process for classifying a prior burglary conviction as a person or nonperson
offense is limited to only one query: whether the prior offense included a dwelling
element. In this process, the only element of a prior out-of-state burglary conviction
required to be similar in nature to the Kansas burglary statute is the type of structure
burglarized. Although the dwelling element is key to the person or nonperson
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classification of an offense in Kansas, the limited analysis under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
6811(d) excludes the possibility that some other element of the out-of-state burglary
conviction is not similar in nature and does not cover a type of criminal conduct similar
to the Kansas burglary statute. If the elements of the prior out-of-state burglary statute are
not similar in nature and do not cover a type of criminal conduct similar to the elements
of the current Kansas burglary statute, however, the Kansas offense is not comparable
under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3), which in turn would mean that the out-of-state
conviction would have to be classified as a nonperson offense.
Although there is no legislative history to explain the variance between the process
in K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(d) (formerly K.S.A. 21-4711[d]) for classifying a prior
burglary conviction as a person or nonperson offense and the process in K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6811(e) (formerly K.S.A. 21-4711[e]) for classifying a prior out-of-state
conviction as a person or nonperson offense, we note the statute containing both of these
provisions was enacted as part of the KSGA. L. 1992, ch. 239, sec. 11. In enacting the
KSGA, the legislature designated the majority of then-existing crimes as either person,
nonperson, or unclassified. Thus, every offense in the Kansas Criminal Code that existed
before July 1, 1993, also existed after July 1, 1993, but with a designation of person or
nonperson. The offense of burglary, however, was unique. Although Kansas did not
distinguish burglary as a person or nonperson crime before 1993, the legislature included
such a distinction when it enacted the KSGA. So after 1993, burglary of a dwelling was
designated as a person offense and burglary of a nondwelling was designated as
nonperson offense. Because of this, it appears the legislature believed it necessary to
include subsection (d) to the criminal history classification statute in order to separately
explain the newly created distinction in classifying prior Kansas burglaries as person or
nonperson crimes for purposes of scoring criminal history.
The varying results based on which subsection of the statute is applied to classify
an out-of-state burglary as a person or nonperson offense has generated an inconsistent
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line of cases from our court. See State v. Moore, 52 Kan. App. 2d 799, 815-16, 377 P.3d
1162 (2016), rev. granted 305 Kan. __ (December 13, 2016) (collecting inconsistent
cases from other panels). In Moore, the defendant argued his prior burglary conviction in
Oregon should not count as a person felony for criminal history purposes in sentencing
him for the current conviction. In support of this argument, the defendant pointed out that
the intent element of the Oregon burglary statute was broader than the intent element in
the comparable Kansas statute. Because of this statutory difference, the defendant
claimed the Kansas burglary statute was not comparable to the Oregon statute and since
there was no comparable Kansas crime, the prior conviction must be classified as
nonperson. Moore, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 809 (quoting K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6811[e][3]
["'If the state of Kansas does not have a comparable offense in effect on the date the
current crime of conviction was committed, the out-of-state conviction shall be classified
as a nonperson crime.'"]). But the panel in Moore was not persuaded by this argument.
Although the panel used the process in K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6811(e)(3) to begin the
classification process of the Oregon prior burglary conviction, the panel ultimately
shifted its analysis to the limited burglary classification process in K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-
6811(d), concluding: "[T]he dwelling element is the only thing that separates person
burglary from nonperson burglary; in other words, the level of intent required for
nonperson burglary is the same as person burglary." Moore, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 814.
Because the panel in Moore ultimately utilized the process in K.S.A. 2015 Supp.
21-6811(d) to classify the prior out-of-state burglary conviction as a person or nonperson
offense, the court necessarily limited its analysis to whether the prior offense included a
dwelling element. As a result, the only element of the prior out-of-state burglary
conviction required to be similar in nature to the Kansas burglary statute under K.S.A.
2015 Supp. 21-6811(d) was the type of structure burglarized: the dwelling. Because this
process excluded the possibility that some other element of the out-of-state burglary
statute of conviction was not similar in nature and did not cover a type of criminal
conduct similar to the Kansas burglary statute, i.e., intent, we disagree with the panel's
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analysis. As the court did in Sodders, we conclude K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e)
governs the classification process when the prior offense qualifies as both an out-of-state
conviction and as a prior burglary conviction.
Based on the discussion above, we conclude:
 K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6811(e) governs the classification of prior convictions as a
person or a nonperson offense for purposes of scoring criminal history when the
prior offense qualifies as both an out-of-state conviction and as a prior burglary
conviction.
 The modified categorical approach is inapplicable in this particular case because
even if the alternative phrasing of "building" and "inhabitable structure" are
alternative elements that render Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 divisible, neither
element matches the dwelling location element in K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 21-5807.
 The vehicles and structures listed in the Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.010(2) (2000) are
alternative factual ways to satisfy the locational element of inhabitable structure,
which is required to prove the crime of second-degree burglary of an inhabitable
structure under Mo. Rev. Stat. § 569.170 (2007), the statute in Missouri similar in
nature that covers a similar type of criminal conduct in relation to the comparable
Kansas burglary statute.
 The sentencing court erred by going beyond simply comparing the statutory
elements to review documents and make a factual finding that Fahnert's Missouri
burglary conviction had been committed in a dwelling and because Fahnert's
sentence was enhanced as a result of that finding, the sentencing court engaged in
improper judicial factfinding that violated Fahnert's constitutional right to trial by
jury under Apprendi.
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 Under Dickey, Fahnert's prior Missouri burglary conviction should have been
classified as a nonperson felony because the burglary statute in Missouri did not
include a dwelling element and the definition of inhabitable structure as that term
was used in the statute included vehicles and structures used or intended to be used
for purposes other than a human habitation, home, or residence.
Based on these conclusions, we vacate Fahnert's sentence and remand to the
district court to classify Fahnert's prior Missouri burglary conviction as a nonperson
felony and resentence him after such reclassification.
Sentence vacated and case remanded with directions.
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