State v. Judkins ( 2020 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 120,687
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
SHELBY PAIGE JUDKINS,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Johnson District Court; TIMOTHY P. MCCARTHY, judge. Opinion filed July 31,
2020. Affirmed.
Jennifer C. Roth, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Shawn E. Minihan, assistant district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before SCHROEDER, P.J., HILL and GARDNER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: At the bench trial Shelby P. Judkins requested, she was convicted of
aggravated assault and domestic battery. She now appeals her convictions, claiming her
jury trial waiver lacked the knowing component for the waiver to be valid because the
district court judge did not adequately explain her right to a jury trial before accepting her
waiver. Shelby also asserts the evidence was insufficient because the State failed to prove
she acted with the required culpable mental states for aggravated assault and domestic
battery and the State failed to prove she did not act in self-defense. Finding no error, we
affirm.
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FACTS
Shelby lived with her mother, Robin Judkins, in an apartment on the second floor.
She was charged with criminal threat, domestic battery, and aggravated assault for acts
she allegedly committed against Robin on March 30, 2018. At the time, Shelby was 25
years old and almost 9 months pregnant with her first child. Shelby pled not guilty to all
counts.
At a pretrial conference held on October 26, 2018, Shelby's counsel informed the
district court Shelby wanted to waive her right to a jury trial against his advice and
proceed with a bench trial. The State agreed to waive the jury trial, and the district court
accepted Shelby's waiver. The district court held Shelby's bench trial three days later with
both Robin and Shelby testifying.
The trial testimony is at odds.
Robin's testimony
Robin testified Shelby seemed upset because the father of her unborn child would
not return her phone calls. They sat in Robin's bedroom while Robin tried to comfort her,
but Shelby appeared frustrated and eventually went to her own bedroom. Robin stayed in
her room watching television. Several hours later, Robin heard a knock on the front door.
She went to answer it, but Shelby asked her not to and said it was the police. Ignoring
Shelby's request, Robin answered the door to two police officers who informed Robin
they had received a "prowler call" from her address but were unable to find anyone
outside her apartment. The officers left, and Robin said to Shelby, "What the fuck,
Shelby?" or "What the hell, Shelby?" Shelby told her she had seen a man staring at her
outside her bedroom window. Robin was frustrated that Shelby had called the police and
said Shelby appeared to be having an "episode"—Shelby had been diagnosed with
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bipolar disorder and schizophrenia when she was a teenager which often caused her to
have hallucinations or paranoia.
Shelby sat down in the living room, and Robin eventually joined her. Shelby kept
asking why Robin thought she was lying about seeing a man outside her window. Robin
told Shelby she seemed to be having an episode and asked her if she needed help. Shelby
started calling Robin different profanities, and, at some point, Robin asked Shelby what
would happen if she had one of her episodes after the baby was born. According to
Robin, Shelby responded, "I will slit your fucking throat." Robin told Shelby she planned
to call the police and went to her bedroom to get her cellphone.
From her bedroom, Robin saw Shelby come out of the kitchen with a long,
serrated knife in her hands. Robin tried to shut her bedroom door, but Shelby forced it
open with the butt end of the knife. Once inside, Shelby threatened to slit Robin's throat if
she did not hang up the phone and then wrestled Robin to the ground. Shelby got Robin
on her knees, grabbed the back of her head, held the knife against her throat, and again
threatened to slit it. Robin pleaded with Shelby not to hurt her and grabbed Shelby's arm
that was holding the knife. Robin told Shelby, "If you let me go, I will let you go," and
they both let go of each other. Shelby then hit Robin on the right side of her head with the
butt end of the knife, causing Robin to bleed.
Afterwards, Shelby started saying things like, "[W]hen are you going to tell me
who you really are?" and "You are not my mom." Robin tried to placate Shelby so she
would not attack her again. Shelby threatened to hurt Robin if she left and placed a
rocking chair in the doorway of the bedroom to block Robin from leaving. Shelby then
sat down in the living room and eventually went to bed. After Robin knew Shelby was
asleep, she left the apartment and called 911.
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Shelby's testimony
Shelby, while raising a self-defense claim, testified that after the police left, Robin
accused her of lying about seeing a man outside her window. They started talking in the
living room, and, according to Shelby, Robin threatened to have her committed to a
mental institution and have her child taken away or adopted.
Robin went into her bedroom, and Shelby grabbed a knife from the kitchen
because she was afraid Robin would kick, punch, beat, stab, or shoot her. She testified
Robin had a rifle and switchblades in her bedroom. Shelby saw through Robin's opened
bedroom door that Robin had something in her hand. At first, Shelby thought Robin was
holding a gun, but she later realized it was Robin's cellphone. Robin lunged at Shelby,
and Shelby grabbed Robin's cellphone and tossed it aside. Shelby managed to get Robin
"down looking at the floor," and she sat on Robin's back. She hit Robin on the head with
the butt end of the knife to subdue her. Shelby said she never threatened to slit Robin's
throat nor did she hold the knife against Robin's neck.
Shelby said she started asking Robin questions about who she was because she
thought Robin was a "clone" and claimed that during their physical altercation, Robin's
appearance changed to a man who "looked like who my mother is." About 30 minutes
later, Shelby went to her bedroom and fell asleep.
During closing arguments, both parties agreed Shelby's mental health played a role
in the case, but defense counsel did not raise a mental disease or defect defense. Instead,
defense counsel claimed Shelby's mental health impacted her subjective belief that she
needed to and had the right to defend herself against Robin. The State, on the other hand,
argued Shelby's actions were inconsistent with a claim of self-defense because the
evidence showed Shelby was the first aggressor.
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The district court found Shelby guilty of aggravated assault and domestic battery
but not guilty of criminal threat. The district court sentenced Shelby to concurrent
sentences of 22 months in prison on the aggravated assault count and 6 months in jail on
the domestic battery count, both suspended to 24 months' probation.
I. THE JURY TRIAL WAIVER WAS SUFFICIENT.
Shelby first argues her jury trial waiver was legally invalid because the district
judge failed to properly advise her about her right to a jury trial.
Shelby raises this constitutional issue for the first time on appeal. While Kansas
appellate courts generally do not address constitutional issues first raised on appeal, a
recognized exception to this rule is when the issue raised affects the person's fundamental
rights. State v. Hirsh, 310 Kan. 321, 338, 446 P.3d 472 (2019). The Kansas Supreme
Court has continually emphasized "the fundamental nature of the right to jury trial." State
v. Redick, 307 Kan. 797, 802, 414 P.3d 1207 (2018); see State v. Irving, 216 Kan. 588,
589, 533 P.2d 1225 (1975). Given that the right to a jury trial is a fundamental right, we
will address the merits of Shelby's constitutional argument.
The facts related to Shelby's jury trial waiver are undisputed. The record shows
Shelby announced the waiver of her right to a jury trial in open court. Her argument
instead centers on a legal question—whether her jury trial waiver was made with
adequate understanding of her jury trial right. We exercise unlimited review over this
legal question. State v. Beaman, 295 Kan. 853, 858, 286 P.3d 876 (2012). In doing this
review, "we are mindful that 'jury trial waivers should be strictly construed to ensure the
defendant has every opportunity to receive a fair and impartial trial by jury.'" Redick, 307
Kan. at 803.
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Both the United States and Kansas Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant's
right to a jury trial. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Kan. Const. Bill of Rights, §§ 5, 10. This
constitutional right is reflected in K.S.A. 22-3403(1), which requires that all felony cases
be tried to a jury unless the defendant and prosecuting attorney, with the consent of the
district judge, agree to submit the case to a bench trial. Shelby had a right to a jury trial
because she was charged with two felonies: aggravated assault and criminal threat. See
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5412(e)(2) (aggravated assault is severity level 7 person felony);
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5415(c)(1) (criminal threat is severity level 9 person felony).
In Irving, the Kansas Supreme Court established a jury trial waiver is legally valid
only if "'the defendant, after being advised by the court of his [or her] right to trial by
jury, personally waives his [or her] right to trial by jury, either in writing or in open court
for the record.'" 216 Kan. at 590. Based on this standard, a district judge must ensure two
things take place before he or she consents to a jury trial waiver. First, the judge must
present the jury trial as the defendant's right—not merely as the defendant's option to a
bench trial—because a jury trial is a constitutional right while a bench trial is not.
Second, if the defendant shows he or she desires to waive the jury trial, then the judge
must determine whether the waiver is valid. State v. Harris, 311 Kan. ___, 461 P.3d 48,
53 (2020). "The test for determining a waiver's validity is whether it was voluntarily
made by a defendant who knew and understood what he or she was doing." State v.
Lewis, 301 Kan. 349, 376, 344 P.3d 928 (2015).
At the pretrial conference, Shelby waived her right to a jury trial during the
following colloquy:
"THE COURT: We're scheduled for pretrial conference this morning. Parties
ready for trial on Monday?
"[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, the defense is ready for trial. [Shelby] is
requesting that the State consent to a bench trial to the Court rather than a jury trial.
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"THE COURT: All right. [Prosecutor]?
"[PROSECUTOR]: Judge, I'm okay with that.
"[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Just for the record, we have talked about this. We
talked about the pros and cons. It is against the advice of counsel, but it is [Shelby's] case.
I respect that.
"THE COURT: All right. And you also need to have the consent of the Court. I
just want to ask you, [Shelby]: You understand that you would have a right to have a
jury trial in this case?
"[SHELBY]: I do understand.
"THE COURT: You have discussed that with your attorney and you're electing
to waive your right to have a jury trial and try this to the Court; is that correct?
"[SHELBY]: Yes.
"THE COURT: All right. Thank you. The Court will accept [Shelby's] waiver of
jury trial and we will schedule this for a trial to the Court on Monday." (Emphases
added.)
Based on this dialogue, there is no question the district judge explicitly informed
Shelby she had the right to a jury trial, and it was not merely an option. Nonetheless,
Shelby now asserts, based on her limited conversation with the district court, she did not
knowingly waive her jury trial right because the district judge failed to explain to her
what her right entailed.
Kansas caselaw does not require a district judge to explain every right associated
with a jury trial for a waiver to be knowingly made. See Lewis, 301 Kan. at 376-78
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(holding jury trial waiver valid although district judge did not inform defendant of
attorney's ability to make challenges under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 88-89, 106
S. Ct. 1712, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 [1986]); Beaman, 295 Kan. at 862 (holding jury trial waiver
valid although district judge did not explain 12-person jury would need to unanimously
agree on guilt); State v. Savage, No. 112,882, 2015 WL 8590269, at *7 (Kan. App. 2015)
(unpublished opinion) (holding jury trial waiver valid even though district judge failed to
distinguish between jury trial, bench trial, and use of stipulated facts).
On the other hand, some Kansas appellate courts have required a more thorough
explanation of what a defendant's jury trial rights entails, two of which Shelby cites in her
brief: State v. Frye, 294 Kan. 364, 277 P.3d 1091 (2012), and State v. Cervantes-Cano,
No. 107,179, 2013 WL 1943060 (Kan. App. 2013) (unpublished opinion). Although both
Frye and Cervantes-Cano recognized the district judges failed to explain "the nature and
extent" of the defendants' jury trial rights, the facts of both cases are clearly
distinguishable from the case before us. See Frye, 294 Kan. at 373; Cervantes-Cano,
2013 WL 1943060, at *4. In Frye, the Kansas Supreme Court considered the district
judge's failure to establish the validity of a handwritten waiver, and in Cervantes-Cano, a
panel of this court addressed an in-court waiver where the defendant had trouble speaking
English and relied on an interpreter to communicate with the judge. See Frye, 294 Kan. at
373; Cervantes-Cano, 2013 WL 1943060, at *4.
More recently, in Harris, our Supreme Court found a jury trial waiver was legally
insufficient where the district judge framed the defendant's right to a jury trial as a "mere
option" and "did not engage in a 'thoughtful exchange' with Harris about the nature of
[his] right to jury trial." 461 P.3d at 53. The court noted the parties' discussion with the
district judge revolved around confusion about Harris' preference for a jury or bench trial,
and once Harris voiced his preference, "the district court simply accepted that Harris
wanted to have the court decide the matter and moved on without taking any steps to
ensure that Harris understood the right he was giving up." 461 P.3d at 53.
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Overall, we observe a split in our caselaw on what a district judge must tell a
defendant for a waiver to be knowingly made. See State v. Thomas, No. 118,082, 2018
WL 3598878, at *4 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion). There is no '"checklist'" or
guide for district judges to follow when ensuring a defendant's waiver is legally valid.
See Harris, 461 P.3d at 53; Beaman, 295 Kan. at 860-61. Instead, we look to determine
whether the waiver was knowingly made based on the facts and circumstances unique to
each case. Irving, 216 Kan. at 589.
Where appellate courts have found valid waivers despite a district judge's failure
to explain every aspect of a defendant's jury trial right, the dialogue between the judge
and defendant was generally more thorough than what occurred here. See Lewis, 301
Kan. at 377-78; Beaman, 295 Kan. at 861; Savage, 2015 WL 8590269, at *7. From the
record we observe the judge twice informed Shelby of her right to a jury trial after her
attorney told the judge Shelby's waiver was against his advice. And to each question
presented by the judge, Shelby's response reflected she wanted to waive her right to have
a jury trial. The judge's entire dialogue was short and could have been more thorough, but
it was sufficient under these facts to advise Shelby she had the right to a jury trial. She
was specifically requesting the judge to accept her waiver of that right. Thus, the record
demonstrates the judge performed his duty "to inform a defendant of his or her jury trial
right." Frye, 294 Kan. at 371.
II. NO CULPABLE MENTAL STATE IS REQUIRED FOR THE IDENTITY OF THE PERSON
HARMED.
Shelby next argues insufficient evidence supports the district court's findings she
acted with the required culpable mental states for domestic battery and aggravated
assault. She points to trial testimony suggesting she was unaware "Robin was Robin" on
the night of the incident and claims the State was required to prove she committed the
criminal acts with Robin's identity in mind. In response, the State argues neither domestic
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battery nor aggravated assault require a mental culpability for the identity of the person
harmed and, therefore, Shelby's insufficiency of the evidence argument fails. The State's
argument is persuasive.
Shelby's argument is similar to a mental disease or defect defense. K.S.A. 2019
Supp. 21-5209 allows a defendant to put on evidence that he or she was unable to form
the culpable mental state required for an element of the crime charged. At trial, both
Robin and Shelby testified Shelby had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia. But having a mental disease or defect is not a defense in itself; its
application is limited to the definition under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5209. Defense
counsel did not raise a mental disease or defect defense at trial and, instead, relied on a
theory of self-defense. Thus, Shelby's attempt to raise a form of a mental disease or
defect defense on appeal is without support.
More importantly, Shelby's underlying argument deals with a question of statutory
interpretation, not sufficiency of the evidence. Whether the statutes defining domestic
battery and aggravated assault require a defendant to commit the acts constituting the
crime with the victim's identity in mind is a legal question subject to an unlimited
standard of review. See State v. Alvarez, 309 Kan. 203, 205, 432 P.3d 1015 (2019). The
goal of statutory interpretation is to determine the Legislature's intent based on the
language it used. When a statute's text is plain and unambiguous, Kansas appellate courts
interpret the language as written, giving common words their common meanings.
Nauheim v. City of Topeka, 309 Kan. 145, 149, 432 P.3d 647 (2019). Because Shelby's
underlying argument fails under the plain language of the statutes defining these crimes,
her sufficiency of the evidence claim inevitably fails. Evidence cannot be insufficient
where no evidence is required.
Shelby was convicted of domestic battery, which is defined as "[k]nowingly or
recklessly causing bodily harm to a person with whom the offender is . . . a family or
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household member." See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5414(a)(1). "Family or household
member" includes "persons 18 years of age or older who are . . . parents or . . . children."
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5414(e)(2). Shelby does not argue the State failed to prove she and
Robin were "family or household" members as the term is defined in K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-5414(e)(2). Instead, she argues domestic battery requires a distinct mental state for the
identity of the person battered.
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5202 governs mental culpability. Its provisions relevant to
Shelby's argument provide:
"(a) Except as otherwise provided, a culpable mental state is an essential element
of every crime defined by this code. A culpable mental state may be established by proof
that the conduct of the accused person was committed 'intentionally,' 'knowingly' or
'recklessly.'
....
"(f) If the definition of a crime prescribes a culpable mental state that is sufficient
for the commission of a crime, without distinguishing among the material elements
thereof, such provision shall apply to all the material elements of the crime, unless a
contrary purpose plainly appears.
"(g) If the definition of a crime prescribes a culpable mental state with regard to a
particular element or elements of that crime, the prescribed culpable mental state shall be
required only as to specified element or elements, and a culpable mental state shall not be
required as to any other element of the crime unless otherwise provided."
"K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5202(a) provides that a culpable mental state is an
essential element of every crime. It does not mandate, however, that a culpable mental
state is an essential element of every element of every crime." State v. Collins, No.
114,720, 2017 WL 840199, at *6 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion). Domestic
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battery prescribes two culpable mental states—knowingly or recklessly. But these
culpable mental states only apply to one element of the crime—causing bodily harm "to a
person." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5414(a)(1). The required relational nexus between the
defendant and victim as "household or family members" is a separate element of
domestic battery. See State v. Carter, 54 Kan. App. 2d 34, 42, 395 P.3d 458, rev. denied
307 Kan. 989 (2017). This element is a stand-alone fact and does not require a culpable
state of mind.
Thus, Shelby's argument ignores K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5202(g): If a crime
prescribes a culpable mental state for one element, "the prescribed culpable mental state
shall be required only as to specified element or elements, and a culpable mental state
shall not be required as to any other element of the crime unless otherwise provided."
Subsection (g) applies to domestic battery, and its more specific provisions control over
the more general provisions under subsection (a). Because the State was not required to
prove Shelby committed domestic battery with her mother's identity in mind, her
sufficiency of the evidence argument fails.
Shelby makes the same argument for her aggravated assault conviction. Shelby
was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon. See K.S.A 2019 Supp. 21-5412(a),
(b)(1). Her argument is even less persuasive for her aggravated assault conviction
because none of the crime's elements require a relational nexus between a defendant and
victim. The State was merely required to prove Shelby knowingly placed "another
person" in reasonable apprehension of immediate bodily harm; it did not have to prove
Shelby acted with her mother's identity in mind. See K.S.A 2019 Supp. 21-5412(a).
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III. WHEN THE DEFENDANT IS THE AGGRESSOR, A SELF-DEFENSE THEORY IS NOT
AVAILABLE.
As her final argument, Shelby argues insufficient evidence supports her
convictions because the State failed to prove she did not act in self-defense.
When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, we
determine whether the evidence, when reviewed in the light most favorable to the State,
was sufficient for a rational fact-finder to conclude the defendant was guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. In doing so, we "'do not reweigh evidence, resolve evidentiary
conflicts, or make witness credibility determinations.'" State v. Chandler, 307 Kan. 657,
668, 414 P.3d 713 (2018). It is only in rare cases when the testimony is "so incredulous
no reasonable fact-finder could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt" that a guilty verdict
will be reversed. State v. Torres, 308 Kan. 476, 488, 421 P.3d 733 (2018).
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5222 governs self-defense. A person is justified in the use
of nondeadly force against another "when and to the extent it appears to such person and
such person reasonably believes that such use of force is necessary to defend such person
or a third person against such other's imminent use of unlawful force." K.S.A. 2019 Supp.
21-5222(a). But these provisions generally do not apply when the person is the initial
aggressor. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5226.
Overall, Robin and Shelby's testimony reflected polar opposite testimony of the
night's activities. Robin testified for the State that Shelby forced open her bedroom door
with the butt end of the knife, wrestled her to the ground, held the knife against her
throat, and eventually hit her on the head with the butt end of the knife, causing her to
bleed. In support of her defense, Shelby claimed she walked through Robin's opened
bedroom door—with the knife already in her hands—and wrestled Robin to the ground
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because Robin lunged towards her. Shelby denied holding the knife against Robin's throat
and testified she hit Robin on the head with the butt end of the knife to subdue her.
We review this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, not in the light
most favorable to Shelby's self-defense theory. In doing so, a rational fact-finder could
have found Shelby's actions were inconsistent with a claim of self-defense and she was
guilty of aggravated assault and domestic battery beyond a reasonable doubt. The State
presented evidence showing Shelby was the initial aggressor and placed Robin in
reasonable apprehension of imminent bodily harm by holding the knife to her throat and,
in fact, did cause Robin bodily harm when she hit her with the butt end of the knife. To
find the evidence insufficient, we would have to reweigh the credibility of the
witnesses—a task not within our limited scope of review. See Chandler, 307 Kan. at 668.
Affirmed.
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