State v. Reinert ( 2022 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 123,341
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
CODY ANDREW REINERT,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Reno District Court; JOSEPH L. MCCARVILLE III, judge. Opinion filed April 8, 2022.
Affirmed.
Jennifer C. Roth, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Kimberly A. Rodebaugh, senior assistant district attorney, Thomas R. Stanton, district attorney,
and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before ISHERWOOD, P.J., GREEN and BRUNS, JJ.
PER CURIAM: Cody Andrew Reinert pleaded guilty to one count of aggravated
indecent liberties with a child. The applicable statute mandates that courts sentence those
convicted of that crime to lifetime postrelease supervision if they are age 18 or older at
the time of the offense. Accordingly, the district court sentenced Reinert to 59 months in
prison followed by lifetime postrelease supervision. Reinert contends that he did not
admit that he was over 18 when he committed the crime and that forms the foundation for
his appeal to us. He specifically argues that the sentencing court violated his Sixth
Amendment right under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L.
1Ed. 2d 435 (2000), because he did not admit that he was over 18 when he committed the
crime. We affirm Reinert's sentence for three reasons: (1) Reinert admitted he was over
18 several times throughout the proceedings; (2) the lifetime postrelease supervision is
not the type of sentencing enhancement contemplated by Apprendi or its progeny; and (3)
even if the district court erred, the error was harmless.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In May 2020, Hutchinson law enforcement officers arrested Cody Reinert after a
local woman reported her 14-year-old daughter confessed to having sex with 25-year-old
Reinert. Reinert applied for appointed defense services, and on his financial affidavit, he
provided his age as 25 years old and a birthyear of 1994.
In September, Reinert pleaded guilty to one count of aggravated indecent liberties
with a child between 14 and 16 years old. No written plea agreement exists or, at least,
none was provided to us. At the plea hearing, Reinert waived his right to a preliminary
hearing, confirmed that his plea was willing, assured the court that he understood the
charge, and waived his rights to arraignment and a jury trial. Reinert then entered a guilty
plea and, in so doing, affirmatively stated that he had sex with a person between 14 and
16 years old—both of which are elements of the crime. The district court accepted the
plea and set the case for sentencing.
Prior to sentencing, Reinert filed a motion seeking a departure sentence. He stated
that he was 25 years old at the time of the offense and requested leniency because of what
he characterized as his young age. Also, before sentencing, an investigator completed a
presentence investigation (PSI) report for the court which reflected that Reinert was 25 at
the time of the offense.
2
At the sentencing hearing, Reinert and his attorney acknowledged they had
reviewed the PSI report and had no objections. In support of their departure motion,
Reinert's attorney argued that the court should depart from the presumptive sentence
because Reinert "was only 25 at the time this happened. There's plenty of time for him to
be rehabilitated and not commit any other offense ever again." The State and the victim's
mother urged the court to deny Reinert's motion. The district court declined to find that
Reinert's age provided a substantial and compelling reason to deviate to probation and
sentenced him to 59 months in prison followed by a lifetime of postrelease supervision.
Reinert timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
DID THE DISTRICT COURT VIOLATE REINERT'S RIGHTS UNDER APPENDI?
Reinert's sole argument on appeal is that the district court improperly found that he
was over 18 years old when he committed the crime. He claims that because he did not
waive his right to have a jury find his age, the district court engaged in judicial fact-
finding that increased his sentence in violation of Apprendi.
The statutory backdrop is straightforward. Reinert pleaded guilty to aggravated
indecent liberties with a child under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5506(b)(1). Under K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 22-3717(d)(5)(B), that offense is classified as a sexually violent crime.
Correspondingly, K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(G)(i) mandates that district courts
sentence individuals found guilty of sexually violent crimes to lifetime postrelease
supervision if they were age 18 or older when they committed the crime. By contrast,
under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(G)(ii), offenders who were under 18 when they
3
committed a sexually violent crime must be sentenced only to 60 months of postrelease
supervision. Here, the district court followed the provision that addresses Reinert's
situation because he was 25 years old when he committed the crime.
Two important constitutional protections are at issue: the protection the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides against the deprivation
of liberty without due process of law and the protection of the Sixth Amendment's right
to trial by jury. See Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 476-77. Whether a district court violates a
defendant's Apprendi rights at sentencing raises a question of law subject to unlimited
review. State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1036, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015). Although Reinert
neglected to object on those grounds at the district court, he sufficiently argues that we
may consider his claim for the first time on appeal because it is a pure legal question
arising out of undisputed facts. See State v. Phillips, 299 Kan. 479, 493, 325 P.3d 1095(2014).
In Apprendi, the United States Supreme Court held that any fact that increases the
penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury
and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 530 U.S. at 490; see United States v. Booker, 543
U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738, 160 L. Ed. 2d 6233 (2004) (applying Apprendi to guilty pleas).
So when a judge independently makes factual findings that result in an increase to a
defendant's sentence, it can lead to a violation of that individual's Sixth Amendment
rights. See Cunningham v. California, 549 U.S. 270, 127 S. Ct. 856, 166 L. Ed. 2d 856(2007). For Apprendi purposes, the "'statutory maximum'" is the maximum sentence a
judge may impose based solely on facts encompassed in the jury verdict or admitted by
the defendant. Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 303, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d
403 (2004).
4
A. Did Reinert admit his age?
Reinert argues the district court violated his Apprendi rights because he never
admitted to being at least 18 years old at the time of the crime. But as the State points out
Reinert did admit, several times, that he was 25 years old when he committed the offense.
Interestingly, Reinert contends that any statements he made about his age are irrelevant
because they were not knowing and intelligent admissions of a fact that could increase his
sentence.
A panel of this court addressed the same issue in State v. Schmeal, No. 121,221,
2020 WL 3885631, at *9 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion). There, Joshua
Schmeal, who also pleaded guilty to aggravated indecent liberties with a child and was
sentenced to lifetime postrelease supervision, admitted he was 19 years old on his plea
agreement and his financial affidavit for appointed counsel. At the plea hearing, the State
mentioned his age in its factual recitation and Schmeal affirmed the accuracy of the
State's facts. Before this court, Schmeal challenged the district court's finding of his age
under Apprendi. But because he repeatedly admitted his age before the district court
imposed lifetime postrelease supervision, the panel found an Apprendi violation did not
occur. 2020 WL 3885631, at *9.
Prior to Schmeal, several panels of this court applied the same reasoning to reach
similar conclusions. In State v. Haynes, No. 120,533, 2020 WL 741458, at *2-3 (Kan.
App. 2020) (unpublished opinion), Joshua Haynes admitted he was 32 years old during
his forensic interview and provided the same age on his financial affidavit and during his
plea colloquy. The Haynes court held these repeated admissions were sufficient to trigger
the lifetime supervision requirement and avoid an Apprendi violation. In State v. Cook,
No. 119,715, 2019 WL 3756188, at *2 (Kan. App. 2019) (unpublished opinion), the
charging and plea documents reflected an age of 29 years old for Jerome Cook, and when
he entered his plea, he admitted to being that age at the time of the offense. There too,
5
this court found the admissions rendered Cook's Apprendi claim unpersuasive. Finally, in
State v. Zapata, No. 120,529, 2020 WL 741486, at *5 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished
opinion), the court denied Oscar Zapata's Apprendi challenge because he acknowledged
he was 22 years old on several documents prior to entering his guilty plea.
This case presents similar facts. When Reinert requested appointed counsel, he
acknowledged he was born in 1994 and 25 years old. When he pursued a departure
sentence, he pointed to his age of only 25 years old as justification for the more lenient
sentence of probation rather than prison. Then at the sentencing hearing, Reinert did not
object to the PSI report, which listed his age as 25, and his attorney argued in support of
his departure motion that the fact Reinert was only 25 years old when he committed the
crime constituted a substantial and compelling factor for probation. So, both before and
after Reinert's guilty plea, he acknowledged his age in front of the district court. See
Haynes, 2020 WL 741458, at *3 (listing pre-plea and post-plea admissions as sufficient
to establish that Haynes was over 18 at the time of the crime); Cook, 2019 WL 3756188,
at *2 (same). Moreover, Reinert's argument on appeal contradicts the thrust of his
sentencing argument to the district court that his age demanded leniency. We join with
the Schmeal, Haynes, Cook, and Zapata panels and hold that Reinert's admissions to the
district court were enough to enable the court to properly sentence him to lifetime
postrelease supervision under the applicable statute.
B. Is lifetime postrelease supervision a sentence enhancement of the kind
contemplated by Apprendi?
Reinert claims the district court violated Apprendi because lifetime postrelease
supervision is a sentence which exceeds the statutory maximum. The Schmeal panel
expressly rejected this argument and held that because the statute does not require the
court to find a substantial and compelling reason to impose it, lifetime postrelease
6
supervision is the statutory presumptive sentence, not an upward departure from the
statutory maximum. 2020 WL 3885631, at *10; see also Haynes, 2020 WL 741458, at *3
(same).
Indeed, Apprendi has its limits. There, Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, "the
relevant inquiry is one not of form, but of effect—does the required finding expose the
defendant to a greater punishment than that authorized by the jury's guilty verdict?" 530
U.S at 494. In State v. Anthony, 273 Kan. 726, 45 P.3d 852 (2002), a jury found William
Anthony guilty of aggravated indecent liberties with a child. The district court extended
his postrelease supervision period from 36 to 60 months based on the court's
postconviction findings, so on appeal Anthony claimed that an Apprendi violation
occurred. But since the applicable statute authorized the court to extend the postrelease
supervision period for a sexually violent crime, the crime for which the jury returned a
guilty verdict, the district court did not need to make any additional findings to impose
the sentence. To that end, the extended postrelease supervision sentence did not violate
Apprendi. Anthony, 273 Kan. at 729.
So too here, K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3717(d)(1)(G)(i) requires district courts to
sentence offenders age 18 or older, who are convicted of sexually violent crimes, to
lifetime postrelease supervision. As the Schmeal panel reasoned, then, lifetime
postrelease supervision is the presumptive sentence, not a departure from the statute's
commands, and does not require the sentencing court to make additional findings. This is
distinguishable from cases like Apprendi, where the statute authorized the sentencing
court to increase an offender's sentence if it independently determined that he or she
committed the crime because of the victim's race. See 530 U.S. at 468-69. Instead, the
statute places adults like Reinert, who plead guilty to sexually violent crimes, into a
category with one possible sentence. The district court did not depart from that statutory
scheme.
7
C. Harmless error
Even if we did conclude an Apprendi violation occurred, any such error is subject
to a harmlessness inquiry. In Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212, 220-22, 126 S. Ct.
2546, 165 L. Ed. 2d 466 (2006), the United States Supreme Court held that Apprendi
violations are not "structural errors," or the type of fundamental constitutional violation
which is so harmful it requires automatic reversal. To that end, an Apprendi error is
harmless if the reviewing court finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the omitted
sentencing factor was uncontested and supported by overwhelming evidence and thus a
jury verdict would have been the same without the error. State v. Garza, 290 Kan. 1021,
1031, 236 P.3d 501 (2010).
Garza mounted a similar Apprendi challenge based on a jury's failure to find that
he was over 18 when he committed the offense. On appeal, the Kansas Supreme Court
highlighted testimony that Garza was over 18 at the time of the crime and the lack of any
dispute about his age during the proceedings. These facts left the court convinced that the
outcome would have been the same if the jury had specifically been asked to determine
whether Garza was over 18 when he committed the crime rendering any error harmless.
290 Kan. at 1032. In Schmeal, the panel similarly found that the record was "void of any
conflicting evidence regarding [Schmeal's] age." 2020 WL 3885631, at *11. On that
basis, any error was harmless. But see Schmeal, 2020 WL 3885631, at *18 (Atcheson, J.,
concurring) (explaining why the harmless error rule "does not obviate Schmeal's
inadequate [really nonexistent] jury trial wavier on age as a sentencing factor").
Here too, Reinert's age was never in dispute or doubt during the proceedings
before the district court. To the contrary, Reinert filed several documents that professed
his age and his counsel cited his age on the record at the sentencing hearing. We are
8
confident that error did not occur, and even if any Apprendi issue could be identified, it
did not affect the outcome of the proceedings.
Affirmed.
9