Knott Floyd Land Company v. Andrew Fugate ( 2007 )

IMPORTANT NOTICE
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION
THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED."
PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C),
THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE
CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER
CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER,
UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS,
RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR
CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED
OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE
BEFORE THE COURT. OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION
BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED
DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE
ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE
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ACTION.
RENDERED : DECEMBER 20, 2007
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
.9unriftur (91turf d
2007-SC-000235-WC
KNOTT FLOYD LAND COMPANY APPELLANT
ON APPEAL FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. 2006-CA-001910-WC
WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD NO. 05-00693
ANDREW FUGATE;
HON. GRANT S. ROARK,
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW JUDGE; AND
WORKERS' COMPENSATION BOARD APPELLEES
MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT
AFFIRMING
An Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) determined that the claimant proved a
permanent impairment rating from work-related hearing loss to his left ear but rejected
the university evaluator's opinion that he sustained an equal work-related hearing loss
to his right ear. The Workers' Compensation Board reversed and remanded for an
award of benefits based on the evidence of work-related binaural hearing loss, and the
Court of Appeals affirmed . We affirm because the evidence on which the ALJ relied
failed to provide a reasonable basis to reject the university evaluator's opinion .
The claimant was born in 1950, had a ninth-grade education, and served in the
United States Army for three years ., He worked from 1977 through the early part of
1999 as a mechanic and coal truck driver, after which the defendant-employer hired
him to work as a mechanic in a strip mine. He testified subsequently that his work
exposed him to loud noises and that he wore earplugs about half of the time .
The claimant worked until June 28, 2004, when he awoke in the night with a
severe headache and loss of balance and vision. He sought immediate medical
treatment and eventually was referred to the University of Kentucky. On September 27,
2004, Joyce Wallen, an audiologist, noted complaints of significant hearing loss in the
right ear since June 28, headaches, roaring in the right ear, and dizziness . She also
noted an extensive history of noise exposure while running heavy equipment in the
mining industry . Ms. Wallen performed an audiological evaluation that revealed
significant hearing loss in both ears . She reported that the right ear had no usable
hearing and that the left ear had a very significant high-frequency, sensorineural
hearing loss, which probably resulted from occupational noise exposure.
The claimant underwent surgical procedures in December 2004 and February
2005 in order to treat persistent vertigo, which was later attributed to a non-work-related
right ear condition . As a consequence, the ear became completely deaf. In April 2005
the claimant filed an application for benefits for work-related hearing loss. He testified
subsequently that he thought his balance problems, dizziness, inability to localize
sound, and hearing loss would prevent him from returning to his work.
Dr. Windmill performed the university evaluation on June 21, 2005, and
completed a Form 108. He received a history of long-term noise exposure and of total
hearing loss in the right ear following surgery to alleviate vertigo . Dr. Windmill noted
that the claimant had greater hearing loss than would be expected for an individual of
his age . He diagnosed a noise-induced hearing loss in the left ear and attributed the
present hearing loss in the right ear to the surgery. He assigned a 17% permanent
impairment rating, which included the entire impairment in both ears. Assuming an
equal hearing loss in both ears due to noise exposure, he attributed a 14% permanent
impairment rating to noise-induced hearing loss . Dr. Windmill recommended the use of
hearing aids . He also recommended the use of hearing protection devices whenever
the claimant was exposed to loud noise and stated that work restrictions would be
based on his ability to perform his duties while using such devices . Dr. Windmill stated
in a supplemental report that the claimant's ability to localize sound was impaired as
was his ability to understand speech, particularly in a noisy environment. Thus, he
would be at risk for injury if he returned to his former job .
In a subsequent deposition, counsel for the employer asked Dr. Windmill to
confirm that none of the right ear hearing loss resulted from work-related noise . He
stated that the answer was neither "yes" nor "no" because the claimant probably
sustained an equal hearing loss in his ears from work-related noise exposure, but the
intractable vertigo and surgery to relieve it were not work-related . He explained that the
objective measures, behavioral measures, and pattern of hearing loss indicated that the
left ear hearing loss was work-related . His experience indicated that hearing loss due
to occupational noise exposure tends to be bilateral and symmetrical . Thus, he thought
it reasonable to assume that the claimant probably experienced a symmetrical, noise-
induced hearing loss before the onset of the non-work-related condition . In an attempt
to correct for the effects of the surgery, a situation that the AMA Guides to the
Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Guides) does not address, he calculated a 14%
permanent impairment rating due to noise exposure by assuming a symmetrical hearing
loss and doubling the impairment for the left ear. Questioned about the formula the
Guides set forth for calculating a binaural hearing impairment, he stated that it weights
the impairment in the better ear by a factor of five. For that reason, the post-surgical
permanent impairment rating is only 3 percentage points greater than then the rating
attributed to occupational noise. Although Dr. Windmill acknowledged "a little
possibility" that the claimant had no right ear hearing loss before the onset of the
condition resulting in surgery, he thought it unlikely. He stated subsequently that he
had no reason to think that the noise-induced hearing loss in the right ear was any less
than that in the left.
Dr. Woods evaluated the claimant's hearing in November 2005 for the employer
and submitted a report. After taking a history and performing an audiological
examination, he diagnosed probable sudden hearing loss in the right ear and high tone
sensorineural hearing loss in the left. He assigned a 16% permanent impairment rating
to the present degree of hearing loss, which was based on a 44.9% binaural hearing
impairment (33.8% left monaural and 100% right monaural). Although he did not agree
with Dr. Windmill's figures, Dr. Woods did agree with his logic in calculating the amount
of noise-induced impairment . Factoring out the right ear deafness after surgery, he
attributed a 12% permanent impairment rating to occupational noise exposure, basing
the figure on a 33 .8% binaural hearing impairment (33.8% left monaural and 33.8%
right monaural) .
When deposed, Dr. Woods testified that the claimant's left ear hearing loss
decreased his ability to hear frequencies in the range of speech, but he could function
well if he could see the speaker and there was no background noise . He stated that the
non-work-related right ear problem that began in June 2004 complicated the attempt to
determine the extent of noise-induced hearing loss. He explained that the Guides use
a multi-step formula for calculating a permanent impairment rating based on hearing
loss . The formula requires the amounts of hearing loss at various frequencies to be
added to determine the amount of impairment in each ear (monaural hearing
impairment). The two monaural impairments are then combined to reach a binaural
hearing impairment, which is then converted into a whole-body permanent impairment
rating . He stated that the Guides permit a physician to make a judgment call when a
particular situation is not addressed. Addressing aging specifically, they direct a
physician to calculate a permanent impairment rating based on the entire hearing loss
and then to use clinical judgment to apportion it between or among causes.'
Dr. Woods explained that because the Guides provide no direction in the present
circumstances, he used his best clinical judgment when assigning work-related
impairment. He agreed with Dr. Windmill that work-related hearing loss typically is
equal bilaterally but noted that it is not always equal . Although he acknowledged a
possibility that the claimant had normal hearing in the right ear before the June 2004
incident and surgeries, he stated that he thought it unlikely . Dr. Woods attributed the
claimant's inability to localize sound to the total deafness in the right ear as a result of
the surgery and did not think that the work-related hearing loss, by itself, would restrict
his ability to perform his work. He stated that he recommended the use of hearing
protection by any worker exposed to ambient noise that exceeds 80-85 decibels and
iThe court determined in AK Steel Corp. v. Johnston, 153 S .W.3d 837 (Ky. 2005), that
KRS 342.7305 does not require age-related impairment to be excluded from a
permanent impairment rating in a claim for noise-induced hearing loss.
that earplugs do not prevent an individual from hearing warning signals and other
protective sounds in the workplace.
Donald Joe Woolwine performed a vocational evaluation . He noted that the
claimant had twice been denied social security disability benefits . In his opinion,
however, the claimant's restrictions and limitations precluded him from returning to any
work for which he was suited by training and experience . He had no transferable skills
and was not a candidate for vocational rehabilitation .
The employer conceded that the claimant sustained a work-related, noise-
induced hearing loss in his left ear. It asserted that he failed to prove such a hearing
loss in his right ear and, therefore, to meet the 8% permanent impairment rating that
KRS 342.7305(2) requires for income benefits . The employer characterized as merely
speculative the medical opinions that he sustained noise-induced hearing loss in the
right ear, and it argued that they did not rise to the level of reasonable medical
probability necessary to support an award. The ALJ agreed, stating as follows:
The medical opinion of Dr. Windmill speculating that plaintiff
may also have had 7% hearing loss in the right ear prior to
the fistula that caused total hearing loss in that ear is not
found to be sufficient to find work-related hearing loss in that
ear. Nor does Dr. Windmill's speculation to that effect
outweigh the medical opinion of Dr. Woods, who opined it
would be impossible to ascertain the level of work-related,
noise-induced hearing loss, if any, in plaintiffs right ear that
existed immediately prior to the fistula . Given the facts and
evidence presented, Dr. Woods' opinion in this regard is
found most credible . It is therefore determined that plaintiff
can only prove a 7% work-related hearing loss in his left ear.
The court determined in Magic Coal Co . v. Fox, 19 S.W.3d 88 (Ky. 2000), that
KRS 342 .315(2) does not shift the burden of persuasion . It presumes that the clinical
findings and opinions of a university evaluator accurately reflect a worker's medical
condition but permits an ALJ to disregard them by stating a reasonable basis for doing
so . Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S .W.2d 641, 643 (Ky. 1986), explains that a party who
fails to meet its burden of proof before the fact-finder must show on appeal that the
decision was unreasonable under the evidence . The Board did not err in reversing the
decision in the present case because the ALJ rejected the university evaluator's clinical
findings and opinions without a reasonable basis. Moreover, the evidence compelled
an award of benefits for both ears because the medical experts thought it likely that the
claimant sustained a noise-induced hearing loss in both ears, agreed to the proper
method for assigning a permanent impairment rating using the Guides, and did so.
Chapter 342 holds an employer liable for work-related harmful changes in the
human organism without regard to any subsequent, non-work-related harm. It requires
a work-related harmful change to be evidenced by objective medical findings, defines
objective medical findings, and requires a permanent impairment rating to be assigned
using the Guides. Neither Chapter 342 nor the Guides requires the extent of every
harmful change to be measured directly . Both Dr. Windmill and Dr. Woods testified that
the Guides permit a physician to use clinical judgment in situations that the Guides do
not address. They agreed that the Guides do not address the situation presented in
this claim, exercised clinical judgment, and agreed regarding the methodology for
assigning a permanent impairment rating under the circumstances. Dr. Woods stated
that the difference in the permanent impairment ratings they assigned probably resulted
from a difference in the audiological test results.
The ALJ concluded that the evidence of a noise-induced impairment in the right
ear was merely speculative based on Dr. Woods' statement that it was "impossible to
know" the amount of noise-induced impairment in the right ear because of the
subsequent, non-work-related condition . A fair reading of Dr. Woods' testimony
indicates, however, that he also thought it unlikely that the claimant sustained no noise-
induced right ear impairment. Me indicated that the noise-induced hearing loss in the
right ear was likely to equal that in the left ear and also indicated that he assigned the
work-related binaural impairment on that basis. In contrast, he refused to guess what
portion of the claimant's hearing loss might be due to aging . Under the circumstances,
the words "impossible to know" could not reasonably be viewed to mean that he
thought it impossible to determine the amount of work-related hearing loss that the
claimant was likely to have sustained in the right ear.
No medical evidence refuted the physicians' assumption that the claimant's
work-related hearing loss probably was bilateral and symmetrical . Nor did any medical
evidence indicate that the Guides failed to authorize the method that they used to
assign a permanent impairment rating based on noise-induced hearing loss. Under the
circumstances, no reasonable basis supported a conclusion that the percentages they
assigned were merely speculative . On remand, the ALJ must award benefits based on
the evidence of work-related binaural hearing loss .
The decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed .
All sitting . All concur.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT,
KNOTT FLOYD LAND COMPANY :
H. BRETT STONECIPHER
FERRERI & FOGLE
300 EAST MAIN STREET
SUITE 500
LEXINGTON, KY 40507
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE,
ANDREW FUGATE :
RANDY G . SLONE
SLONE & BATES, PSC
79 W. MAIN STREET
P.O. BOX 787
HINDMAN, KY 41822