Kathryn Towery v. Craig T. McCormick in His Capacity as of the Estate of James T. ( 2022 )


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  •             RENDERED: AUGUST 19, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
    Commonwealth of Kentucky
    Court of Appeals
    NO. 2019-CA-1551-MR
    KATHRYN TOWERY; KAILEEN
    TOWERY; AND DWAYNE A.
    TOWERY, FATHER AND NEXT-OF-
    FRIEND OF KOLBY TOWERY                              APPELLANTS
    APPEAL FROM WEBSTER CIRCUIT COURT
    v.         HONORABLE C. RENE’ WILLIAMS, JUDGE
    ACTION NO. 18-CI-00037
    CRAIG T. McCORMICK, IN HIS
    CAPACITY AS EXECUTOR OF THE
    ESTATE OF JAMES T. McCORMICK,
    DECEASED; CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    AS TRUSTEE OF THE JAMES T.
    McCORMICK REVOCABLE LIVING
    TRUST; CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    INDIVIDUALLY; FREDA S.
    McCORMICK, INDIVIDUALLY; AND
    ALLISON McCORMICK,
    INDIVIDUALLY                                         APPELLEES
    AND
    NO. 2019-CA-1552-MR
    AUNDREA L. TOWERY                                   APPELLANT
    APPEAL FROM WEBSTER CIRCUIT COURT
    v.          HONORABLE C. RENE’ WILLIAMS, JUDGE
    ACTION NO. 18-CI-00037
    CRAIG T. McCORMICK, IN HIS                        APPELLEES
    CAPACITY AS EXECUTOR OF THE
    ESTATE OF JAMES T. McCORMICK,
    DECEASED; CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    AS TRUSTEE OF THE JAMES T.
    McCORMICK REVOCABLE LIVING
    TRUST; CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    INDIVIDUALLY; FREDA S.
    McCORMICK, INDIVIDUALLY;
    AND ALLISON McCORMICK,
    INDIVIDUALLY
    AND
    NO. 2019-CA-1576-MR
    ESTATE OF JAMES T. McCORMICK,
    CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    EXECUTOR; CRAIG T.
    McCORMICK; FREDA S.
    McCORMICK; JAMES T.
    McCORMICK REVOCABLE LIVING
    TRUST, CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    TRUSTEE; AND ALLISON
    McCORMICK                         APPELLEES/CROSS-APPELLANTS
    CROSS-APPEAL FROM WEBSTER CIRCUIT COURT
    v.         HONORABLE C. RENE’ WILLIAMS, JUDGE
    ACTION NO. 18-CI-00037
    -2-
    AUNDREA L. TOWERY; KAILEEN
    TOWERY; KATHRYN TOWERY;
    AND DWAYNE TOWERY AS NEXT-
    OF-FRIEND AND FATHER OF
    KOLBY TOWERY                                 APPELLANTS/CROSS-APPELLEES
    OPINION
    AFFIRMING APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1551-MR,
    AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART,
    AND REMANDING APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1552-MR,
    AND AFFIRMING CROSS-APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1576-MR
    ** ** ** ** **
    BEFORE: DIXON, GOODWINE, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
    TAYLOR, JUDGE: Kathryn Towery, Kaileen Towery, and Dwayne A. Towery,
    father and next-of-friend of Kolby Towery, bring Appeal No. 2019-CA-1551-MR
    from May 23, 2019, orders, a May 31, 2019, order, a June 6, 2019, order, and a
    September 12, 2019, order of the Webster Circuit Court. Aundrea L. Towery
    brings Appeal No. 2019-CA-1552-MR from May 23, 2019, orders, a June 6, 2019,
    order, and a September 12, 2019, order of the Webster Circuit Court. Estate of
    James T. McCormick, Craig T. McCormick, Executor; Craig T. McCormick; Freda
    S. McCormick; James T. McCormick Revocable Living Trust, Craig T.
    McCormick, Trustee; and Allison McCormick bring Cross-Appeal No. 2019-CA-
    1576-MR from May 23, 2019, orders, a May 31, 2019, order, and a September 12,
    2019, order. We affirm Appeal No. 2019-CA-1551-MR and affirm in part, reverse
    -3-
    in part, and remand Appeal No. 2019-CA-1552-MR. We also affirm Cross-Appeal
    2019-CA-1576-MR.
    James T. McCormick (Tommy) was a business man residing in
    Webster County, Kentucky. Tommy had founded Custom Engineering, Inc., and
    had amassed considerable wealth at the time of his death on January 5, 2017. He
    was survived by his wife of 47 years, Freda McCormick, and by two children,
    Craig T. McCormick and Aundrea L. Towery. Craig has two children, and
    Aundrea has three – Kathryn Towery, Kaileen Towery, and Kolby Towery.
    On September 8, 2017, Craig filed the Last Will and Testament of
    Tommy in the Webster District Court (Action No. 17-P-00088). The will was
    executed on December 18, 2016 (2016 Will). Under the 2016 Will, Craig was
    appointed as executor and most of Tommy’s property passed to Craig T.
    McCormick Revocable Living Trust (Trust). The Trust was initially created on
    April 18, 2011, but was restated by execution of a Restatement of Trust Agreement
    (Trust Agreement) also on December 18, 2016. Neither Aundrea nor her three
    children were devised any property under the 2016 Will or were provided for by
    the 2016 Trust.
    On March 16, 2018, Aundrea filed a complaint and, on June 25, 2018,
    an amended complaint against Craig, in his capacity as Executor of the Estate of
    James; Craig, in his capacity as Trustee for the Trust; Craig, individually; Freda;
    -4-
    and Allison McCormick, Craig’s wife (collectively referred to as defendants).1 In
    the complaint, Aundrea alleged, in relevant part:
    COUNT I – FORGERY AND PROMOTION OF
    FRAUDULENT DOCUMENTS
    20. The purported Last Will and Testament of James
    T. McCormick is invalid as it was not properly executed
    in compliance with the provisions of [Kentucky Revised
    Statutes] KRS 394.040.
    21. The purported signature of James T. McCormick
    on the Last Will and Testament dated December 18,
    2016, admitted to probate by the Webster District Court
    on September 19, 2017, is not that of James T.
    McCormick. The handwriting of the decedent on the
    Last Will and Testament has been examined by an
    expert. The expert has affirmed that the signature on said
    Last Will and Testament of James T. McCormick, dated
    December 18, 2016, is not the genuine signature of James
    T. McCormick. The Will is a forged and fraudulent
    document.
    22. The decedent, James T. McCormick, did not sign
    the alleged Last Will and Testament on December 18,
    2016. The Plaintiff, Aundrea Towery, and others were
    continuously in the home of the decedent all day on
    December 18, 2016, for her daughter’s birthday party.
    James T. McCormick did not leave the house on
    December 18, 2016. None of the witnesses named in the
    alleged Will came to the home of James T. McCormick
    on December 18, 2016. The notary named on the Last
    Will and Testament did not come to the home of
    James T. McCormick on December 18, 2016. None of
    the witnesses and/or the notary who each purportedly
    1
    Allison McCormick was added as a defendant by a February 8, 2019, order of the Webster
    Circuit Court. The claims of tortious interference with inheritance and civil conspiracy were
    alleged against Allison.
    -5-
    signed the purported Will in the presence of each other
    and in the presence of James T. McCormick, signed the
    will on December 18, 2016. The signature of the
    Testator, James T. McCormick, was forged.
    23. Kentucky law requires that the testator sign a will
    in the presence of two witnesses and that the witnesses
    sign in the presence of each other.
    24. As the signature on the Will is not that of James T.
    McCormick and the witnesses did not sign the will in the
    presence of either James T. McCormick or each other on
    December 18, 2016, the Will is invalid.
    ....
    26. Further, as the purported signature of James T.
    McCormick on the December 18, 2016, amendment to
    the 2011 James T. McCormick Revocable Living Trust is
    not the signature of James T. McCormick. The
    handwriting of the decedent on the December 18, 2016,
    Trust document has been examined by an expert. The
    expert has also affirmed that the signature of James T.
    McCormick is not the genuine signature of James T.
    McCormick. The December 18, 2016, Trust document is
    a forged and fraudulent document. The Plaintiff,
    Aundrea Towery, and others were continually in the
    home of James T. McCormick all day on December 18,
    2016. James T. McCormick did not sign the purported
    Trust Amendment on December 18, 2016. James T.
    McCormick did not leave the house all day on December
    18, 2016. The purported notary did not properly notarize
    the alleged signature of James T. McCormick on
    December 18, 2016, in the presence of James T.
    McCormick.
    27. The signature of James T. McCormick on the
    December 18, 2016, Trust document was forged.
    As a result, the December 18, 2016, amendment to the
    -6-
    James T. McCormick Living Trust is void and of no
    effect.
    ....
    COUNT II – LACK OF CAPACITY
    ....
    31. Prior to the purported execution of the Will on
    December 18, 2016, and at the time thereof, the decedent,
    James T. McCormick, was under the influence of various
    medications and had taken chemotherapy on December
    16, 2016.
    32. The medications and intensive cancer treatment
    worked on the mind and body of James T. McCormick to
    such an extent that he did not know the natural objects of
    his bounty, his obligations to them, and the character and
    value of his estate on December 18, 2016. Further, as
    a result of the various medications and chemotherapy,
    James T. McCormick failed to dispose of his estate in
    accordance with his own fixed estate planning. The Will,
    Trust and two (2) Deeds and other documents
    purportedly signed on December 18, 2016, are not
    consistent with an estate plan for the decedent, which
    included provisions that would not otherwise have been
    present to exclude the Plaintiff, Aundrea Towery, absent
    the effects of the medications and chemotherapy
    and undue influence.
    33. James T. McCormick was in extreme pain and,
    combined with the levels of medication he was taking
    and chemotherapy two (2) days earlier, James T.
    McCormick suffered from mental and physical
    impairment and incapacity on December 18, 2016.
    34. As James T. McCormick lacked the requisite
    mental capacity to execute the Last Will and Testament,
    the Amendment to the 2011 James T. McCormick
    -7-
    Revocable Living Trust, and the two deeds conveying
    approximately thirty-five (35) parcels of property and
    any other documents of conveyance when he executed
    those instruments on December 18, 2016. All of the
    aforementioned instruments are invalid and should be
    stricken from the records of the Webster and Crittenden
    County Clerk’s Offices.
    COUNT III – UNDUE INFLUENCE
    ....
    36. James T. McCormick’s purported signing of the
    disputed documents and any additional actions
    purportedly taken by James T. McCormick on December
    18, 2016, were the product of undue influence by the
    Defendants, Freda and Craig, and others acting in concert
    with them, upon the Decedent, James T. McCormick.
    The Defendants interfered with and excluded the express
    intent of James T. McCormick, prior to the effects of his
    chemotherapy and medications taken by him, that his real
    and personal property be distributed pursuant to his
    express intent as set forth in the terms of James T.
    McCormick’s prior estate planning by essentially
    disposing all of his property and that of the Plaintiff to
    his spouse and two (2) children, and increasing his estate
    tax liability.
    37. The Defendants initiated and conducted a scheme
    on their behalf, wherein they individually engaged
    professionals to expressly prepare documents, including
    the Will, trust, deeds and assignment of personal
    property. To the best of the Plaintiffs’ information and
    belief, the documents were concealed and not disclosed
    to James T. McCormick.
    38. To the best of the Plaintiff’s information and
    belief, the Defendants engaged and directed the
    preparation and execution of all of the documents that
    were not signed by James T. McCormick on December
    -8-
    18, 2016, eliminating the Plaintiff, the daughter of James
    T. McCormick.
    39. At the time the documents were executed, James
    T. McCormick was terminally ill and both physically and
    mentally weak, undergoing cancer treatment and under
    the influence of many medications.
    40. The documents were unnatural in their provisions,
    as they were in direct conflict with the prior intent of
    James T. McCormick that all his assets be divided
    equally between his heirs at law and that his federal
    estate taxes being reduced to the maximum extent
    allowed.
    41. To the best of the Plaintiff’s information and
    belief, the principal beneficiaries of the documents, being
    Defendants Craig and Freda, and those acting in concert
    with them, were directly involved in and coordinated the
    preparation of the documents.
    42. Defendants Craig and Freda exerted control over
    the business affairs of James T. McCormick.
    ....
    44. As a consequence of the undue influence exerted
    upon James T. McCormick by the aforementioned
    Defendants, the documents executed on December 18,
    2016, were not the will of James T. McCormick but
    instead constituted the sole will of the Defendants and
    those acting in concert with them.
    45. Plaintiff requests this Court, after a trial by jury, to
    enter judgment declaring the Last Will and Testament of
    James T. McCormick, the Amendment to the James T.
    McCormick Revocable Living Trust, two deeds and an
    “Assignment of Personal Property,” all purportedly
    signed on December 18, 2016, to each be invalid and null
    and void ab initio, and the real property and personal
    -9-
    property, passing to the Estate of James T. McCormick
    and then to the Plaintiff and Defendants pursuant to the
    terms of the prior Last Will and Testament of James T.
    McCormick and/or intestate.
    ....
    COUNT XI – TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE WITH
    EXPECTANCY
    95. The Plaintiff was a vested beneficiary and entitled
    to the percentage of the corpus of the Estate of James T.
    McCormick pursuant to the prior estate planning
    documents executed by the decedent, James T.
    McCormick prior to 2016.
    96. The Defendant and others acting in concert with
    them, have intentionally and willfully interfered with the
    Plaintiff’s expectancy of inheritance by conduct
    amounting to one or more acts of fraud, forgery, duress
    or undue influence.
    97. But for the Defendants’ actions, and other acting in
    concert with them, a reasonable expectancy of
    inheritance would have been realized by the Plaintiff.
    ....
    COUNT XII – CIVIL CONSPIRACY
    ....
    100. As a result of the acts described herein and other
    acts yet still undiscovered and unknown at this time, the
    Defendants and others acting in concert with them, acted
    under an agreement, in concert and pursuant to a
    common scheme to divert the assets of James T.
    McCormick from being devised, bequeathed and
    conveyed to the Plaintiff in conformity with the
    intentions and prior estate planning of the decedent, and
    -10-
    in lieu thereof retained in his estate, and administered and
    distributed pursuant to the terms of the Plaintiff’s father’s
    Last Will and Testament and Revocable Trust, as
    Amended in 2012, executed prior to December 18, 2016.
    June 25, 2018, Amended Complaint at 6-11 and 21-22.
    Defendants filed an answer to the complaint, and after the amended
    complaint was filed, defendants filed a motion to dismiss. In the motion to
    dismiss, defendants argued that Aundrea lacked standing as she was not an
    aggrieved party per KRS 394.200. Defendants maintained that Aundrea was not a
    beneficiary under the 2016 Will and Trust and, likewise, was not a beneficiary
    under Tommy’s prior Will and Trust executed in 2011. Therefore, defendants
    asserted that Aundrea failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted due
    to her lack of standing.
    Subsequently, on August 10, 2018, Kathryn, Kaileen, and Dwayne A.
    Towery, as next friend and father of Kolby, (collectively referred to as the Towery
    grandchildren) filed a motion to intervene. In the motion, the Towery
    grandchildren stated that under prior wills and trusts of their grandfather, Tommy,
    they were beneficiaries and would be affected by the outcome of the proceedings.
    Simultaneously, on August 10, 2018, Aundrea filed a response to
    defendants’ motion to dismiss. Aundrea argued that the defendants waived the
    issue of standing because said defense was not specifically raised in defendants’
    answer to the original complaint. Instead, Aundrea pointed out that defendants
    -11-
    only raised the defense in a motion to dismiss filed after the amended complaint.
    Alternatively, Aundrea maintained that she possessed standing to challenge the
    validity of the 2016 Will and Trust because she was an heir at law.
    By order entered October 22, 2018, the circuit court granted the
    Towery grandchildren’s motion to intervene. In the Towery grandchildren’s
    crossclaim and counterclaim, they requested:
    1.    That there be adjudication and determination as to
    documents which constitute the Last Will and Testament,
    Trusts and Estate plans of the decedent and grandfather
    James T. McCormick.
    2.     That the rights of the Intervenors in and to the
    Estate of James T. McCormick be adjudicated by this
    Court.
    October 22, 2018, Intervenors’ Crossclaim and Counterclaim at 2.
    The circuit court ultimately granted defendants’ motion to dismiss
    based upon Aundrea’s lack of standing to challenge the validity of the 2016 Will
    and Trust in a November 7, 2018, order. The circuit court concluded that Aundrea
    was not an aggrieved party pursuant to KRS 394.240. Aundrea’s claims unrelated
    to the validity of the 2016 Will and Trust were not affected by the court’s order of
    dismissal.
    Defendants then filed a motion for summary judgment on March 22,
    2019. In the motion, defendants asserted that no material issues of fact existed as
    to Tommy’s mental capacity to execute the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement:
    -12-
    Tommy’s estate plan – his will and trust – and the steps
    taken in furtherance thereof are clear evidence of a
    rational act, rationally done. Tommy hired an attorney to
    prepare his estate planning documents. See generally
    Blanford Aff. He scheduled that attorney to come to him
    at his Custom Engineering Offices in Clay, Kentucky.
    He arranged to have witnesses at Custom Engineering for
    the execution of the estate planning documents.
    During the month of December, 2018, Tommy
    spoke with his attorney and his investment and wealth
    advisors. He clearly expressed his desires to his attorney;
    his primary concern being provision and protection of his
    wife. With Mr. Legate, Tommy was working to move
    non-qualified assets from his investment account into his
    trust, completing the funds transfer on December 22,
    2016, mere days after executing the Trust document.
    Tommy also worked to move his Hilliard Lyons account
    to the Trust, said transfer being completed on December
    20, 2016, again, mere days after executing the Trust
    document. Tommy was fully competent and knew
    exactly what he was doing. Tommy’s is a rational act,
    rationally done and shows he was of a sound and
    disposing mind during its execution.
    A number of witnesses testified Tommy never lost his
    mental abilities. He was still working and running the
    operations of Custom Engineering.
    When he executed his will, Tommy had the
    requisite knowledge of the four items set forth above.
    First, Tommy knew the objects of his bounty. Aunde
    [sic], Dwayne, Kaileen, and Kolby were visiting the same
    day Tommy executed his will. In their depositions, they
    admit he always knew them throughout their visit.
    Kaileen Dep. at 168:14-17; Aundrea Dep. at 63:9-18;
    Dwayne Dep. at 90:18-19. Tommy expressed his
    concerns regarding the ultimate disposition of his
    property if his wife should remarry. Freda was the object
    of his bounty, but, should she remarry, that person was
    -13-
    not. Tommy took steps to ensure any future spouse
    would not receive any portion of his estate.
    Second, Tommy knew his obligations to the
    objects of his bounty. Freda was aware, participated, and
    authorized the transfers to the Trust. Tommy was
    adamant that Freda be well provided for during her
    lifetime, and protected from predators. Both Freda and
    Craig attended the meeting with his attorney at Tommy’s
    request.
    Tommy took steps to ensure his investment
    accounts were properly conveyed to the trust. See
    generally Adam Legate Aff., Burl Milligan Aff. During
    the meeting with his attorney immediately before
    executing his will, he had questions about property he
    owned in Florida. Tommy specifically listed the Custom
    Engineering stock and directed Craig receive it
    immediately upon his death.
    Finally, Tommy’s estate was disposed according to
    his purpose. Tommy wanted Freda well provided for in
    her lifetime and protected from predators. He also
    expressed concerns regarding his wife’s possible
    remarriage after his death. A such, he appointed his son,
    Craig, as Trustee. To ensure Aunde [sic] did not receive
    anything from an earlier insurance trust, Tommy stopped
    making payment on the policy so it lapsed and the Trust
    terminated. Aunde [sic] had not been named as a
    beneficiary in neither the 2009 or 2011 Will or Trust
    documents. Tommy was adamant that she not benefit
    from his estate. The will he executed on December 18,
    2016[,] ensured his estate was disposed according to his
    purpose.
    Plaintiff and Intervenors have provided no
    evidence showing Tommy lacked the requisite mental
    capacity to execute his will. In fact, the deposition
    testimony shows quite the opposite. The evidence shows
    Tommy was mentally competent and still running
    -14-
    Custom Engineering. The testimony establishes that
    Tommy knew the objects of his bounty and the character
    and value of his estate. It also confirms Tommy had an
    estate plan and his will distributed his estate in
    accordance with that plan. There is no genuine issue of
    material fact concerning Tommy’s mental capacity to
    execute a will and Defendants are entitled to judgment as
    a matter of law on this issue.
    March 22, 2019, Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 16-19 (citations
    omitted). Additionally, defendants argued that no material issue of fact existed as
    to whether Tommy’s execution of the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement was the
    product of undue influence. In fact, defendants claimed that none of the badges of
    undue influence were present:
    At the time he executed on his will on December
    18, 2016, Tommy was fighting cancer. He had a chemo
    appointment the Friday before the will execution.
    Kaileen Dep. 114:2-25. But Tommy drove to Evansville
    for the appointment. He went in by himself, despite
    requests from his granddaughter to go with him. He
    walked to the appointment and did not require the
    assistance of a wheelchair. He did some Christmas
    shopping after the appointment. He went Christmas
    shopping again the next day. He may have been taking
    treatment for cancer, but he was still running Custom
    Engineering. While he was a cancer patient, he did not
    have the physical look of one.
    Second, Tommy was not mentally impaired. He
    was called a genius, McCulloch Aff. ¶ 7; [Dwayne] Dep.
    104:19-20; Kaileen Dep. 71:22-72:11; Craig Aff. ¶ 5, and
    otherwise recognized for his intelligence. Throughout
    her December 15-21[,] 2016[,] visit with her
    grandparents, Kaileen unequivocally stated her
    grandfather knew the people around him, Kaileen Dep. at
    -15-
    168:14-17, was having normal conversations with
    everyone, id. 168:22-169:3, and continued to do his daily
    Sudoku puzzles, id. at 168:18-21. Again, he may have
    been taking treatment for cancer, but it never affected his
    mind.
    Third, the will was not unnatural. There is no “per
    se unnatural will.” Fischer v. Heckerman, 
    772 S.W.2d 642
    , 646 (Ky. App. 1989). “[N]o will is unnatural in a
    legal sense if it is not contrary to the known views or
    conceptions of the testator or if it be such as he might
    have been expected to make,” Clark v. Johnson, 
    105 S.W.2d 576
    , 580 (Ky. 1937). Tommy’s will is not
    unnatural.
    Tommy’s will made provision for his wife, Freda,
    the most natural and primary object of his bounty. He
    wanted to protect her from predators and to protect his
    estate from any future spouse she may have, so he used a
    Trust, with Craig, their son, as Trustee. Freda was aware
    and participated in moving assets to the Trust. At
    Tommy’s request, Freda and Craig were both present
    during the meeting with the attorney. There was
    estrangement between Tommy and Aunde [sic] and her
    family. Aunde [sic] was not a beneficiary in prior wills
    and Tommy’s opinion on that had not changed.
    Fourth, the relationship between Tommy and
    Freda and Tommy and Craig is neither recent nor short.
    Tommy and Freda were married for 47 years.
    Craig is Tommy’s son. Contrast this with the brief
    relationship at issue in Burke v. Burke, 
    801 S.W.2d 691
    (Ky. App. 1990) and Belcher v. Somerville, 
    413 S.W.2d 620
     (Ky. 1967). In Burke, the decedent, Heber, had only
    known the beneficiary, Lexie, for approximately two
    months prior to executing his will. Burke, 
    801 S.W.2d at 693-694
    . In Belcher, Mrs. Belcher had only been serving
    as a nurse for the decedent, Ms. Heller, for a little more
    than two months before Ms. Heller executed her will.
    Belcher, 413 S.W.2d at 622. Here the relationships were
    -16-
    well over forty years long. Tommy and Freda were
    husband and wife. Their lives, their home, their business
    – they built it all together. Tommy and Craig were father
    and son. Craig worked alongside his father at Custom
    Engineering and Tommy was preparing him to take over
    the business.
    Fifth, there was no participation by any beneficiary
    in the preparation of the will. Dianne Blanford clearly
    stated she had no discussions with Freda or Craig prior to
    the date of executing the documents. Freda and Craig
    confirmed this. Freda even reported the meeting with
    Dianne was at an inconvenient time for her. Freda and
    Craig were present at the meeting prior to executing the
    will at Tommy’s request. Freda may have been aware,
    participated, and authorized the transfers to the Trust,
    Adam Legate Aff. ¶ 13; Milligan Aff. ¶ 5, but she was
    not involved in the preparation of the will.
    Sixth, the beneficiary did not possess the will. In
    fact, Dianne Blanford was in possession of the original
    will. The intention was to copy and return, but with the
    holidays and Tommy’s sudden death a few days later, the
    attorney kept the original will at her Lexington office
    until it was probated with the Webster District Court.
    Seventh, the beneficiaries, Freda and Craig, did not
    restrict contact between Tommy and Aunde [sic] and her
    family. Plaintiff and Intervenors own testimony show
    Freda and Craig did not restrict contact between them
    and Tommy. No one ever prevented Aunde [sic] from
    seeing or talking with her father. Kaileen testified no one
    ever prevented her or her family from returning to Clay
    and retrieving items they left in the house in Clay. In
    fact, Tommy even purchased a covered trailer to assist in
    moving large items from the home to Alabama. No one
    prevented them from visiting Tommy and Freda.
    Aundrea, Dwayne, and their children were actually at
    Freda and Tommy McCormick’s home for several days
    -17-
    before and after Tommy McCormick signed his Will on
    December 18, 2016.
    Eighth, and finally, the beneficiaries, Freda and
    Craig, did not have absolute control of Tommy’s
    business affairs. Tommy had absolute control of all of
    Tommy’s affairs. He was in control of his business at
    Custom Engineering, Kaileen Dep. 170:1-6, and in
    control of his medical care – controlling even the family
    members allowed to accompany him into chemo, id. at
    115:1-116:1. He bought his own Christmas presents, id.
    at 120:19-20, and was determined to get exactly what he
    wanted, id. at 132:9-133:21. Aunde [sic] stated her
    father “liked to have control,” Aundrea Dep. 47:15-16,
    and continued to be in control, “Because that’s just my
    dad. If he didn’t want to go, he wouldn’t have went,” id.
    at 48:23-24. Kathryn describes her grandfather as a
    strong-willed guy that would speak his mind. She stated,
    “He was a man that changed his mind frequently, but
    knew what he wanted.” Id. at 17:10-12. Freda says he
    “was giving everyone directions,” and “talked to
    financial advisors, vendors, employees, and family on a
    daily basis up until he died.” Freda Aff. ¶ 33.
    March 22, 2019, Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 21-24 (citations
    omitted).
    The Towery grandchildren filed a response to the motion for summary
    judgment. They argued that summary judgment was improper as to both claims of
    undue influence and mental capacity as genuine issues of material fact existed:
    [T]he fact that two of Tommy McCormick’s
    grandchildren stand to inherit a significant portion of his
    estate via their father Craig McCormick. This is much
    like the Williams [v. Vollman, 
    738 S.W.2d 849
     (Ky. App.
    1987)] case on its face as it is an unnatural and
    unequivocal disposition and is evidence in and of itself of
    -18-
    undue influence. The Williams court went on to hold that
    an unequivocal and unnatural disposition by itself is not
    enough to show undue influence but when coupled with
    slight evidence of exercise of undue influence, it is
    sufficient to take the case to the jury. Williams supra,
    page 851. The Williams court went on to state: “The
    participation by an interested party in the preparation of
    the Will is circumstantial evidence tending to prove the
    exercise of undue influence. . . . Hence the issue of
    undue influence should have been submitted to the jury.”
    Williams, page 851.
    In this instance Craig McCormick by his own
    Affidavit in support of his Motion for Summary
    Judgment acknowledges he was in the room with his
    father when the documents were executed which have
    effectively disinherited the Intervenors. As the Williams
    court noted, active participation by an interested party in
    preparation of a Will is circumstantial evidence tending
    to prove exercise of undue influence.
    ....
    There are many elements of undue influence, one
    of which is susceptibility of influence. In this instance, it
    is undisputed from the Defendants’ own Affidavits that
    Tommy McCormick was fearful as he was fighting
    cancer. The second element is the relationships and
    existence of a confidential relationship between the
    victim and the influencer. In this case, once again Craig
    McCormick by his own Affidavit has referenced the fact
    that he worked very closely with his father and had the
    opportunity to influence him on the decisions of estate
    planning that would disinherit his sister’s grandchildren
    and his sister. A third crucial element that is often
    looked at is the change of the victim’s past plans. In this
    instance, it is the Intervenors while contingent
    beneficiaries in the 2016 plans where an absolute
    beneficiary of the 2011 estate beneficiary plans.
    -19-
    ....
    It is undisputed that the Intervenors and [Aundrea
    Towery] had an estranged relationship from Tommy
    McCormick for a period of time. From Kaileen
    Towery’s deposition she indicated the parties were
    estranged and did not see [each] other from March 2009
    until May 19, 2012. A lot of this arises out of an incident
    in which Tommy McCormick assaulted Kaileen Towery,
    was arrested and lodged in the Webster County Detention
    Center. Thereafter the Towery Family moved to
    Alabama and South Africa.
    Notwithstanding this period of estrangement
    (2009-2012), Tommy McCormick in his 2011 estate
    planning documents left the Intervenors a minimum of
    $1.5 million total.
    Notwithstanding the incident of Tommy
    McCormick assaulting Kaileen Towery, the testimony
    which is undisputed in this matter is that on December
    18, 2016[,] Tommy was in a loving relationship with the
    Intervenors, his grandchildren. The Affidavit of Pauline
    McCormick in support of the Defendant’s Affidavit dated
    March 22, 2019[,] clearly shows that on December 18,
    2016[,] Tommy McCormick was in a loving relationship
    as Pauline states, “We celebrated Kaileen’s birthday with
    a big supper on the evening of Sunday, December 18,
    2016.” Pauline confirms that Aundrea was invited to
    come to the house and stay during the weekend of
    December 16, 2016[,] and everyone came except
    Kathryn, who stayed in Alabama to take care of the
    family pets.
    It is also undisputed that in December, 2016
    Tommy McCormick was not at his self [sic] mentally.
    Kaileen Towery’s testimony is on Saturday December
    17, 2016, the day before the alleged documents were
    executed, all he could eat was mashed potatoes.
    However, Kaileen Towery does acknowledge that he
    -20-
    could carry on a sensible conversations [sic] and still
    knew who everybody was. There has been no real
    dispute that Tommy McCormick knew who everybody
    was notwithstanding the allegations of the Defendants in
    their Motion.
    Even by the Defendants’ own Affidavits in this
    matter, it is clear that a Summary Judgment is not
    permissible on the issue of mental capacity. The Court
    should review the following factors relative to Tommy
    McCormick:
    •     The Freda McCormick Affidavit of March 22,
    2019[,] specifically states that on December 16,
    2016, prior to the execution of the alleged
    documents that Tommy McCormick had a
    treatment in Evansville and specifically in
    paragraph 33 she acknowledges his treatments
    were getting rough.
    •     The Affidavit of Pauline McCormick dated March
    22, 2019[,] likewise states as follows: “My son,
    Tommy McCormick, did have some physical
    effects of the chemo therapy.” Pauline
    McCormick also is very emphatic that everyone
    was emotional during this time of his illness and
    they knew the cancer was progressing. (Pauline
    McCormick Affidavit of March 22, 2019.)
    •     The deposition of Dr. Anthony W. Stephens which
    is in the record and incorporated herein by
    reference shows that Tommy McCormick was
    taking numerous medications in the time frame of
    December, 2016 (Stephens’ deposition, page 64-
    116.)
    •     The deposition of Dr. Anthony W. Stephens which
    is filed in the record and incorporated herein by
    reference confirms that Tommy McCormick was
    seen by Dr. Stephens on Wednesday, December
    -21-
    14, 2016[,] and took his first chemo treatment
    using a port. Dr. Stephens further had Tommy
    McCormick receive treatment on Friday,
    December 16, 2016[,] and although Dr. Stephens
    did not personally see Mr. McCormick on that
    date, he did admit that on December 14, 2016[,]
    Tommy McCormick was already getting weak and
    fatigued, had diarrhea, dehydration and needed
    intravenous fluids and was also having nausea,
    fatigue and diarrhea on December 28, 2016,
    shortly after the documents were allegedly
    executed.
    •      Dr. Stephens is emphatic that Tommy McCormick
    knew he had a poor prognosis and the cancer that
    re-emerged is not only aggressive but is resistant
    and an aggressive cancer will take a harder toll on
    a person that a mild form of cancer.
    •      When Dr. Stephens was asked to confirm Kaileen
    Towery’s statement that her grandfather on
    December 16, 2016[,] was dehydrated, fatigued,
    and had diarrhea, Dr. Stephens stated it is certainly
    possible.
    •      The Affidavit of Kaileen Towery attached as
    Exhibit 3 sets forth the numerous problems her
    grandfather was having on December 16, 2016[,]
    including severe diarrhea, thinking irrationally,
    thinking slower, pain, stress and fatigue.
    April 23, 2019, Intervenors Response to Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary
    Judgment at 7-11 (citations omitted).
    Defendants also filed a motion for summary judgment seeking
    dismissal of Aundrea’s and the Towery grandchildren’s claims of tortious
    interference with inheritance and civil conspiracy. Defendants pointed out that
    -22-
    Kentucky has not recognized the tort of interference with inheritance; moreover,
    there existed a lack of proof establishing that defendants individually or in concert
    engaged in conduct that would constitute tortious interference with inheritance.
    And, the defendants filed a separate motion for summary judgment
    arguing that no material issue of fact existed that Tommy did, in fact, execute the
    2016 Will and Trust Agreement on December 18, 2016. In particular, defendants
    point to the following:
    (1) S. Dianne Blanford, long-time attorney of Tommy
    McCormick, her husband and an attorney, Andrew B.
    Cox, Amanda Towery, Craig McCormick and Freda
    McCormick were all present and in the presence of
    each other when Tommy McCormick executed his
    will on December 18, 2016.
    (2) Attorney Blanford and her husband traveled to
    Western Kentucky to attend a long-standing family
    Christmas function and coordinated that trip with the
    execution of Tommy McCormick’s Will. Certainly
    the coordination of the execution of the documents
    with a previously planned trip is not suspicious.
    (3) Attorney Blanford’s December 21, 2016[,] letter to
    Freda and Tommy McCormick memorializes the
    Sunday, December 18, 2016[,] meeting with further
    instructions about the execution and funding of the
    James T. McCormick & Freda S. McCormick
    Irrevocable Family Trust, Craig T. McCormick
    Trustee.
    (4) Tommy McCormick followed up on the instructions
    in Mrs. Blanford’s December 21st letter and executed
    the James T. McCormick & Freda S. McCormick
    Irrevocable Family Trust on December 29, 2016[,] in
    -23-
    the presence of Tracy Henry, a United Community
    Bank of West Kentucky, Inc. employee.
    (5) Upon execution of the December 18, 2016[,] Last
    Will and Testament and Trust, Tommy McCormick
    immediately communicated with his long-time
    financial advisors, Adam Legate and Burl Milligan,
    and instructed them to transfer his and Freda
    McCormick’s non-qualified assets in their investment
    account to the Craig T. McCormick, Trustee of the
    James T. McCormick & Freda S. McCormick
    Irrevocable Family Trust dated December 18, 2016.
    The transfers were completed in late December 2016.
    (6) Steve McCulloch’s affidavit that he along with his
    wife were at Custom Engineering on December 18,
    2016[,] around the time the documents were executed
    and saw Tommy McCormick in his office.
    (7) Greg Legate’s affidavit that Tommy asked him to
    come to Custom Engineering to witness some
    documents. Tommy McCormick called him on
    December 18, 2016[,] and told him not to come
    because “someone’s husband was there” and he did
    not need him.
    April 18, 2019, Motion for Summary Judgment at 2-4 (citations omitted).
    The Towery grandchildren filed a response and argued that material
    issues of fact existed that precluded summary judgment as to whether the 2016
    Will and Trust Agreement were executed by Tommy. The Towery grandchildren
    point to the depositional testimony of Kaileen, Aundrea, and expert witness,
    Sharon Hampton. According to the Towery grandchildren, Kaileen averred that
    she was with Tommy on December 18, 2016, at the time (11:00 a.m.-12:30 p.m.)
    -24-
    the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement were purportedly executed; however, Kaileen
    stated that Tommy was home during such time period and could not have signed
    the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement. The Towery grandchildren also cite to
    Aundrea’s depositional testimony. Aundrea stated that she was also with Tommy
    during the time period he was purportedly executing the will and that he never left
    his home during such time. Additionally, Hampton, a document examiner, opined
    that the signatures on the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement that were allegedly
    Tommy’s were not his signatures but were forgeries. Taken together, the Towery
    grandchildren maintained that material issues of fact were presented that precluded
    summary judgment.
    By order entered May 23, 2019, the circuit court determined that
    defendants were entitled to partial summary judgment upon the claims of undue
    influence and mental capacity. As to undue influence, the circuit court concluded:
    None of the eight badges of undue influence are
    present in this case. Tommy was not unduly influenced
    in the execution of his will. When he executed his will,
    he was exercising his own judgment and his will is in
    accordance with his wishes. Plaintiff and Intervenors
    have not even “slight” evidence to show Tommy was
    unduly influenced in creating his will.
    Taking the evidence of record in the most
    favorable light to the Intervenors, this Court cannot find
    that any of the eight badges of undue influence are
    present. The Court agrees the Intervenors have presented
    insufficient evidence that Craig or Freda participated in
    any way in the preparation of Tommy’s will, even
    -25-
    “slight” evidence. Based on the cases submitted by the
    Intervenors, their mere presence at the time of execution
    in of itself is insufficient to give rise to a claim of undue
    influence. They state that Craig “had the opportunity” to
    influence Tommy because of their close working
    relationship but offer no specific facts or instances to
    support that claim. Everyone, including the Intervenors,
    [Aundrea] and Dwayne, testified that Tommy was not
    easily influenced by anyone. They have presented no
    evidence either of them ever had the will in their
    possession. The fact that [Aundrea] was not listed as a
    beneficiary is not compelling as she had never been listed
    as a beneficiary in any of Tommy’s estate documents.
    While Tommy did change the bequests to the Intervenors
    in the 2016 Will, he was aware of his relationship with
    them. . . . The Court finds the Intervenors (and the
    Plaintiff) have provided insufficient, insubstantial and not
    even slight evidence to show Tommy was unduly
    influenced in creating his will and therefore finds there
    are no genuine issues of material facts on this issue.
    May 23, 2019, Order on Partial Summary Judgment at 20-21.
    As to mental capacity, the circuit court decided:
    The Intervenors (and Plaintiff) have the burden to
    show Tommy lacked testamentary capacity. This
    requires substantial proof, not remote or speculative
    evidence. Reviewing the facts in the most favorable light
    possible to the Intervenors, the Court can find no
    “substantial evidence” (or even slight) of lack of mental
    capacity or undue influence. The Court has reviewed and
    re-reviewed the depositions of [Aundrea], Dwayne,
    Kaileen and Kathryn Towery. Pertinent portions of their
    depositions have been set out above. In summary, they
    all testified that Tommy knew everyone around him and
    was able to carry on conversations; that he was still
    running Custom Engineering – he was “the Boss” and
    everyone knew it; that he continued to drive himself,
    make his own decisions and, even purchased a gun the
    -26-
    day prior to the 2016 Will, and he worked his puzzles.
    Their description of Tommy’s deterioration in support of
    their claim of lack of capacity involved physical
    complications of his cancer and treatment rather than
    mental incompetency, i.e., his lack of appetite, fatigue,
    and diarrhea. The Intervenors offer no medical evidence
    in opposition to Tommy’s treating physician, Dr.
    Stephens, who testified that Tommy was competent up to
    the last time he saw him in December 2016. Dwayne
    Towery, once [an] EMT and paramedic, testified that
    Tommy never looked like a “cancer patient – never lost
    his color.” (D. Towery Depo. p. 93) The Intervenors
    claim Tommy was taking heavy pain medication around
    the time of the execution of the December 18, 2016 will
    but produced no evidence of same or what, if any effects
    it had upon him. Being physically incapacitated does not
    render one incompetent for purposes of executing one’s
    will. As has been stated above, the requisites of mental
    capacity for executing a will are minimal.[]
    Plaintiff and Intervenors have provided no
    evidence showing Tommy lacked the requisite mental
    capacity to execute his will. In fact, the deposition
    testimony shows quite the opposite. The evidence of
    record shows Tommy was mentally competent and still
    running Custom Engineering. The testimony establishes
    that Tommy knew the objects of his bounty and the
    character and value of his estate. It also confirms
    Tommy had an estate plan and his will distributed his
    estate in accordance with that plan. There is no genuine
    issue of material fact concerning Tommy’s mental
    capacity to execute a will and Defendants are entitled to
    judgment as a matter of law on this issue.
    May 23, 2019, Order on Partial Summary Judgment at 39-40.
    The circuit court also granted defendants’ motion for summary
    judgment upon the issue of whether Tommy had, in fact, executed the 2016 Will
    -27-
    and Trust Agreement. The circuit court believed that the Towery grandchildren’s
    allegations failed to create a genuine issue of material fact:
    From a review of the record, the Court finds the
    Intervenors have not presented any affirmative evidence
    showing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact
    for trial; rather, they have only submitted their own
    affidavits relying on their own claims that the signatures
    on the 2016 Will and Trust are not James T.
    McCormick’s. Further, the Court finds that the
    testimony of the Plaintiff and Intervenor, Kaileen
    Towery, that they were with James T. McCormick during
    the period of time that he was reportedly executing his
    Will and Trust is not sufficient to overcome the
    unimpeached testimony of two attesting witnesses, an
    attorney and two eyewitnesses that were present when
    the decedent signed the questioned document.
    Intervenors have not provided the Court with any
    significant evidence demonstrating the existence of a
    genuine issue of material fact. The Court further finds
    that due to the absence of any evidence, other than the
    statements of the Plaintiff and Intervenors, and the
    subsequent actions taken by James T. McCormick in
    which he followed up on the instructions given to him
    in a letter dated December 21, 2016[,] memorializing the
    events of December 18, 2016[,] by way of executing the
    James T. McCormick and Freda S. McCormick
    Irrevocable Family Trust on December 29, 2016,
    Defendants’ argument that James T. McCormick signed
    the 2016 Will and Trust on December 18, 2016[,] in the
    presence of the aforementioned witnesses is only
    strengthened. Lastly, the Court finds the testimony of
    Sharon Rose Hampton, Intervenors’ document examiner,
    regarding her opinion on the genuineness of James T.
    McCormick’s signature is not sufficient in this case to
    support the argument the will was forged due to the fact
    there is unimpeached eyewitness testimony and the
    signing of the will was made under circumstances that
    are not suspicious. Although Ms. Hampton has been
    -28-
    found qualified to testify, due to the Court’s findings
    herein, her testimony is rendered moot. The Court finds
    it is impossible for the Intervenors to produce evidence at
    trial warranting judgment in their favor, and based on the
    summary judgment standard set forth above, there are no
    genuine issues of material fact exist[ing] between the
    parties.
    May 31, 2019, Amended Order at 10-11.
    And, the circuit court rendered summary judgment dismissing
    Aundrea’s and the Towery grandchildren’s claims of tortious interference with
    inheritance and civil conspiracy. In so doing, the circuit court pointed out that
    Kentucky has not recognized the claim of tortious interference with inheritance.
    The parties filed motions to amend or to vacate the orders granting
    defendants summary judgment. By order entered September 12, 2019, the circuit
    court corrected clerical errors but denied the motion to amend or vacate on other
    grounds.
    The Towery grandchildren filed a notice of appeal (Appeal No. 2019-
    CA-1551-MR), Aundrea filed a notice of appeal (Appeal No. 2019-CA-1552-MR),
    and defendants filed a notice of cross-appeal (Cross-Appeal No. 2019-CA-1576-
    MR) in the Court of Appeals. We will address each appeal seriatim.
    -29-
    APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1551-MR
    1. Testamentary Capacity
    The Towery grandchildren contend that the circuit court erroneously
    rendered summary judgment upon the issue of Tommy’s testamentary capacity to
    execute the 2016 Will. The Towery grandchildren point out that Tommy was
    undergoing chemotherapy for cancer at the time the will was executed on
    December 18, 2016. Citing to the affidavits of Freda and Tommy’s mother,
    Pauline, the Towery grandchildren stress that Tommy was experiencing physical
    side effects from the treatments, including diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, weakness, and
    dehydration. Additionally, the Towery grandchildren cite the depositional
    testimony of Tommy’s treating physician, Dr. Anthony Stephens, who stated that
    Tommy was aware of his poor prognosis and was taking numerous medications.
    The Towery grandchildren also point out that Tommy received chemotherapy on
    December 16, 2016, two days before he allegedly executed the 2016 Will and
    Trust Agreement. The Towery grandchildren also rely upon Kaileen’s depositional
    testimony that Tommy was tired, was in severe pain, experienced diarrhea, and
    worked his Sudoku puzzles slower than usual during her visit in December 2016.
    Taken together, the Towery grandchildren maintain that material issues of fact
    exist as to Tommy’s testamentary capacity to execute the 2016 Will, thus
    precluding entry of summary judgment.
    -30-
    Summary judgment is proper where there exists no genuine issue of
    material fact and movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Steelvest, Inc.
    v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 
    807 S.W.2d 476
     (Ky. 1991). Kentucky Rules of
    Civil Procedure (CR) 56.03. All facts and inferences therefrom are to be viewed in
    a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Steelvest, Inc., 
    807 S.W.2d 476
    .
    Effectively, our review in this case is de novo. Cmty. Fin. Servs. Bank v. Stamper,
    
    586 S.W.3d 737
    , 741 (Ky. 2019). Our review proceeds accordingly.
    It is well-established that to validly execute a will, the testator must
    possess testamentary capacity. Getty v. Getty, 
    581 S.W.3d 548
    , 554 (Ky. 2019).
    As to testamentary capacity, the Kentucky Supreme Court has meticulously set
    forth the law as follows:
    In Kentucky there is a strong presumption in favor
    of a testator possessing adequate testamentary capacity.
    This presumption can only be rebutted by the strongest
    showing of incapacity. Williams v. Vollman, 
    738 S.W.2d 849
     (Ky. App. 1987); Taylor v. Kennedy, 
    700 S.W.2d 415
    , 416 (Ky. App. 1985). Testamentary capacity is only
    relevant at the time of execution of a will. New v.
    Creamer, 
    275 S.W.2d 918
     (Ky. App. 1955). . . .
    “Kentucky is committed to the doctrine of
    testatorial absolutism.” J. Merritt, 1 Ky. Prac.-Probate
    Practice & Procedure, § 367 (Merritt 2d ed. West 1984).
    See New v. Creamer, 
    275 S.W.2d 918
     (Ky. 1955);
    Jackson’s Ex’r v. Semones, 
    98 S.W.2d 505
     (Ky. [1936]).
    The practical effect of this doctrine is that the privilege of
    the citizens of the Commonwealth to draft wills to
    dispose of their property is zealously guarded by the
    courts and will not be disturbed based on remote or
    -31-
    speculative evidence. American National Bank & Trust
    Co. v. Penner, 
    444 S.W.2d 751
     (Ky. 1969). The degree
    of mental capacity required to make a will is minimal.
    Nance v. Veazey, 
    312 S.W.2d 350
    , 354 (Ky. 1958). The
    minimum level of mental capacity required to make a
    will is less than that necessary to make a deed, Creason
    v. Creason, 
    392 S.W.2d 69
     (Ky. 1965), or a contract.
    Warnick v. Childers, 
    282 S.W.2d 608
     (Ky. 1955).
    To validly execute a will, a testator must: (1)
    know the natural objects of her bounty; (2) know her
    obligations to them; (3) know the character and value of
    her estate; and (4) dispose of her estate according to her
    own fixed purpose. Adams v. Calia, 
    433 S.W.2d 661
    (Ky. 1968); Waggener v. General Ass’n of Baptists, Ky.,
    
    306 S.W.2d 271
     (1957); Burke v. Burke, 
    801 S.W.2d 691
    (Ky. App. 1990); Fischer v. Heckerman, 
    772 S.W.2d 642
    (Ky. App. 1989). Merely being an older person,
    possessing a failing memory, momentary forgetfulness,
    weakness of mental powers or lack of strict coherence in
    conversation does not render one incapable of validly
    executing a will. Ward v. Norton, 
    385 S.W.2d 193
     (Ky.
    1964). “Every man possessing the requisite mental
    powers may dispose of his property by will in any way he
    may desire, and a jury will not be permitted to overthrow
    it, and to make a will for him to accord with their ideas of
    justice and propriety.” Burke v. Burke, 
    801 S.W.2d 691
    ,
    693 (Ky. App. [1990]) (citing Cecil’s Ex’rs. v. Anhier,
    
    195 S.W. 837
    , 846 (Ky. 1917)).
    Bye v. Mattingly, 
    975 S.W.2d 451
    , 454-56 (Ky. 1998).
    To establish Tommy’s lack of testamentary capacity, the Towery
    grandchildren point to Tommy’s physical ailments (weakness, fatigue, diarrhea,
    nausea, pain, and dehydration), Tommy’s inability to complete Sudoku puzzles as
    fast as he once did, Tommy’s prescription medications (including pain medicine),
    -32-
    Tommy’s poor prognosis, and aggressive cancer. However, none of the above
    facts demonstrate that Tommy lacked the testamentary capacity to execute the
    2016 Will. Rather, the evidence uncontrovertibly established that Tommy
    possessed testamentary capacity to execute the 2016 Will.
    The depositional testimony of both Kaileen and Aundrea affirm that
    Tommy knew and normally conversed with members of his extended family the
    day of and in the days before executing the 2016 Will. It was undisputed that
    Tommy contacted his attorney about the 2016 Will and Trust and dictated the
    terms thereof to her. Additionally, it is uncontroverted that Tommy was still
    working at Custom Engineering, was driving himself to chemotherapy treatments,
    and was shopping for Christmas presents in the days before executing the 2016
    Will. Tommy’s treating physician, Dr. Stephens, also testified that Tommy was
    mentally competent. After the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement were executed,
    Tommy had numerous assets transferred to the Trust.
    The fact that Tommy was suffering from cancer and enduring the
    effects of its treatment does not disqualify him from executing a will. The Towery
    grandchildren have failed to introduce facts demonstrating that Tommy did not
    know his obligations to them, did not know his estate and its value, and did not
    dispose of his estate according to his wishes. See Bye, 975 S.W.2d at 456. We are
    mindful that our “courts guard [z]ealously the rights of all rational people,
    -33-
    including the aged, the infirm, the forgetful . . . , to make wills sufficient to
    withstand the attacks of those left out and those dissatisfied with the expressed
    desires of the departed, and this is still true where one child has been left out and
    all the other children remembered with benefits under the will.” Ky. Trust Co. v.
    Gore, 
    192 S.W.2d 749
    , 752-53 (Ky. 1946). Accordingly, we conclude that the
    circuit court properly rendered summary judgment upon Tommy’s testamentary
    capacity.
    2. Undue Influence
    The Towery grandchildren assert that the circuit court erroneously
    rendered summary judgment upon the issue of undue influence. The Towery
    grandchildren believe that issues of material fact preclude entry of summary
    judgment. Specifically, the Towery grandchildren point out that Craig was present
    when the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement were executed, which demonstrates
    Craig’s participation in preparation of the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement. The
    Towery grandchildren also cite to the affidavits of Freda and Craig, who averred
    that Tommy was fearful of fighting cancer. The Towery grandchildren assert that
    Craig worked closely with Tommy and “had the opportunity to influence him
    [Tommy] on the decisions of Estate planning that would disinherit his sister’s
    grandchildren and his sister.” Towery grandchildren’s Brief at 11. Additionally,
    -34-
    the Towery grandchildren emphasize that under Tommy’s prior 2011 Will and
    Trust, they stood to inherit a minimum of $1,500,000.
    It is recognized that “[u]ndue influence is a level of persuasion which
    destroys the testator’s free will and replaces it with the desires of the influencer.”
    Bye, 975 S.W.2d at 457. Undue influence is said to be inappropriate influence
    (threats, coercion, and similar acts) that operates to destroy the free will of the
    testator. Id. To demine if undue influence is present, the court must consider the
    following badges of undue influence:
    [A] physically weak and mentally impaired testator, a
    will which is unnatural in its provisions, a recently
    developed and comparatively short period of close
    relationship between the testator and principal
    beneficiary, participation by the principal beneficiary in
    the preparation of the will, possession of the will by the
    principal beneficiary after it was reduced to writing,
    efforts by the principal beneficiary to restrict contacts
    between the testator and the natural objects of his bounty,
    and absolute control of testator’s business affairs.
    Bye, 975 S.W.2d at 457.
    In this case, there was no evidence presented that Craig or anyone else
    threatened or coerced Tommy. In fact, it was undisputed that Tommy was a
    strong-willed individual who never did anything he did not want to do. Although
    there was evidence that Tommy was fatigued and to some extent physically weak,
    it was undisputed that Tommy still drove, went to work at Custom Engineering,
    and shopped for Christmas presents during the relevant time period.
    -35-
    Although the Towery grandchildren claim the 2016 Will and Trust
    Agreement are unnatural, we are unable to agree. It is uncontroverted that Tommy
    wanted to provide for his wife, Freda, and wanted to protect her after his death. To
    effectuate his desires, Tommy placed the majority of his estate into trust for the
    benefit of Freda with Craig serving as trustee. Tommy devised his shares in
    Custom Engineering to Craig, as Craig had worked there his entire life.
    Additionally, there is no dispute that Tommy had been estranged from Aundrea
    even though they had reconciled.2
    And, it cannot be said that Craig’s and Freda’s relationship with
    Tommy was short. Rather, Tommy and Freda had been married some 47 years.
    Craig was Tommy’s son, and he had worked with Tommy at Custom Engineering.
    The Towery grandchildren point out Craig was present when Tommy
    executed the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement. It is true that Craig was present;
    however, it is undisputed that Tommy requested Craig’s presence that day and that
    Tommy signed the Trust Agreement as trustee. Freda was also present that day at
    the request of Tommy. Although both Craig and Freda were present for the
    execution, the evidence is uncontroverted that Tommy alone contacted his attorney
    and dictated the terms of the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement.
    2
    In an Affidavit, Freda McCormick stated that she and Tommy suspected that Aundrea Towery
    had been using illegal drugs. Freda also stated that she and Tommy were upset with Aundrea for
    her failure to seek or maintain employment.
    -36-
    As to possession of the will, it is undisputed that Tommy’s attorney
    had possession thereof, and there is no evidence that Freda or Craig attempted to
    restrict contact between Tommy and the Towery grandchildren or Aundrea.
    Finally, there is again no evidence that either Freda or Craig controlled Tommy’s
    business affairs.
    From our above analysis, we agree with the circuit court that no
    genuine issue of material fact existed as to undue influence and that summary
    judgment was properly rendered.
    3. Tortious Interference with Inheritance
    The Towery grandchildren maintain that the circuit court erroneously
    rendered summery judgment upon the claim of tortious interference with
    inheritance. We disagree.
    In its summary judgment, the circuit court observed that Kentucky
    does not recognize the tort of interference with inheritance. The circuit court was
    correct. And, we decline to do so now. As a consequence, the court properly
    rendered summary judgment dismissing the tortious interference with inheritance
    claim.
    -37-
    APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1552-MR
    1. Standing – Waiver
    Aundrea contends that the circuit court erred by granting defendants’
    motion to dismiss her complaint for lack of standing to challenge the 2016 Will.
    Aundrea points out that defendants raised the defense of lack of standing in a
    motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under CR 12.02. According to
    Aundrea, the motion to dismiss was only filed after Aundrea filed her amended
    complaint even though the defense of lack of standing existed at the time the
    original complaint was filed. As the defense of lack of standing was available after
    the original complaint was filed, Aundrea maintains that defendants waived the
    defense by not raising it in response to the original complaint.
    To begin, defendants filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
    claim upon which relief could be granted under CR 12.02. Thereunder, a motion
    to dismiss is only granted if it appears the pleading party would not be entitled to
    relief under any facts that could be proved to support the claim. McBrearty v. Ky.
    Cmty. & Tech. Coll. Sys., 
    262 S.W.3d 205
    , 211 (Ky. App. 2008).
    In Kentucky, our Supreme Court has recognized that generally “only
    defenses which were not available in the first answer would be allowed in an
    -38-
    answer to an amended complaint.” United Bhd. of Carpenters v. Birchwood
    Conservancy, 
    454 S.W.3d 837
    , 842 (Ky. 2014).3
    Here, it is undisputed that the defense of lack of standing was
    available to defendants after the original complaint was filed and could have been
    raised in their original answer. While it is true that defendants generally raised the
    defense of dismissal for failure to state a claim in their original answer, it is,
    nevertheless, evident that defendants failed to particularly set forth any defenses as
    to lack of standing in the original answer. Rather, defendants only raised the
    defense of lack of standing in a motion to dismiss after the second amended
    complaint was filed. Under United Brotherhood of Carpenters, 454 S.W.3d at
    842, we conclude that defendants waived the defense of lack of standing by failing
    to raise it after the original complaint was filed. We, thus, hold that the circuit
    court committed reversible error by determining that Aundrea lacked standing to
    challenge the 2016 Will. As a consequence, we reverse the circuit court’s order of
    dismissal based upon Aundrea’s lack of standing and remand for proceedings
    consistent with this Opinion. This Opinion takes no position on any claims
    asserted by Aundrea in regards to the will other than what is discussed below.
    3
    In United Brotherhood of Carpenters v. Birchwood Conservancy, 
    454 S.W.3d 837
    , 842 (Ky.
    2014), the defenses at issue were lack of capacity to be sued and/or lack of standing.
    -39-
    2. Tortious Interference with Contract
    Aundrea also argues that the circuit court erred by rendering summary
    judgment dismissing her claim for tortious interference with contract. In the
    companion appeal (Appeal No. 2019-CA-1551-MR) filed by the Towery
    grandchildren, we held that the circuit court properly dismissed the claim based
    upon tortious interference with inheritance as Kentucky does not recognize the tort.
    For this reason, we, likewise, view Aundrea’s argument to be without merit and
    conclude the circuit court did not err by rendering summary judgment dismissing
    the claim of tortious interference with contract.
    We view any remaining contentions of error to be moot or without
    merit.
    CROSS-APPEAL NO. 2019-CA-1576-MR
    1. Expert Opinion
    Appellees/Cross-Appellants (appellees) assert that the circuit court
    erred by denying their motion to exclude the expert opinion of Sharon Rose
    Hampton. Appellees state that Aundrea and the Towery grandchildren sought to
    rely upon the expert opinion of Hampton, a document examiner, who opined that
    the signature on the 2016 Will and Trust Agreement was not Tommy’s signature.
    Appellees claim that Hampton is not qualified to render an expert opinion and her
    depositional testimony is not supported by reliable methods. In particular,
    -40-
    appellees maintain that Hampton does not meet the basic training requirements of a
    document examiner and her opinion is unreliable because she failed to examine the
    original 2016 Will.
    Kentucky Rules of Evidence (KRE) 702 is related to admissibility of
    expert opinion testimony:
    If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
    will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or
    to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an
    expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
    education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion
    or otherwise, if:
    (1) The testimony is based upon sufficient facts or data;
    (2) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and
    methods; and
    (3) The witness has applied the principles and methods
    reliably to the facts of the case.
    And, the Kentucky Supreme Court has set forth our standard of review:
    In making the decision to admit or exclude expert
    testimony under Daubert [v. Merrell Dow
    Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 
    509 U.S. 579
    , 
    113 S. Ct. 2786
    ,
    
    125 L. Ed. 2d 469
     (1993),] the trial court must decide
    whether the testimony is reliable, a factual determination,
    and whether the testimony will assist the trier of fact in
    understanding or determining a fact in issue, an
    admissibility determination. Miller v. Eldridge, 
    146 S.W.3d 909
    , 915 (Ky. 2004). These two decisions are
    reviewed under different standards. 
    Id.
     We review the
    trial court’s factual findings regarding reliability for clear
    error, while we review the trial court’s decision regarding
    admissibility for abuse of discretion. 
    Id.
     A factual
    -41-
    finding is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by
    “‘evidence of substance and relevant consequence having
    the fitness to induce conviction in the minds of
    reasonable [persons].’” City of Fort Thomas v.
    Cincinnati Enquirer, 
    406 S.W.3d 842
    , 854 (Ky. 2013)
    (citing Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation v.
    Golightly, 
    976 S.W.2d 409
    , 414 (Ky. 1998)). However, a
    trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision “‘was
    arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound
    legal principles.’” Miller, 146 S.W.3d at 914 (footnote
    omitted).
    Oliphant v. Ries, 
    460 S.W.3d 889
    , 897 (Ky. 2015).
    In determining that Hampton qualified as an expert in document
    examination, the circuit court determined:
    The Court has thoroughly reviewed Ms.
    Hampton’s resume and certification records. Regarding
    Ms. Hampton’s qualifications, the Rules of Evidence do
    not require a four-year degree. Ms. Hampton testified
    that she has been unable to be certified by the American
    Board of Forensic Document Examiners due to her only
    having received an associate degree and not a bachelor’s
    degree. Mr. Sperry admitted there are document
    examiners out there that do not have a four-year degree
    that have been accepted by the Court. Mr. Sperry further
    testified that not having a four-year degree would not
    disqualify anyone from testifying in and of itself and that
    an individual could have a four-year degree in “basket-
    weaving” but if they do not have the training for the two-
    year period of time, then they do not meet the standards.
    Mr. Sperry admitted there are no state certifying bodies
    in any state that certify forensic document examiners.
    Regarding Ms. Hampton’s methodology, Ms. Hampton
    admitted that she did not examine the original will in this
    case. However, Mr. Sperry admitted that not examining
    the original is not an error in and of itself because “we
    deal with copies all of the time.” Mr. Sperry did not take
    -42-
    issue with the number of documents Ms. Hampton
    reviewed in this case and when asked if he uses the same
    techniques and methodology she listed in her affidavit in
    assessing whether a signature is genuine, Mr. Sperry
    responded “all of those things we use.”
    May 23, 2019, Order at 9-10.
    Upon the whole, we do not believe the circuit court’s finding that
    Hampton’s expert opinion was reliable to be clearly erroneous or admission of
    Hampton’s expert opinion to be an abuse of discretion. See 
    id.
     In short, we are of
    the opinion that the circuit court did not commit reversible error by denying
    appellees’ motion to exclude Hampton’s expert opinion.
    2. Effect of Reversal
    Appellees’ last argument on cross-appeal is somewhat unusual.
    Specifically, they argue:
    Should this Court overturn the Webster Circuit
    Court’s Order on standing, [Aundrea]’s will contest
    claims nonetheless fail because they are factually
    unsupportable. Although the Circuit Court held early in
    the case that [Aundrea] had no standing to pursue her
    will contest claims, she and her counsel continued to
    fully and actively participate in the case because of her
    other claims. After full discovery, the Webster Circuit
    Court granted the McCormicks Summary Judgment on
    all will contest claims. But the Circuit Court then abused
    its discretion in partially granting [Aundrea]’s motion to
    amend, holding that Summary Judgment do [sic] not
    apply to [Aundrea]. There is no genuine dispute of
    material fact so, as a matter of law, the will contest
    claims cannot proceed. It would be a waste of judicial
    resources and case unnecessary and unwarranted delay to
    -43-
    return to the Circuit Court when [Aundrea] has already
    had the opportunity to present evidence in support of her
    claims and has failed to do so.
    ....
    In short, regardless of who is bringing the will
    contest claims – [Aundrea] or her children – the evidence
    remains the same. [Aundrea] did not argue that with
    additional time or opportunity she would or could have
    submitted different or additional evidence. There are no
    genuine issues of material fact that Tommy had the
    requisite mental capacity to execute in 2016 Will, that
    Tommy was not unduly influenced, and that Tommy
    validly signed and executed his 2016 Last Will.
    January 22, 2021, Combined Brief for Appellees/Cross-Appellants at 21-22
    (footnote and citation omitted).
    This Court is an appellate body, and our task is to review errors
    committed by lower courts. The circuit court has not ruled upon Aundrea’s will
    contest claims, and as a result, it is premature and improper for this Court to do so.
    See Ten Broeck Dupont, Inc. v. Brooks, 
    283 S.W.3d 705
    , 734 (Ky. 2009).
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Appeal No. 2019-CA-1551-MR
    and affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand Appeal No. 2019-CA-1552-MR for
    proceedings consistent with this Opinion. We also affirm Cross-Appeal No. 2019-
    CA-1576-MR.
    ALL CONCUR.
    -44-
    BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS/       BRIEF FOR APPELLEES/CROSS-
    CROSS-APPELLEES KATHRYN      APPELLANTS CRAIG T.
    TOWERY, KAILEEN TOWERY,      McCORMICK, IN HIS CAPACITY
    AND DWAYNE A. TOWERY, AS     AS EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE
    NEXT-OF-FRIEND OF KOLBY      OF JAMES T. McCORMICK,
    TOWERY:                      DECEASED; CRAIG T.
    McCORMICK, AS TRUSTEE OF
    J. Keith Cartwright          THE JAMES T. McCORMICK
    Madisonville, Kentucky       REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST;
    CRAIG T. McCORMICK,
    BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT         INDIVIDUALLY; FREDA S.
    AUNDREA L. TOWERY:           McCORMICK, INDIVIDUALLY;
    AND ALLISON McCORMICK,
    Lara R. Hunt                 INDIVIDUALLY:
    Madisonville, Kentucky
    Brucie W. Moore
    Daniel N. Thomas             Megan Randolph
    Hopkinsville, Kentucky       Morganfield, Kentucky
    Kevin C. Burke
    Jamie K. Neal
    Louisville, Kentucky
    -45-