Jamie Alan Day v. Angela Fiorita Day ( 2023 )

RENDERED: AUGUST 4, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-1250-MR
JAMIE ALAN DAY APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MCCRACKEN FAMILY COURT
v. HONORABLE BRANDI H. ROGERS, SPECIAL JUDGE
ACTION NO. 15-CI-00018
ANGELA FIORITA DAY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
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BEFORE: CETRULO, ECKERLE, AND GOODWINE, JUDGES.
CETRULO, JUDGE: This is an appeal from an order of the McCracken Family
Court declining to exercise jurisdiction and rule upon a motion to modify
timesharing, on the grounds that both parties and the child now reside in Florida.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Husband/father (“Jamie”) and wife/mother (“Angela”) were married
in Paducah, Kentucky, but lived for a time in Hollywood, California, where their
minor child T.A.D. (“Child”) was born in 2014. During that same year, Angela
moved with the Child to Paducah and filed for divorce. Within months of
Angela’s move, Jamie also purchased a home in Paducah, and the parties entered
into a separation agreement providing for joint custody and a timesharing plan.
The agreement recognized that Angela would be the primary residential parent, as
Jamie was still traveling back and forth to California where his employer was
located. The separation agreement, incorporated into the decree, further indicated
that Angela would be moving back to California and would give at least 30 days’
notice of the move. However, Angela did not move back to California, and Jamie
continued to commute between the two states, spending six to seven days each
month in Paducah with Child.
In 2018, Jamie filed the first motion to modify the timesharing
arrangement, seeking to obtain more time with Child. Angela responded with a
motion for sole custody, and both parties identified witnesses and prepared for a
hearing in McCracken County. That hearing did not occur as the parties entered
into an agreed order following mediation, making further modifications to the
parenting time provisions since Jamie had continued to maintain a residence in
California and Angela had never moved.
In 2020, Angela filed a notice of relocation with the McCracken
Family Court, stating that she now intended to move to Florida with Child. In
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response, Jamie filed a motion to modify the timesharing schedule and objected to
the planned move of their son to Florida. Again, a hearing was set but cancelled
when the parties entered into another agreed order in which Jamie agreed not to
contest the move of the Child to Florida, in consideration of certain modifications
to the prior timesharing orders. Of particular note, this agreed order included a
forum selection clause which stated in its entirety:
3. The parties agree that the McCracken Family Court will
retain jurisdiction of this matter, and all future
modifications of this agreement will be through the
McCracken Family Court.
This agreed order, signed by all parties and counsel, was tendered to
the family court. On the record, the family court confirmed that it was the
knowing and voluntary agreement of the parties. The family court found it was in
the best interest of the Child that the agreed order be entered. The order was then
signed by the family court judge. Interestingly, the agreed order specifically stated
that Jamie was attempting to sell the house in Paducah at that time and, of course,
Angela and the Child were relocating to Florida. The record reflects that Jamie’s
house was indeed sold shortly thereafter, and Jamie again relocated to be near
Child, now in Florida.
The record is then silent for two years until Jamie filed another motion
for modification in McCracken Family Court seeking equal timesharing with
Child. Therein, he affirmed that he had again moved to be near Child in Florida;
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that he was no longer required to travel to California as often; that he was very
involved in Child’s life; and that Child desired to have more time with him. Of
course, at this point, both parents and Child had all been living in Florida for two
years.
In response, Angela moved to dismiss the action in Kentucky, arguing
that the family court no longer had jurisdiction under Kentucky Revised Statute
(“KRS”) 403.824, Kentucky’s codified version of the Uniform Child Custody
Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”). The family court agreed and
declined to rule on the motion, thereby resulting in this appeal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The sole issue presented on appeal is whether the McCracken Family
Court had jurisdiction to modify timesharing pursuant to the prior agreed order of
the parties who had since moved out of Kentucky. Connected to that issue is the
question of whether the parties can be bound by a forum selection provision that
had been entered into and adopted by the court as part of an agreed order.
“Whether a Kentucky court has jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is a
question of law that [this Court] review[s] de novo.” Ball v. McGowan, 497
S.W.3d 245, 249 (Ky. App. 2016) (citing Addison v. Addison, 463 S.W.3d 755,
764 (Ky. 2015)); see also Biggs v. Biggs, 301 S.W.3d 32, 33 (Ky. App. 2009)
(citing Grange Mut. Ins. Co. v. Trude, 151 S.W.3d 803, 810 (Ky. 2004)).
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In its ruling, the family court stated in pertinent part, that “a clause
agreeing to forum selection is not binding on the Court[,]” and that jurisdiction
under the UCCJEA is “in the nature of general subject matter jurisdiction. It
cannot be created by agreement, is not subject to waiver, and, if absent, renders the
underlying judgment void.” Thus, the family court concluded that the parties’
forum selection agreement could not be enforced, even though it had also signed
off on that agreed order.
ANALYSIS
We affirm the denial of relief sought by Jamie in this instance,
although for slightly different reasons. The family court was correct that initial
jurisdiction under the UCCJEA is generally in the nature of subject matter
jurisdiction. However, our Supreme Court has clarified that this is in regard to an
initial custody ruling. Lawson v. Woeste, 603 S.W.3d 266, 274 (Ky. 2020). Once
the family court has made an initial custody (or in this case a timesharing)
determination, it retains exclusive, continuing jurisdiction over the matter unless it
is deprived of the same by the provisions of the UCCJEA. Id.As our Supreme Court explained in Lawson, “the exclusive,
continuing jurisdiction determination required by KRS 403.824” is actually one of
particular case jurisdiction. Id. In Lawson, a Kentucky family court had made
numerous rulings concerning rights of two parties who had divorced elsewhere but
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had registered the separation and custody agreement in Kentucky. Id. The mother,
who was the primary residential parent, then filed a motion with the Kentucky
court to relocate to Mississippi. Id. at 268. That motion was granted, which left
only the father residing in Kentucky, with visitation/parenting time. Id.
Subsequently, the father, during one such visit, filed a motion in
Kentucky to modify the timesharing and allow him to serve as primary residential
parent, which the trial court granted. Id. at 269. The mother objected, arguing
under KRS 403.824(1)(a) that the Kentucky court had lost jurisdiction because the
court previously allowed the children to relocate to Mississippi. Id. In Lawson,
the Supreme Court explained the difference between subject matter jurisdiction
and particular case jurisdiction, stating that challenges to a court’s judgment once
it has acquired subject matter jurisdiction “are questions incident to the exercise of
jurisdiction rather than to the existence of jurisdiction.” Id. at 276 (internal
quotation marks, emphasis, and citation omitted). As the Lawson Court stated,
“[r]egardless of whether the trial court correctly applied the exclusive, continuing
jurisdiction standard set forth in KRS 403.824(1)(a) it had the subject-matter
jurisdiction to make that determination and, in fact, was the only court with
authority to make that determination.” Id.
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Jamie points to Lawson for his contention that the family court did
have continuing jurisdiction, particularly since no court in Florida had accepted the
case. We agree. As Lawson held,
a court that has had and exercised subject-matter
jurisdiction in a child custody matter is deciding whether
it should continue to exercise jurisdiction or whether it
should “decline jurisdiction” over the case due to a change
in circumstances. This determination is manifestly one of
particular-case jurisdiction.
Id. at 274. However, Lawson further held that “when one or more parties move out
of Kentucky, the court must still decide whether it should continue to exercise
jurisdiction over that particular case, a determination that it alone can make under
KRS 403.824.” Id. at 275 (emphasis added).
That statute provides that the court that made the initial custody
determination retains jurisdiction until one of two things occurs:
(a) A court of this state determines that neither the child,
nor the child and one (1) parent, nor the child and a person
acting as a parent have a significant connection with this
state and that substantial evidence is no longer available in
this state concerning the child’s care, protection, training,
and personal relationships; or
(b) A court of this state or a court of another state
determines that the child, the child’s parents, and any other
person acting as a parent do not presently reside in this
state.
KRS 403.824(1).
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The family court concluded that under section (b) of the statute, its
continuing jurisdiction to modify prior rulings had ceased as both the parents and
Child no longer resided in Kentucky.
In Roper v. Roper, 594 S.W.3d 211, 225 (Ky. App. 2019), as modified
(Jan. 17, 2020) (citing Wahlke v. Pierce, 392 S.W.3d 426, 430 (Ky. App. 2013))
this Court held that “[a] trial court’s jurisdiction to modify custody and parenting
time continues until it determines that the conditions described by either (a) or (b)
of KRS 403.824(1) exist.”
Similarly, in Officer v. Blankenship, 555 S.W.3d 449, 456-57 (Ky.
App. 2018) (citing Wahlke, 392 S.W.3d at 431), this Court held that the family
court was divested of authority to adjudicate custody issues once the parties had
moved out of Kentucky. “As the family court determined that neither the parents
nor child resided in Kentucky at the filing of the motion to modify visitation, we
conclude that the family court no longer possessed exclusive, continuing
jurisdiction per KRS 403.824(1)(b) to adjudicate custody issues.” Id. at 457.
Jamie is correct in asserting that Lawson clarified Kentucky’s
approach to continuing jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, and that it referred to the
family court’s authority to modify custody decisions as particular case jurisdiction
rather than subject matter jurisdiction, as outlined above. However, we disagree
that Lawson requires the family court to retain jurisdiction over a matter where
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both the parties and the child have resided out of state for over two years. Further,
we note that Lawson concerned continuing jurisdiction under section (1)(a) where
the court has to determine factually where the substantial evidence concerning the
child exists. In contrast, under section (1)(b), the home state does appear to lose its
authority over modification when a court finds that both parties and the child have
left the state.
The family court here correctly concluded that it no longer had
authority over these parties based upon the language of KRS 403.824(1)(b). While
it may have used the incorrect description of that authority, in light of Lawson, it
did not err in its conclusion. Mark D. Dean, P.S.C. v. Commonwealth Bank & Tr.
Co., 434 S.W.3d 489, 496 (Ky. 2014) (citation omitted) (“If an appellate court is
aware of a reason to affirm the lower court’s decision, it must do so, even if on
different grounds.”).
Here, as in Lawson, there was no evidence that any party had sought
to obtain jurisdiction in their new state of Florida. Undoubtedly, Jamie assumed he
was required to file his motion to modify in McCracken County based upon the
agreement of the parties. The family court did not proceed to determine whether
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Kentucky was the appropriate or convenient forum under KRS 403.834, because it
had already concluded its jurisdiction was lost under KRS 403.824(1)(b).1
1
Pursuant to KRS 403.834, a court may also decline to exercise its jurisdiction at any time if it
determines “it is an inconvenient forum under the circumstances and that a court of another state
is a more appropriate forum.” KRS 403.834(1). Before determining whether it is an
inconvenient forum, the court must consider whether it is appropriate for a court of another state
to exercise jurisdiction. KRS 403.834(2). To that end, the court is required to consider “all
relevant factors,” including the following:
(a) Whether domestic violence has occurred and is likely to continue in the
future and which state could best protect the parties and the child;
(b) The length of time the child has resided outside this state;
(c) The distance between the court in this state and the court in the state that
would assume jurisdiction;
(d) The relative financial circumstances of the parties;
(e) Any agreement of the parties as to which state should assume
jurisdiction;
(f) The nature and location of the evidence required to resolve the pending
litigation, including testimony of the child;
(g) The ability of the court of each state to decide the issue expeditiously
and the procedures necessary to present the evidence; and
(h) The familiarity of the court of each state with the facts and issues in the
pending litigation.
KRS 403.834(2).
Declining jurisdiction due to the inconvenience of the forum would have also been
specifically authorized by KRS 403.834 under these circumstances.
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However, a court that has jurisdiction is not required to exercise its
jurisdiction. The determination must be made based upon the factual
circumstances as they existed at the time the request for modification was filed.
The issue can be raised by the parties, by the court itself, or even upon request of a
court of another state. If the court determines that the other state would be more
suitable, it can stay the proceedings and direct the parties to initiate custody
proceedings in the other state. While the court below may have still had authority
to exercise its jurisdiction over this case, it did not err by declining to do so and we
believe the result would have been the same.
Thus, we will only briefly address Jamie’s claim that the forum
selection agreement required the family court to exercise jurisdiction. Kentucky
recognizes that parties to an agreement may agree to a forum selection clause if it
is reasonable. Prudential Res. Corp. v. Plunkett, 583 S.W.2d 97, 99 (Ky. App.
1979). We agree that the purpose of the UCCJEA is “the avoidance of
jurisdictional competition and conflict with other states in child custody matters.”
Hearld v. Hearld, 278 S.W.3d 162, 164 (Ky. App. 2009) (citation omitted).
However, it is equally clear that such an agreement cannot deprive a
court of its discretion to accept or deny continuing jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
Jamie refers this Court to non-published opinions which indirectly refer to forum
selection clauses or address agreements between parties ratified by the trial courts.
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We have reviewed those and do not find them applicable. We also note that the
vast majority of courts across the 49 states that adhere to the UCCJEA have not
allowed such agreements to trump the UCCJEA itself as to do so would be
antithetical to the purposes of the UCCJEA.2 Rather, a forum selection clause is
only one of the eight factors to be determined by a court when it proceeds under
KRS 403.834 to determine if a particular venue is now inconvenient. Again, while
this family court did not proceed under KRS 403.834, finding that its jurisdiction
was limited by the provisions of KRS 403.824, the forum selection clause did not
require the McCracken Family Court to address the motion.
CONCLUSION
Florida now appears to be the more convenient forum to consider the
evidence and decide the best interests of the Child. The agreed order of the parties
does not require the family court to retain authority over a case indefinitely. If
either of the parties had returned to Kentucky with issues arising from that agreed
order within months of the entry, the result would likely be different. However,
two years have passed, and there was no argument presented below that the
Commonwealth still had any significant contacts with this case. We conclude that
2
See, e.g., A.D. v. M.A.B., 989 A.2d 32 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2010); Friedman v. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct.
of State, ex rel. Cnty. Of Clark, 264 P.3d 1161, 1167 (Nev. 2011) (“The UCCJEA gives forum
selection agreements a role to play in child custody proceedings, but it is a supporting, not a lead,
role.”); Horgan v. Romans, 851 N.E.2d 209 (Ill. App. Ct. 2006).
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the family court did not err in declining to exercise its jurisdiction and that the
parties’ agreement did not require such exercise of jurisdiction where the
circumstances had so dramatically changed. To remand the matter for the family
court to weigh the factors outlined in KRS 403.834 and/or stay the action and
direct the parties to initiate proceedings in Florida would only further delay the
matter for all concerned. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the McCracken
Family Court.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Bradly A. Miller Robert B. Frazer
Paducah, Kentucky Marion, Kentucky
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