Darrell Strunk v. Commonwealth of Kentucky ( 2023 )

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 8, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2022-CA-0900-MR
DARRELL STRUNK APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE KIMBERLY N. BUNNELL, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 12-CR-00334-001
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
REVERSING AND REMANDING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CETRULO, JONES, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
JONES, JUDGE: Darrell Strunk appeals from an order entered by the Fayette
Circuit Court denying his motion for relief pursuant to CR1 60.02. After a
thorough review of the record and the law, we reverse and remand for entry of a
new sentence complying with KRS2 532.110(1)(c) and KRS 532.080(6)(b).
1
Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
2
Kentucky Revised Statutes.
I. BACKGROUND
On December 5, 2011, Strunk committed two robberies in Fayette
County. The first occurred at approximately 1:15 p.m., when William Stinnett
reported that an individual in a ski mask, later identified as Strunk, entered his
home and hit him with a brick. Stinnett and Strunk struggled. Eventually, Strunk
gained control of a handgun in Stinnett’s pocket and struck him with it. Strunk
demanded money and drugs before pointing the gun at Stinnett and pulling the
trigger. Fortunately, the gun did not fire because Stinnett had unloaded the gun the
night before. Strunk escaped from the home, still carrying Stinnett’s handgun.
During the skirmish, Stinnett managed to pull off one of the gloves Strunk was
wearing and noticed a tattoo on Strunk’s right hand. Subsequent DNA testing of
the glove would positively identify the attacker as Strunk. (Record (R.) at 186.)
Approximately one hour after the attack on Stinnett, Strunk
approached William Eckler at his place of business. Strunk was again wearing a
ski mask, though this time he was brandishing a handgun – possibly the one he
took from Stinnett. Strunk demanded that Eckler give him “all his stuff.” Eckler
pulled out his own handgun and fired it at Strunk, hitting him in the hand. The two
men fought over Eckler’s weapon. Strunk struck Eckler several times using a
nearby car battery before he eventually ran away. The Eckler incident was
captured on videotape. Later, Strunk sought treatment for the gunshot wound on
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his hand at the University of Kentucky Albert B. Chandler Hospital’s emergency
department. (R. at 185.) Strunk was arrested shortly thereafter.
On March 12, 2012, the Fayette Circuit grand jury indicted Strunk on
five counts in connection with the Eckler incident: first-degree robbery,3 being a
convicted felon in possession of a handgun,4 theft by unlawful taking (over
$500.00),5 operating a motor vehicle on a suspended or revoked operator’s
license,6 and for being a persistent felony offender (PFO) in the second degree.7
For reasons which are not disclosed by the record, Strunk was not connected to the
Stinnett incident until months later. On February 6, 2013, presumably as part of
his plea negotiations with the Commonwealth, Strunk permitted the
Commonwealth to proceed by information for the Stinnett incident,8 adding
3
KRS 515.020, a Class B felony.
4
KRS 527.040, a Class C felony.
5
KRS 514.030, at that time classified as a Class D felony. In 2021, the General Assembly
reclassified the penalty for a theft by unlawful taking (over $500.00) as a Class A misdemeanor.
2021 KY. ACTS ch. 66, § 8 (eff. Jun. 29, 2021).
6
KRS 186.620(2), a Class B misdemeanor.
7
KRS 532.080.
8
“All offenses required to be prosecuted by indictment pursuant to Section 12 of the Kentucky
Constitution shall be prosecuted by indictment unless the defendant waives indictment by notice
in writing to the circuit court, in which event the offense may be prosecuted forthwith by
information.” Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 6.02(1).
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additional counts of first-degree robbery and being a first-degree PFO to his
previous indictment resulting from the Eckler incident. (R. at 167-69.)
On May 10, 2013, Strunk appeared in open court with his attorney and
entered a negotiated guilty plea in which the Commonwealth agreed to the
following: (1) amending the first-degree robbery count in the Eckler incident to
second-degree robbery,9 enhanced by his second-degree PFO charge; (2)
dismissing the counts of being a convicted felon in possession of a handgun, theft
by unlawful taking, and operating on a suspended or revoked license; (3) amending
the first-degree robbery count in the Stinnett incident to second-degree robbery,
and (4) amending the first-degree PFO enhancement for the Stinnett robbery to a
count of second-degree PFO. In exchange, Strunk agreed to an enhanced sentence
of twenty years for the Eckler robbery, to be run consecutively to an enhanced
sentence of ten years for the Stinnett robbery, resulting in a term of thirty years’
incarceration.
During the plea colloquy, the Commonwealth and the trial court
appeared to be aware of the potential problem in sentencing someone to an
aggregate term of thirty years in prison for two Class C felonies when KRS
532.110(1)(c) limits the maximum aggregate term for Class C felonies to twenty
years. Defense counsel urged the trial court to use its discretion, reminding the
9
KRS 515.030, a Class C felony.
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court that it had the authority to sentence Strunk for only twenty years, though
defense counsel also seemed to acknowledge that he was constrained from lodging
an objection to the negotiated thirty-year sentence outlined in the plea agreement.
For its part, the Commonwealth was rather brusque in its assessment, stating, “You
are agreeing to thirty, don’t get cute.” The Commonwealth also pointed out that,
although the Stinnett charges were added on to the indictment, they were
interpreting them as “two separate cases” for purposes of the plea, in order to avoid
violating Blackburn v. Commonwealth, 394 S.W.3d 395 (Ky. 2011). Blackburn
discusses the maximum allowable aggregate sentencing under KRS 532.110(1)(c).
The trial court accepted Strunk’s plea and later sentenced him pursuant to his
agreement, for a total of thirty years’ incarceration.
Less than a year after sentencing, Strunk moved the trial court pro se
to modify his sentence pursuant to RCr 11.42, arguing trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance when he negotiated a plea agreement which violated the
maximum aggregate sentence allowed under KRS 532.110(1)(c). Strunk later
renewed this motion, and the Commonwealth filed a response, but the trial court
never issued a ruling. On March 5, 2018, more than four years after he filed it,
Strunk withdrew this RCr 11.42 motion.10
10
As a point of clarification, we note here that Strunk had the assistance of a succession of
appointed attorneys from the Department of Public Advocacy while filing his postconviction
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Approximately two years after withdrawing his RCr 11.42 motion,
Strunk filed a pro se motion pursuant to CR 60.02, again asking the trial court to
bring his sentence in compliance with KRS 532.110(1)(c). Strunk, with the
assistance of appointed counsel, withdrew this motion several months later for
reasons which are not disclosed by the record. Finally, on May 12, 2022, with the
assistance of his present counsel, Strunk renewed and supplemented his previous
CR 60.02 motion for relief. Again, Strunk argued that his negotiated sentence
exceeded the maximum aggregate sentence, pointing out that, “[t]he sentence
imposed . . . is, by law, illegal. Such an illegality is not waivable.” (R. at 339.)
The trial court denied Strunk’s request for a hearing on the matter and
denied the motion in an order entered on June 30, 2022. The trial court’s order
“fully adopt[ed]” the Commonwealth’s response to the unruled upon RCr 11.42
motion. (R. at 348.) The trial court’s reasons for denying the motion were
essentially threefold: (1) the charges were based on an indictment and an
information, and so were treated separately during the guilty plea in order to avoid
violating case law; (2) Strunk was aware of the terms of the guilty plea, and he
entered the plea knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily; and (3) Strunk received a
“tremendous deal” with regard to the plea, as it avoided service of time as a violent
motions. However, it appears Strunk’s motions regarding the sentencing issue were almost
entirely pro se until he hired attorney John Landon, who ultimately filed the present appeal.
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offender11 or a mandatory minimum of ten years in prison.12 (R. at 350-51.) This
appeal followed.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“We review the denial of a CR 60.02 motion for an abuse of
discretion.” Diaz v. Commonwealth, 479 S.W.3d 90, 92 (Ky. App. 2015) (citing
Partin v. Commonwealth, 337 S.W.3d 639, 640 (Ky. App. 2010)). “The test for
abuse of discretion is whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary,
unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v.
English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999). “The burden of proof in a CR 60.02
proceeding falls squarely on the movant to affirmatively allege facts which, if true,
justify vacating the judgment and further allege special circumstances that justify
CR 60.02 relief.” Foley v. Commonwealth, 425 S.W.3d 880, 885 (Ky. 2014)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “[W]e will affirm the lower
court’s decision unless there is a showing of some ‘flagrant miscarriage of
justice.’” Id. at 886 (quoting Gross v. Commonwealth, 648 S.W.2d 853, 858 (Ky.
1983)).
11
See KRS 439.3401(1). First-degree robbery is automatically considered a violent offense,
whereas second-degree robbery is not. The distinction is important because, “[i]n no event shall
a violent offender be given credit on his or her sentence if the credit reduces the term of
imprisonment to less than eighty-five percent (85%) of the sentence.” KRS 439.3401(4).
12
See KRS 532.080(6)(b), regarding first-degree PFO sentencing for a Class C felony being
“not less than ten (10) years.” Strunk’s plea bargain amended this count to a second-degree
PFO.
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III. ANALYSIS
As he did below, Strunk asserts that his aggregate sentence of thirty
years in prison for two Class C felonies violates KRS 532.110(1)(c). In relevant
part, the statute states, “[t]he aggregate of consecutive indeterminate terms shall
not exceed in maximum length the longest extended term which would be
authorized by KRS 532.080 for the highest class of crime for which any of the
sentences is imposed.” KRS 532.110(1)(c). “When KRS 532.080 is applied to
determine the maximum aggregate penalty, as opposed to being used to enhance a
penalty, the appropriate reference in a case where the underlying felonies are Class
D or C felonies is to subsection (6)(b)[.]” Commonwealth v. Durham, 908 S.W.2d
119, 121 (Ky. 1995). KRS 532.080(6)(b) reads as follows: “If the offense for
which [the offender] presently stands convicted is a Class C or Class D felony, a
persistent felony offender in the first degree shall be sentenced to an indeterminate
term of imprisonment, the maximum of which shall not be less than ten (10) years
nor more than twenty (20) years.”
Based on these principles, the Kentucky Supreme Court has
repeatedly held that a trial court may not sentence a defendant to a term of greater
than twenty years for multiple Class D or Class C felonies, and has so held for over
forty years; see, e.g., Hendley v. Commonwealth, 573 S.W.2d 662, 668 (Ky. 1978)
(holding that it was error for the trial court to sentence the defendant to a term of
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twenty-five years when the highest class of crime was a Class C felony, due to the
operation of KRS 532.110(1)(c) and KRS 532.080(6)(b)). The Supreme Court has
gone so far as to say “it is obvious that the trial court would have erred by
imposing a total of 30 years of imprisonment” under such circumstances.
Goldsmith v. Commonwealth, 363 S.W.3d 330, 334 (Ky. 2012).
Admittedly, it was previously possible for a criminal defendant to
waive application of KRS 532.110 and agree to an aggregate sentence outside the
twenty-year term; see Myers v. Commonwealth, 42 S.W.3d 594 (Ky. 2001);
Johnson v. Commonwealth, 90 S.W.3d 39 (Ky. 2002). However, in 2010, the
Kentucky Supreme Court reversed course and overruled these cases in
McClanahan v. Commonwealth, 308 S.W.3d 694 (Ky. 2010). In McClanahan, the
Supreme Court reasoned that “plea agreements in criminal cases are contracts
between the accused and the Commonwealth and are interpreted according to
ordinary contract principles.” Id. at 701. The Court went on to observe that “[a]
widely recognized principle of contract law is that agreements that run contrary to
law or are designed to avoid the effect of a statute, are illegal and will not be
enforced.” Id. Based on this reasoning, the Court concluded that a plea agreement
which contravenes KRS 532.110(1)(c) and KRS 532.080(6)(b) is not enforceable.
Id. The Kentucky Supreme Court’s mandate to the trial court was very clear:
Because it is the trial judge, and not the jury or the
prosecutor or the defendant, that actually imposes a
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sentence by signing his or her name to the final
judgment, it is to the judiciary that the legislative
commandments of KRS 532.080(6)(b) and KRS
532.110(1)(c) are directed. A sentence that lies outside
the statutory limits is an illegal sentence, and the
imposition of an illegal sentence is inherently an abuse of
discretion.
Id.
Here, two of the trial court’s reasons for denying relief involve
Strunk’s putative waiver, either explicitly or implicitly. Whether Strunk “was
aware of the terms of the guilty plea, and he entered the plea knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily” is immaterial – pursuant to McClanahan, a
defendant cannot agree to an illegal sentence, as it is to the judiciary that these
statutes are directed. Similarly, even if it is true that Strunk received a
“tremendous deal” regarding the plea, he could not waive the General Assembly’s
sentencing statutes to accept it.
The third reason to deny relief, offered by both the trial court and the
Commonwealth, is that Strunk’s charges were based on an indictment (Eckler) and
an information (Stinnett), and so were deliberately treated separately during the
guilty plea negotiations to avoid the effect of the sentencing statutes. After some
consideration, this argument must fail as well. In Goldsmith, the Kentucky
Supreme Court observed that “[h]istorically, each crime was charged in its own
indictment. In the modern era, multiple crimes may be charged in one indictment”
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and “[e]ach count of an indictment is a separate crime[.]” Goldsmith, 363 S.W.3d
at 334. Significantly, the Court then pointed out that KRS 532.110 “specifically
speaks to crimes rather than indictments.” Id. In the matter before us, Goldsmith
shows the flaw in the Commonwealth’s attempt to divide the crimes into multiple
indictments, or an indictment and information, to avoid the effect of the statutes.
KRS 532.110(1)(c) is directed at the aggregate term for all of the crimes at
sentencing, and not at the procedural mechanism by which each particular count or
crime arrived in front of the sentencing judge.
Furthermore, in McClanahan, the Kentucky Supreme Court pointed
out that agreements are not only illegal when they directly violate a statute – they
are also illegal when they “are designed to avoid the effect of a statute[.]”
McClanahan, 308 S.W.3d at 701. It is very clear from the record that this
particular plea agreement was explicitly crafted with the goal of avoiding the
requirements of KRS 532.110(1)(c). “In construing statutes, our goal, of course, is
to give effect to the intent of the General Assembly.” Shawnee Telecom
Resources, Inc. v. Brown, 354 S.W.3d 542, 551 (Ky. 2011). We will not accede to
a scheme which intends to thwart the designs of the General Assembly. The courts
“must not be complicit in the violation of the public policy embedded in our
sentencing statutes by turning a blind eye to an unlawful sentence[.]”
McClanahan, 308 S.W.3d at 701.
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Finally, the Commonwealth urges that we affirm for procedural
reasons, asserting (1) Strunk’s failure to follow through with his RCr 11.42 motion
forecloses relief being granted through CR 60.02, and (2) Strunk’s CR 60.02
motion was not brought within a reasonable time, as required by the rule.
However, an illegal sentence is void, and the courts must act even when the motion
is not timely or appropriate. Phon v. Commonwealth, 545 S.W.3d 284, 306 (Ky.
2018). “Illegal sentences must always be correctable” and “[a] void judgment
cannot gain validity simply because a defendant waits too long to attack the
legality of the sentence.” Id. at 307. Correction of an unlawful sentence is “not
only authorized but required.” Id. at 308 (quoting Skiles v. Commonwealth, 757
S.W.2d 212, 214 (Ky. App. 1988)).
“Generally, a trial court’s denial of a CR 60.02 motion will not be
overturned absent an abuse of discretion. However, a void judgment is a legal
nullity, and a court has no discretion in determining whether it should be set
aside.” Duncan v. Commonwealth, 640 S.W.3d 84, 89 (Ky. App. 2021) (citations
omitted). Here, the appropriate remedy is for us to reverse the trial court’s order
denying relief and remand with instructions to vacate “the excess portion[s] of
[Strunk’s] sentence and impose a new sentence in accord with the law.” Id.-12-
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order denying
relief pursuant to CR 60.02. We remand with instructions to the trial court to
impose a new sentence compliant with KRS 532.110(1)(c) and KRS 532.080(6)(b).
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
John Gerhart Landon Daniel Cameron
Lexington, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Melissa A. Pile
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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