Earl Dempsey Pendarvis and Market South Investors v. Melissa Sullivan ( 2022 )

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST CIRCUIT
NO. 2021 CA 0760
EARL DEMPSEY PENDARVIS AND
MARKET SOUTH INVESTORS, LLC
J
VERSUS
MELISSA SULLIVAN
Judgment Rendered.-
endered.
APR 0 4 2022
Appealed Appealed from the
23rd Judicial District Court
In and for the Parish of Ascension
State of Louisiana
Case No. 129675, Division D
The Honorable Steven Tureau, Judge Presiding
Gregory Thomas Akers Counsel for Defendant/Appellant
Joshua Paul Melder Melissa Sullivan
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
John -Paul Robert Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellees
Gonzales, Louisiana Earl Dempsey Pendarvis and
Market South Investors, LLC
BEFORE: McCLENDON, WELCH, AND THERIOT, JJ.
THERIOT, J.
Melissa Sullivan (" Ms. Sullivan") appeals the summary judgment by the
Twenty -Third Judicial District Court, which was granted in favor of the appellee,
Earl Dempsey Pendarvis (" Mr. Pendarvis"). For the following reasons, we affirm
in part, vacate in part and remand.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Shortly before this lawsuit came about, Ms. Sullivan and Mr. Pendarvis were
in a dating relationship. On September 17, 2020, Mr. Pendarvis and Market South
Investors, LLC (" MSP') filed a" Summary Writ of Mandamus, Temporary
Restraining Order, Preliminary Injunction and Permanent Injunction." The filing
alleged that Mr. Pendarvis was the sole managing member of MSI, and Mr.
Pendarvis sought for Ms. Sullivan to declare that any membership ownership
interest she had belonged to Mr. Pendarvis. In the alternative, Mr. Pendarvis
sought for Ms. Sullivan to execute documents transferring any and all interest she
had in MSI to Mr. Pendarvis. Mr. Pendarvis further sought for the trial court to
recognize him as the sole owner of MSI and for a temporary restraining order to
issue prohibiting Ms. Sullivan from transferring or alienating her interest in MSI to
a third party.
On October 1, 2020, Ms. Sullivan filed " Exceptions of Nonconformity of the
Petition, Unauthorized Use of a Summary Proceeding, No Cause of Action, and No
Right of Action and Motion to Dissolve Temporary Restraining Order."
Thereafter, on October 21, 2020, Mr. Pendarvis and MSI filed a motion for
declaration of nullity of contract, seeking a judgment declaring the transfer of
interest in MSI to Ms. Sullivan to be a sham or absolute nullity. The hearings for
the pleadings filed on October 1 st and October 21 st were both set for November 5,
2020.
4
On October 28, 2020, Ms. Sullivan filed a dilatory exception raising the
objection of unauthorized use of a summary proceeding, a peremptory exception
raising the objection of no cause of action, and a declinatory exception raising the
objection of insufficient service of process. Ms. Sullivan contended that Mr.
Pendarvis and MSI could not seek a declaratory judgment through a summary
proceeding, and the ownership of Ms. Sullivan' s fifty percent membership interest
in MSI may only be asserted through an ordinary action. She further asserted that
Mr. Pendarvis and MSI failed to serve the motion for declaration of nullity of
contract on Ms. Sullivan in accordance with the Louisiana Code of Civil
Procedure. A hearing on the exceptions was set for November 5, 2020.
The trial court sustained the exception of unauthorized use of a summary
proceeding as to the mandamus action and as to the motion for declaration of
nullity of contract, and converted the summary proceeding into an ordinary
proceeding. The trial court ruled that the exceptions of no cause of action as to the
mandamus action and the motion for declaration of nullity of contract were moot.
The trial court also sustained the exception of no right of action filed by MSI and
dismissed MSI from the lawsuit. The judgment further granted the preliminary
injunction restraining, enjoining, and prohibiting Ms. Sullivan from selling,
donating, alienating, or in any way transferring her fifty percent membership
interest in MSI.
On November 20, 2020, Ms. Sullivan filed an answer and a reconventional
demand. On that same date, Ms. Sullivan' s counsel emailed and mailed
interrogatories and requests for production of documents to Mr. Pendarvis'
counsel. On November 24, 2020, Ms. Sullivan' s counsel emailed Mr. Pendarvis'
counsel eleven dates between December 14 and December 30 for the deposition of
Mr. Pendarvis to be scheduled. Ms. Sullivan' s counsel followed up several times
regarding which date would be best for Mr. Pendarvis and his counsel. However,
3
Mr. Pendarvis' counsel never replied, so Ms. Sullivan' s counsel set the deposition
for December 28, 2020 at 9: 00 a. m. and sent proper notice to Mr. Pendarvis'
counsel.' On December 28, 2020 at 7: 47 a.m., Mr. Pendarvis' counsel emailed Ms.
Sullivan' s counsel indicating that Mr. Pendarvis objected to the " unilateral setting
of Mr. Pendarvis' deposition between Christmas and New Years." The email
further indicated that Mr. Pendarvis would not be attending the deposition.
Mr. Pendarvis did not respond to the interrogatories or the requests for
production of documents within thirty days as required by Louisiana Code of Civil
Procedure articles 14582 and 14623. Therefore, Ms. Sullivan' s counsel attempted to
1 On December 4, 2020, Ms. Sullivan' s counsel sent the Notice of Deposition to Mr. Pendarvis'
counsel and indicated that the notice was also placed in the mail to Mr. Pendarvis' counsel that
same day.
2 Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1458 provides, in pertinent part:
A. Each interrogatory shall be answered separately and fully in writing under
oath, unless it is objected to, in which event the reasons for objection shall be
stated in lieu of an answer. The written answer or reasons for objection to each
interrogatory shall immediately follow a restatement of the interrogatory to which
the answer or objection is responding. The answers are to be signed by the person
making them. When interrogatories are served on a specific party, that party shall
verify he has read and confirmed the answers and objections. The party upon
whom the interrogatories have been served shall serve a copy of the answers, and
objections if any, within thirty days after the service of the interrogatories, except
as set forth in Paragraph B of this Article. The court may allow a shorter or longer
time. The party submitting the interrogatories may move for an order under
Article 1469 with respect to any objection to or other failure to answer an
interrogatory.
3 Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1462 provides, in pertinent part:
B. ( 1) The party upon whom the request is served shall serve a written response
within thirty days after service of the request, except as set forth in Subparagraph
2) of this Paragraph. The court may allow a shorter or longer time. With respect
to each item or category, the response shall state that inspection and related
activities will be permitted as requested, unless the request is objected to, in
which event the reasons for objection shall be stated. If objection is made to part
of an item or category, the part shall be specified. The written answer or reasons
for objection to each request for production of documents shall immediately
follow a restatement of the request for production of documents to which the
answer or objection is responding. The party submitting the request may move for
an order under Article 1469 with respect to any objection to or other failure to
respond to the request, or any part thereof, or any failure to permit inspection as
requested. If objection is made to the requested form or forms for producing
information, including electronically stored information, or if no form was
specified in the request, the responding party shall state in its response the form or
forms it intends to use.
0
schedule a Rule 10. 14 Conference three different times ( by email on December 28,
2020 and January 4, 2021, and by telephone on January 4, 2021), but was not
successful in contacting Mr. Pendarvis' counsel to set a date.
On December 29, 2020, Mr. Pendarvis and MSI filed a peremptory
exception raising the objection of no right of action and, in the alternative, no
cause of action to Ms. Sullivan' s reconventional demand, seeking dismissal of Ms.
Sullivan' s reconventional demand. One day later, on December 30, 2020, Mr.
Pendarvis and MSI filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion for
summary judgment contended that Mr. Pendarvis was always the owner of the fifty
percent membership interest of MSI because the transfer was an absolute nullity. In
the memorandum in support of their motion for summary judgment, Mr. Pendarvis
and MSI asserted that the fifty percent membership interest transferred by Mr.
Pendarvis to Ms. Sullivan was an absolute simulation because of the wording of
the counter letter that was signed by Mr. Pendarvis and Ms. Sullivan.
Ms. Sullivan filed a " Motion to Compel" on January 7, 2021, seeking for the
court to compel Mr. Pendarvis to submit to a deposition, produce responses to the
November 20, 2020 interrogatories and requests for production of documents,
order sanctions,
and require Mr. Pendarvis and his counsel to pay all of Ms.
Sullivan' s reasonable expenses caused by his failure to appear for the deposition
set for December 28, 2020. The hearing on the " Motion to Compel" was set for
February 19, 2021. However, on February 19, 2021, the court held a status
conference with the parties and continued all pending matters to March 23, 2021.
4 The Rules for Louisiana District Courts, Title II, Rule 10. 1 provides, in pertinent part:
a) Before filing any motion to compel discovery, the moving party or attorney
shall confer in person or by telephone with the opposing party or counsel for the
purpose of amicably resolving the discovery dispute. The moving party or
attorney shall attempt to arrange a suitable conference date with the opposing
party or counsel and confirm the date by written notice sent at least five ( 5) days
before the conference date, unless an earlier date is agreed upon or good cause
exists for a shorter time period. If by telephone, the conference shall be initiated
by the person seeking the discovery responses.
5
On January 21, 2021, Mr. Pendarvis filed a motion to quash the subpoenas
issued by Ms. Sullivan. Specifically, Mr. Pendarvis asserted that the records of his
attorney, Donnie L. Floyd, were subject to attorney/client privilege; the records of
his accountant, Grady Layfield, were subject to accountant/ client privilege; the
Notice of Inspection to Louisiana 1031 Exchange, Inc. was subject to
attorney/ client privilege; the deposition of Tammy Bergeron Robillard was not
relevant because Ms. Robillard never worked for MSI; and the deposition of Mr.
Pendarvis was not pertinent because parole evidence was inadmissible. Like the
hearing on the " Motion to Compel," the motion to quash was initially set for
February 19, 2021 and subsequently continued to March 23, 2021.
On March 23, 2021, a hearing was held on the motion for summary
judgment, the exception of no right of action to the answer and reconventional
demand, the motion to quash subpoenas, and the " Motion to Compel." The trial
court granted the motion for summary judgment and declared the act of sale
wherein Mr. Pendarvis sold Ms. Sullivan a fifty percent membership interest in
MSI was an absolute simulation. The trial court further ordered the act of sale to be
canceled in the public records of Ascension Parish; granted Mr. Pendarvis'
exception of no right of action as to Ms. Sullivan' s reconventional demand against
Mr. Pendarvis and MSI; dismissed Ms. Sullivan' s reconventional demand with
prejudice subject to Ms. Sullivan' s right to amend the demand within fifteen days;
denied Mr. Pendarvis and MSI' s exception of no right of action; found Mr.
Pendarvis and MSI' s motion to quash subpoenas moot at that time and continued it
to after the May 11, 2021 rule date; found Ms. Sullivan' s " Motion to Compel"
moot at that time and continued it to after the May 11, 2021 rule date; and found
Ms. Sullivan' s motion for subpoena duces tecum moot at that time and continued it
to the May 11, 2021 rule date. The judgment was signed on April 10, 2021.
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RULE TO SHOW CAUSE
On August 25, 2021, this Court issued a rule to show cause order, ex proprio
Motu, wherein an examination of the April 10, 2021 judgment on appeal revealed
apparent defects in the appeal. We ordered the parties to show cause by briefs why
this appeal should not be dismissed. On October 25, 2021, the rule to show cause
was referred to the panel to which the appeal was assigned. Ms. Sullivan then filed
a motion to supplement the record with an order signed by the trial court on
January 13, 2022, wherein the trial court designated the April 10, 2021 judgment
as a final judgment and expressed its determination that there was no just reason
for delay. Ms. Sullivan, Mr. Pendarvis, and MSI jointly moved for the trial court to
certify its judgment on the motion for summary judgment signed on April 10,
2021. We find that the judgment has been properly designated as final and
appealable pursuant to Article 1951. See R..I. Messinger, Inc. v. Rosenblum, 2004-
1664 ( La. 3/ 2/ 05), 894 So. 2d 1113. It is from this judgment that Ms. Sullivan
appeals.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Ms. Sullivan contends that ( 1) the trial court erred by granting the motion for
summary judgment such that it ordered the act of sale to be canceled in the public
records of Ascension Parish; ( 2) the trial court erred by granting the motion for
summary judgment such that it declared the written act of sale between Mr.
Pendarvis and Ms. Sullivan to be an absolute simulation; ( 3) the trial court erred by
striking portions of the Affidavit marked as Exhibit 1 by Ms. Sullivan from the
record and not allowing it into evidence to be considered in its entirety; ( 4) the trial
court erred by admitting the Affidavit of Verification of Exhibits and for Summary
Judgment marked as Exhibit 3 by Mr. Pendarvis into evidence over Ms. Sullivan' s
objection; and ( 5) the trial court erred by granting the motion for summary
judgment.
7
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate courts review evidence de novo under the same criteria that
govern the trial court' s determination of whether summary judgment is
appropriate. Leet v. Hospital Service District No. 1 of East Baton Rouge Parish,
2018- 1148 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 28/ 19), 274 So. 3d 583, 587. A trial court shall
consider a summary judgment motion only "[ a] fter an opportunity for adequate
discovery." La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 3). When discovery is alleged to be incomplete, it
is within the trial court' s discretion either to hear the motion for summary
judgment or to grant a continuance to allow for further discovery. The standard of
review for a trial court' s choice to hear a motion for summary judgment or to grant
a continuance is an abuse of discretion standard. Primeaux v. Best Western Plus
Houma Inn, 2018- 0841 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 2/ 28/ 19), 274 So. 3d 20, 32.
DISCUSSION
Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 966 governs summary judgment.
When applying La. C. C.P. art. 966, one must weigh La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 1) and
2) with La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 3) and ( 4). Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure
articles 966A( 1) and ( 2) provide that summary judgment is favored and discuss
when a party may move for summary judgment. Specifically, "[ a] party may move
for a summary judgment for all or part of the relief for which he has prayed." A
plaintiff's motion may be filed at any time after the answer has been filed, and a
defendant' s motion may be filed at any time. La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 1); Raborn v.
Albea, 2016- 1468 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 5/ 11/ 17), 221 So. 3d 104, 109. " The summary
judgment procedure is favored and shall be construed to secure the just, speedy,
and inexpensive determination of every action." La. C. C. P. art. 966A(2); Murphy
v. Savannah, 2018- 0991 ( La. 5/ 8/ 19), 2282 So. 3d 1034, 1038.
On the other hand, La. C. C. P. art. 966A( 3) provides, "[ a] fter an opportunity
for adequate discovery, a motion for summary judgment shall be granted if the
motion, memorandum, and supporting documents show there is no genuine issue
of material fact and the mover is entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Primeaux, 274 So. 3d at 32. Under La. C. C.P. art. 966A( 4), "[ t] he only documents
that may be filed in support of or in opposition to the motion are pleadings,
memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, certified medical
records, written stipulations, and admissions." Himes v. State through Department
of Transportation & Office of Engineering, 2021- 013 8 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 6/ 4/ 21),
327 So. 3d 536, 539. Thus, the court must weigh the goal of judicial efficiency
with the goal of preparation and due process.
Several motions were on the court' s docket on March 23, 2021. The two
motions pertinent to our discussion are Ms. Sullivan' s " Motion to Compel" and
Mr. Pendarvis' s motion for summary judgment. The trial court granted the motion
for summary judgment and deferred ruling on the " Motion to Compel" until after
the next available rule date.
Prior to reaching the merits of a motion for summary judgment, a trial court
should consider whether the parties had an opportunity for adequate discovery. See
St. Francisville BK, L.L. C. v. JEC Real Estate Investment, LLC, 2019- 0342 ( La.
App. 1st Cir. 3/ 21/ 19) ( finding the trial court abused its discretion in denying a
motion to continue a hearing on a motion for partial summary judgment despite
outstanding discovery, which was the subject of a motion to compel and motion to
quash set for hearing on the same day as the motion or partial summary judgment);
Welch v. East Baton Rouge Parish Metropolitan Council, 2010- 1532 ( La. App. 1st
Cir. 3/ 25/ 11), 64 So. 3d 249 ( finding the trial court' s refusal to grant a motion for a
continuance for the purpose of obtaining additional information through discovery
to defend against a motion for summary judgment constituted an abuse of
D
discretion); Dortch v. Jane Doe & Chrysler Group, LLC, 2016- 0933 ( La. App. 1 st
Cir. 4/ 6/ 17), 217 So. 3d 449 ( finding the trial court' s granting of defendant' s
motion for summary judgment was not premature because the plaintiff had
approximately two years for discovery, which was adequate time for discovery);
Primeaux, 274 So. 3d at 33 ( finding the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
finding adequate discovery when the plaintiff did not identify what, if any,
additional discovery was needed, did not file a motion to compel more complete
discovery, did not request a continuance to conduct more discovery, and the suit
was pending for more than a year before the motion for summary judgment was
filed). We find that a trial court errs by ruling on a motion for summary judgment
prior to ruling on a motion to compel. The outcome of the motion to compel
hearing will determine if the motion for summary judgment is ripe for
consideration. Should a trial court grant the motion to compel, the motion for
summary judgment must be continued to provide for adequate discovery. See La.
C. C.P. art. 966A( 3). However, if a trial court denies the motion to compel, then the
matter may be in the proper posture to hear the merits of the motion for summary
judgment. Therefore, it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to defer ruling
on the " Motion to Compel" and proceed to the merits of the motion for summary
judgment. Accordingly, we vacate the trial court' s granting of the motion for
summary judgment and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
DECREE
The summary judgment granted by the Twenty -Third Judicial District Court
in favor of the appellee, Earl Dempsey Pendarvis, and against the appellant,
Melissa Sullivan, is vacated. The judgment also includes the trial court' s ruling on
exceptions of no right of action and no cause of action, which have not been
appealed. Therefore, the trial court' s ruling on the exceptions of no right of action
10
and no cause of action are affirmed. All costs of this appeal are assessed to Earl
Dempsey Pendarvis.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART AND REMANDED.
11
EARL DEMPSEY PENDARVIS 2021 CA 0760
AND MARKET SOUTH
INVESTORS, LLC FIRST CIRCUIT
VERSUS COURT OF APPEAL
MELIA SULLIVAN STATE OF LOUISIANA
WELCH, J., concurring.
While I agree with the result reached by the majority— that the summary
judgment of the trial court should be vacated and that this matter remanded for a
ruling on the motion to compel followed by a new ruling on the motion for
summary judgment — I write separately to address several issues.
These proceedings commenced on September 17, 2020 with Earl Dempsey
Pendarvis and Market South Investors, LLC (" MSI") filing a writ of mandamus
and a request for a temporary restraining order and injunctive relief. Numerous
exceptions and responsive motions were filed. On November 20, 2020, Melissa
Sullivan filed an answer and reconventional demand, and on that same date, she
propounded discovery. A few days later, Ms. Sullivan' s attorney contacted Mr.
Pendarvis' and MSI' s attorney with a request to take Mr. Pendarvis' deposition and
provided eleven dates from which to choose. None of the dates provided were
accepted. Ms. Sullivan' s counsel then set Mr. Pendarvis' deposition for December
28, 2020 and properly noticed the deposition; Mr. Pendarvis refused to attend.
Neither Mr. Pendarvis nor MSI responded to the discovery, and they never sought
a protective order in regards to either Mr. Pendarvis' deposition or the discovery.
Further, all attempts by Ms. Sullivan' s attorney to schedule a conference in
accordance with La. Dist. Ct. Rule 10. 1 were to no avail.
Instead of complying with discovery or submitting to a deposition, on
December 30, 2020, Mr. Pendarvis and MSI filed a motion for summary judgment
1
on the basis that the act of sale was a simulation and an absolute nullity. Ms.
Sullivan responded shortly thereafter with a motion to compel. She also set forth
in her opposition to the motion for summary judgment that there had not been an
opportunity for adequate discovery. Notably, Mr. Pendarvis' and MSI' s motion
for summary judgment and Ms. Sullivan' s motion to compel were set on the same
day— March 23, 2021; however, on that date, the trial court heard the motion for
summary judgment first and then continued the motion to compel.
I agree with the majority that trial court abused its discretion in deferring its
ruling on the motion to compel and in ruling on the merits of the motion for
summary judgment. Under La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 3), summary judgment is
appropriate only " after an opportunity for adequate discovery." Here, the record is
clear that Mr. Pendarvis and MSI refused to participate in any discovery prior to
the filing of their motion for summary judgment. A party should not be allowed to
actively circumvent the discovery process and use that to their advantage on a
motion for summary judgment.
However, I believe that the cases cited by the majority are distinguishable
from the facts of this case because a motion to continue the motion for summary
judgment was not filed by Ms. Sullivan. Rather, she had a pending motion to
compel, and she objected to going forward on the motion for summary judgment in
her opposition and presented that argument to the trial court. Under the
jurisprudence, the trial court' s ruling on the motion for summary judgment was
premature. The trial court should have heard the motion to compel first and then
decided whether to proceed with the hearing on the motion for summary judgment.
See Broussard v. Winters, 2013- 300 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 10/ 9/ 13), 123 So. 3d 902,
905- 906 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 10/ 9/ 13) ( wherein the plaintiff had a pending motion to
compel discovery and argued in his opposition to a motion for summary judgment
2
that the responses to discovery were pertinent to summary judgment, the court held
that the trial court prematurely decided the motion for summary judgment because
the trial court failed to rule on the motion to compel rendering discovery
incomplete and inadequate); and Newton & Associates, Inc. v. Sheridan, 1999-
2048 ( La. App 4t" Cir. 12/ 13/ 00), 775 So. 2d 1144, 1147- 1148 ( where there were
motions to compel pending before the trial court and the issue of the outstanding
motions to compel were raised in the opposition to the motion for summary
judgment, the trial court erred in ruling on the motion for summary judgment
before the hearing on the motions to compel because prevailing on the motion to
compel and obtaining such discovery could reveal a material issue of fact,
rendering summary judgment premature).
I would also point out that the trial court, in its April 10, 2020 judgment
granting the motion for summary judgment on Mr. Pendarvis and MSI, stated:
IT IS HEREBY FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED[,] AND
DECREED that the act of cash sale between Earl Dempsey Pendarvis
and Melissa Sullivan of a portion of limited liability company
membership interest in Market South Investors, LLC, recorded in the
Parish of Ascension as instrument No. 00964068 is hereby ordered
CANCELLED in the public records of Ascension Parish.
This relief was requested by Mr. Pendarvis and MSI in their motion for summary
judgment. Notably, however, this relief—an order that the act of cash sale be
cancelled in the public records— was neither requested nor prayed for by Mr.
Pendarvis and MSI in either their initial pleading seeking mandamus and injunctive
relief or their subsequent pleading seeking a declaration that the act of sale was a
simulation and an absolute nullity. Therefore, it was inappropriate for the trial
court to grant such relief. See La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 1) ( providing that a party
may only move for summary judgment for all or part of the relief for which he has
prayed).
3
Lastly, Ms. Sullivan, in her opposition to the motion for summary judgment,
objected to the affidavit of Donnie Floyd ( Exhibit 3) based upon La. Civil Code
article 1848 ( the parol evidence rule), which provides that "[ t] estimonial or other
evidence may not be admitted to negate or vary the contents of an authentic act or
an act under private signature."
The trial court also noted this issue when, during
the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, it posited: " How do you get past
the parol evidence rule on counterletters and simulations?" Without reaching the
merits of this evidentiary ruling, I would point out that parol evidence is always
admissible to prove a simulation. See La. C. C. art. 1849 ( providing that "[ i] n all
cases, testimonial or other evidence may be admitted to prove the existence or a
presumption of a simulation or to rebut such a presumption"); see also La. C. C. art.
1848, Revision Comments - 1984, comment ( c), ( providing that under La. C. C. art.
1848, " testimonial or other evidence is admissible to prove an absolute or relative
simulation")
and Scott v. Sneed, 50, 954 ( La. App. 2° d Cir. 12/ 14/ 06), 210 So. 3d
872, 875- 876.
For these reasons, I respectfully concur.
El