State of Louisiana Versus David Costanza ( 2019 )

STATE OF LOUISIANA NO. 19-KA-263
VERSUS FIFTH CIRCUIT
DAVID COSTANZA COURT OF APPEAL
STATE OF LOUISIANA
ON APPEAL FROM THE TWENTY-FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
PARISH OF JEFFERSON, STATE OF LOUISIANA
NO. 14-6642, DIVISION "C"
HONORABLE JUNE B. DARENSBURG, JUDGE PRESIDING
December 26, 2019
HANS J. LILJEBERG
JUDGE
Panel composed of Judges Robert A. Chaisson,
Hans J. Liljeberg, and John J. Molaison, Jr.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE VACATED;
REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING
HJL
RAC
JJM
COUNSEL FOR PLAINTIFF/APPELLEE,
STATE OF LOUISIANA
Paul D. Connick, Jr.
Thomas J. Butler
Joshua K. Vanderhooft
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT,
DAVID COSTANZA
Bruce G. Whittaker
LILJEBERG, J.
Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence for arson with intent to
defraud. For the following reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction, vacate his
sentence, and remand for resentencing.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant, David Costanza, was charged by bill of information with arson
with intent to defraud in violation of La. R.S. 14:53. He pleaded not guilty at
arraignment. On June 12-14, 2018, a bench trial was held.
At trial, Officer Arnold Breaux of the Westwego Police Department testified
that on August 27, 2014, he responded to a call regarding a house fire at 801
Avenue A in Westwego. When he arrived, he observed black smoke coming from
the house. Officer Breaux went next door to get residents out of their house.1 He
also observed an unrestrained dog running around in the back yard at 801 Avenue
A and noted that someone grabbed the dog and took it away from the scene. Once
the inside of the residence at 801 Avenue A was secured, he took photographs.
Officer Breaux testified that a gas can was recovered outside the rear door and
there was a key inside the lock of the front door. He also testified that he assisted
in collecting samples from the crime scene, including debris that was scraped off
of the floor inside the house and a piece of the box spring located in the rear
bedroom. The samples were placed into four separate arson “cans.”
Detective Christopher Fisher of the Westwego Police Department testified
that he became involved in a potential arson investigation involving the house fire
at 801 Avenue A. Initially, he was told that the fire appeared to be “suspicious.”
When Detective Fisher arrived, the scene had been secured, and the residence
appeared to have significant fire damage on the outside. He recovered and
1
Detective Christopher Fisher later testified that an elderly woman lived next door to 801 Avenue A and
was present while the fire was “raging.”
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reviewed a surveillance video from the house across the street. He indicated that
three individuals lived at 801 Avenue A and that defendant was one of them.
Detective Fisher testified that the surveillance video showed that Charles
Walden, defendant’s “father-in-law,” went to the house with defendant that
morning. The video reflected that Mr. Walden arrived at 8:57:24 and he and
defendant walked toward the rear of the residence. At 9:00:48, they appeared to
enter the back of the residence. Detective Fisher observed that at 9:02, Mr.
Walden left the residence and at 9:06:09, defendant left the residence from the
front door. He stated that at 9:06:58, he first noticed on the video that smoke was
coming out of the right or south side of the house. Detective Fisher also saw
smoke coming from the north side of the house. He testified that at 9:08:26, a man
later identified as Clayton Prestwood approached the front door and that at 9:08:32,
Mr. Prestwood walked away. At 9:09:06, there appeared to be a lot of smoke. 2
Defendant’s key to the residence was in the front door when the fire investigators
arrived. Detective Fisher testified that he obtained documents from Allstate
Insurance Company regarding an insurance claim filed by defendant. His
investigation led him to arrest defendant and charge him with arson with intent to
defraud.
Kim Melancon testified that she was employed as a Jefferson Parish fire
inspector and as a Westwego volunteer fire investigator. She further testified that
on August 27, 2014, she learned there was a structure fire at 801 Avenue A. Ms.
Melancon called James Boheman, the Director of Fire Investigations, to offer her
assistance. Ms. Melancon became the lead fire investigator, and Mr. Boheman
supervised and assisted her. She testified that she went to the scene and noticed
that the most damaged part of the house was the master bedroom, which was
2
The DVD containing the surveillance video was admitted into evidence and is consistent with Detective
Fisher’s testimony.
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toward the east and on the south side of the building. Ms. Melancon asserted that
it was “suspicious” that there was more damage to the master bedroom than
anywhere else. She indicated there was a light sitting on a gas-powered generator
at the scene, but she never saw it knocked over. She stated that they took samples
of the box spring from the master bedroom, which were sent to the crime lab. Ms.
Melancon determined that the origin of the fire was at the foot of the bed. She
drew that conclusion because of the burn patterns and the way the springs were
indented.
James Boheman testified that he was employed as the Director of Fire
Investigations for the City of Westwego and as a fire prevention officer with the
Marrero Volunteer Fire Department. He stated that on August 27, 2014, he
became involved in the fire investigation at 801 Avenue A. Mr. Boheman
determined that most of the fire damage occurred in a rear bedroom in the area of
the mattress and box spring close to the northwest side of the room. He recalled
seeing a generator with a lamp attached to it in the doorway but denied bringing it
in. Mr. Boheman recalled that the generator was in the rear bedroom before the
samples were taken. He stated that he took the generator from the dresser and put
it on the floor, but he did not see the generator tip over or lie on its side.
Mr. Boheman testified that they did not trace the electrical circuits to
determine why some circuit breakers had tripped. He further testified that they did
not test any electrical appliances or a phone charger found at the scene to
determine if they caused the fire. Mr. Boheman stated that the determination that
the fire was incendiary was based solely on fire pattern analysis. He asserted that
when he visually inspected the wires in the room, he did not see any indication that
there was an electrical failure that would have caused the fire. Mr. Boheman
testified that he believed the fire was intentionally set because the fire had “gone
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rapidly,” and they did not note anything electrical or any other potential causes
other than human involvement.
Thomas Angelica, Jr. testified that he was employed as the Director of the
Jefferson Parish Sheriff’s Office Crime Lab. The State and the defense stipulated
that he was an expert in the analysis and identification of ignitable liquids. Mr.
Angelica testified that he examined four specimens that were collected from the
crime scene at 801 Avenue A. He stated that he did not detect an odor in
specimens one through three, but he did detect a chemical smell in specimen four.
After testing the samples, Mr. Angelica concluded that gasoline was present in
specimen four. He asserted that before he tested specimen four, he was not told
that a gas generator had been at the scene where the sample was taken. If he had
known there was a possible gasoline leak at the scene, he might have put a
disclaimer in his report.
Robert Schaal testified that he was a private fire investigator who did
consulting work regarding fire origin and cause determinations, actual scene
investigations, and post-scene analysis. The State and the defense stipulated that
he was an expert in the field of fire origin and cause. Mr. Schaal testified that he
reviewed all of the previous work done in the investigation, including copies of
photographs and reports. He also visited the scene twice. Mr. Schaal concluded
that the fire originated in the rear bedroom at the northwest corner of the bed and
that it was caused by the open-flamed ignition of gasoline. He based his
conclusion on evidence and fire patterns he saw at the scene along with
confirmation of the presence of gasoline in the lab sample taken from the box
spring that would have been against the wall and “protected.” Mr. Schaal testified
that he had reviewed articles regarding the transfer of gasoline which showed that
when individuals stepped in gasoline and walked, the test samples detected no
gasoline.
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Jeffrey Stark testified that he was a forensic engineer and a mechanical
engineer. The State and the defense stipulated that he was an expert in the field of
oil and gas equipment design. Mr. Stark testified that he was asked to review the
report of defendant’s expert, James Mazerat, to examine and test the subject
generator to determine if there was any malfunction or defect, to note the
generator’s operational characteristics, and to ascertain how the generator could
possibly leak gasoline. Mr. Stark stated that he tested the actual generator used in
the fire investigation and did not observe any malfunction or defect in the
generator that would cause it to leak gasoline during normal, or even aggressive,
handling of it. He asserted that Mr. Mazerat said there was a recall on the
generator in question. However, Mr. Stark stated there was a recall on the Honda
EU2000, a different unit, and there was no recall issued on the Honda EU1000, the
generator in question. Mr. Stark explained that the fuel would have to travel a
winding route to get out of the generator. He also explained that the generator
leaks at approximately sixty degrees when it is angled forward and that it is
naturally carried at thirty degrees.
After the State rested, the defense called Jessica Walden as a witness. Ms.
Walden testified that defendant was her fiancé and she had known him for
approximately seventeen years. She explained that she, her son, and defendant
lived at 801 Avenue A before the fire. She maintained that she was working at the
time of the incident. Ms. Walden asserted that she had observed defendant being
forgetful, such as forgetting his keys in a car door or walking out of the house
without his insulin. She stated that she had lived at the house for twelve years, and
they had done a lot of renovations to the house during that time. Ms. Walden
stated that she lost most of her belongings in the house fire.
James Mazerat testified for the defense that he had been investigating cause
and fire origins for forty-three years. The State and the defense stipulated that Mr.
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Mazerat was an expert in the field of fire cause and origin. He testified that he
investigated the fire in the instant case and concluded that the fire originated from
an unknown electrical source in the attic above the rear bedroom or around the area
of the rear bedroom. Mr. Mazerat thought the origin of the fire started in the attic
in or near where boxes had been placed above the bedroom. Mr. Mazerat believed
that the fire was already going in a “smoldering stage” and broke out in the attic
while defendant and his father-in-law were still in the house. He said there was no
way to tell exactly when the fire started. It was his belief that there was a transfer
of gasoline that contaminated the scene.
Mr. Schaal testified in rebuttal for the State that it was his opinion that Mr.
Mazerat’s conclusion was incorrect. He asserted there was no indication that the
fire traveled through the attic and vented into the bedroom. He also stated that
there was a lack of charring, a lack of soot, and a lack of real fire damage in the
attic.
The State and the defense stipulated that defendant filed an insurance claim
in connection with the instant case. Defense counsel agreed to the stipulation as
long as the content of that claim was not testified to in any manner.
At the conclusion of trial, the trial court found defendant guilty as charged.
On January 18, 2019, the trial court sentenced defendant to one year of hard labor
to be served via home incarceration.3 Defendant appeals.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
On appeal, defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the
verdict. He contends that the State did not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of
innocence, including the possibility that the fire was not caused by human
intervention. He specifically contends that the State failed to exclude an electrical
fault in the wiring, an appliance, or a phone charger as a possible cause of the fire.
3
See Errors Patent discussion, infra.
19-KA-263 6
Defendant asserts that the State also failed to exclude the reasonable probability
that the gas-powered generator at the scene was the source of the accelerant that
was key to the State’s theory of guilt. He argues that without having excluded
those possible sources of ignition, or the alternative source of the accelerant, the
circumstantial evidence of guilt was legally insufficient to support the verdict.
Defendant also argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that the alleged arson was done with the specific intent to defraud. He
claims there is no evidence in the record upon which to conclude that he possessed
the requisite specific intent to defraud his insurer. Defendant notes that there was
no evidence that he had any financial troubles and there was unchallenged
testimony from his fiancé that the home had been extensively renovated over the
years and was their family home. He asserts that although the parties stipulated to
the fact that he made an insurance claim for fire damage, there is no evidence in
the record to show the amount of the claim or that the claim was inflated or
otherwise fraudulent. Thus, defendant contends that even assuming that the
evidence supports a finding that the fire was intentionally set, the State failed to
prove the second element of the crime—intent to defraud. As such, he argues that
this Court must set aside his conviction and sentence.
The State responds that the testimony of several of its witnesses supported
the conclusion that the fire was started by human intervention, not mechanical
failure. As to the specific intent to defraud, the State contends that the evidence at
trial established that the fire was intentionally started with the use of gasoline and
that defendant subsequently filed an insurance claim with Allstate Insurance
Company. It argues that defendant benefitted financially from the fire set in his
home and that no one else was linked to the arson of his residence.
In reviewing the sufficiency of evidence, an appellate court must determine
if the evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, or a mixture of both, viewed in
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the light most favorable to the prosecution, was sufficient to convince a rational
trier of fact that all of the elements of the crime have been proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d
560 (1979); State v. Neal, 00-0674 (La. 6/29/01), 796 So.2d 649, 657, cert. denied,
535 U.S. 940, 122 S.Ct. 1323, 152 L.Ed.2d 231 (2002).
In cases involving circumstantial evidence, the trial court must instruct the
jury that “assuming every fact to be proved that the evidence tends to prove, in
order to convict, it must exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” La.
R.S. 15:438. The reviewing court is not required to determine whether another
possible hypothesis of innocence suggested by the defendant offers an exculpatory
explanation of events. Rather, the reviewing court must determine whether the
possible alternative hypothesis is sufficiently reasonable that a rational juror could
not have found proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Mitchell, 99-
3342 (La. 10/17/00), 772 So.2d 78, 83; State v. Washington, 03-1135 (La. App. 5
Cir. 1/27/04), 866 So.2d 973, 977.
Arson with intent to defraud is defined as “the setting fire to, or damaging by
any explosive substance, any property, with intent to defraud.” La. R.S. 14:53.
The intent to defraud element requires specific intent. State v. Porter, 454 So.2d
220, 225 (La. App. 3 Cir. 1984), writ denied, 457 So.2d 17 (La. 1984), cert.
denied, 469 U.S. 1220, 105 S.Ct. 1205, 84 L.Ed.2d 347 (1985). Specific intent is
defined in La. R.S. 14:10(1) as “that state of mind which exists when the
circumstances indicate that the offender actively desired the prescribed criminal
consequences to follow his act or failure to act.” Specific intent need not be
proven as a fact but may be inferred from the circumstances and actions of the
accused. State v. Woodhead, 03-1036 (La. App. 5 Cir. 1/27/04), 866 So.2d 995,
999, writ denied, 04-0598 (La. 7/2/04), 877 So.2d 144.
19-KA-263 8
In State v. Sosa, 05-0213 (La. 1/19/06), 921 So.2d 94, the defendant was
convicted of arson with intent to defraud. On appeal, this Court reversed his
conviction and sentence, finding the evidence was insufficient to prove he had the
specific intent to defraud when he set the fire. The Louisiana Supreme Court
reversed and remanded, finding that the jury made credibility determinations and
rationally deduced from the testimony of the State’s experts that the defendant
purposefully set the fire and rationally inferred from the defendant’s actions that he
had done so with the intent to defraud. Id. at 101-102. In that case, the State’s
experts testified that the fire was intentionally set; however, the defense expert
testified that the fire was not intentionally set and that the evidence was
inconsistent with an accelerated fire. The Court found that although the opinions
of the experts clearly conflicted, there was nothing in the record that suggested the
jury acted irrationally in making credibility decisions, weighing the evidence, and
accepting the opinion testimony of the State’s experts over that of the defendant’s
expert. Id. at 100.
Also, the Court in Sosa noted that while this Court focused on the
defendant’s claimed lack of motive, specific intent did not require that a motive or
a plan be shown but only that the offender actively desired the proscribed criminal
consequences to follow from his actions pursuant to La. R.S. 14:10(1). Sosa, 921
So.2d at 101. The Court asserted that following the fire, the defendant and his wife
filed an insurance claim and received $90,000 to repair their home. It indicated
that the defendant was the only one who stood to benefit financially from a fire set
in his home and that no one else was linked to the arson or shown to have an
interest in harming him. Id.
In the instant case, the State presented sufficient evidence to show defendant
intentionally set the fire. Detective Fisher testified that the video reflected Mr.
Walden left the residence at 9:02 and defendant left at 9:06:09. A few seconds
19-KA-263 9
later at 9:06:58, Detective Fisher saw on the video that smoke was coming out of
the house. Ms. Melancon, a Jefferson Parish fire inspector, testified that the most
damaged part of the house was the master bedroom and that the origin of the fire
was at the foot of the bed. Mr. Boheman, the Director of Fire Investigations for
Westwego, testified that he believed the fire was intentionally set because the fire
had “gone rapidly,” and they did not note any other potential causes. Mr.
Angelica, the Director of the Jefferson Parish Crime Lab, testified that gasoline
was found in the sample taken from the box spring in the rear bedroom. Mr.
Schaal, the State’s expert in fire origin and cause, concluded that the fire originated
in the rear bedroom and was caused by the open-flamed ignition of gasoline. Mr.
Stark, the State’s expert in oil and gas equipment design, testified there was no
malfunction or defect in the generator that would have caused it to leak gasoline.
On the other hand, Mr. Mazerat, the defense expert in fire cause and origin,
concluded that the fire originated from an unknown electrical source in the attic.
He also testified that he believed there was a transfer of gasoline from the
generator that contaminated the scene. However, Mr. Schaal testified in rebuttal
that he believed Mr. Mazerat’s conclusion was incorrect, noting the lack of
charring, the lack of soot, and the lack of real fire damage in the attic. He also
testified that burn patterns clearly showed the fire originated in the residential
portion of the structure and progressed up toward the attic.
The State also presented sufficient evidence to show defendant intentionally
set the fire with the specific intent to defraud. The State and the defense stipulated
that defendant filed an insurance claim with Allstate Insurance Company in
connection with the instant case. Defense counsel agreed to the stipulation as long
as the content of that claim was not testified to in any manner. Although there was
no testimony that defendant was having financial problems, the Louisiana Supreme
Court in Sosa noted that specific intent did not require that a motive or a plan be
19-KA-263 10
shown but only that the offender actively desired the proscribed criminal
consequences to follow from his actions pursuant to La. R.S. 14:10(1). Sosa, 921
So.2d at 101. Similar to Sosa, the evidence in the instant case indicates that
defendant stood to benefit financially from a fire set in his home.
The trial judge listened to the witnesses and evaluated the evidence. She
clearly found the State’s witnesses to be more credible than the defense witnesses.
The credibility of witnesses is within the sound discretion of the trier of fact, who
may accept or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness; the
credibility of the witnesses will not be reweighed on appeal. State v. Rowan, 97-21
(La. App. 5 Cir. 4/29/97), 694 So.2d 1052, 1056.
In light of the foregoing, we find that a rational trier of fact could have found
that the evidence was sufficient under the Jackson standard to find that defendant
intentionally set fire to his home with the specific intent to defraud his insurance
company. Accordingly, defendant’s arguments on appeal are without merit, and
we affirm his conviction.
ERRORS PATENT
The record was reviewed for errors patent, according to La. C.Cr.P. art. 920;
State v. Oliveaux, 312 So.2d 337 (La. 1975); and State v. Weiland, 556 So.2d 175(La. App. 5 Cir. 1990). As a result of the following sentencing errors, we vacate
defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing.
Pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 879, the trial court is required to impose a
determinate sentence. In this case, the transcript reflects that the trial judge
sentenced defendant to one year of hard labor to be “served by way of home
incarceration.” She ordered defendant to follow all of the home-incarceration rules
and said, “they will explain those to you when you go over to home incarceration
when you leave here today.” The trial court did not orally impose conditions of
home incarceration. Although the “Conditions of Jefferson Parish Home
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Incarceration” form signed by the defendant, his attorney, and the trial judge shows
a table listing some conditions, the rest of the form is blank regarding scheduled
times, location, and specific comments. Also, the form entitled, “Felony: Schedule
of Fines, Fees, Sentencing Provisions & Probation Requirement” states that
defendant shall comply with the following special conditions of home
incarceration, but each of the paragraphs that lists special conditions has been
scratched through.
In State v. Walker, 08-563 (La. App. 5 Cir. 1/13/09), 8 So.3d 17, 18-19, the
defendant pleaded guilty to third-offense possession of marijuana and was
sentenced to two years at hard labor to be served in home incarceration with
“ATI.” In an error patent review, this Court found that the sentence imposed by
the trial court was indeterminate under La. C.Cr.P. art. 879. This Court stated in
pertinent part:
La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.2 provides that the trial court may order
home incarceration in lieu of imprisonment—not as
imprisonment. Therefore, a hard labor sentence and an order
of home incarceration are incongruent. In order to sentence
a defendant to home incarceration, first the sentencing court
must suspend the imprisonment and order the suspension to
be served in home incarceration with supervision.
(Emphasis in original)
Walker, 8 So.3d at 21.
In Walker, this Court also noted that the trial court did not orally impose
conditions of home incarceration. This Court vacated the sentence and remanded
for resentencing. Id. at 22.
La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.2 provides in pertinent part:
C. The court shall specify the conditions of home incarceration.
The conditions may include any condition reasonably related to
implementing or monitoring the home incarceration, including
curfew, electronic or telephone monitoring, home visitation by
persons designated by the court, and limitation of the defendant’s
activities outside of the home.
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D. The defendant shall be given a certificate setting forth the
conditions of his home incarceration and shall be required to
agree in writing to the conditions.
In State v. Frickey, 00-294 (La. App. 5 Cir. 9/26/00), 769 So.2d 791, 799, in
an error patent review, this Court found that the trial court failed to properly
comply with the requirements for imposition of home incarceration. In addition to
other sentencing errors, this Court found that the trial court failed to specify the
conditions of home incarceration as required by La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.2(C). This
Court further found that because the defendant was not apprised of the required
conditions, pursuant to La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.2, the sentence may be considered
indeterminate under La. C.Cr.P. art. 879. Accordingly, this Court vacated the
sentence and remanded for resentencing in compliance with La. C.Cr.P. art. 894.2.
Id. at 800.
In the instant case, we find the trial court erred by ordering the one-year hard
labor sentence to be served in home incarceration in light of Walker, where this
Court found that Article 894.2 provided that the trial court may order home
incarceration in lieu of imprisonment—not as imprisonment. We also find that the
trial court erred by failing to specify the conditions of home incarceration. See
Frickey, supra. Although defendant agreed to abide by home incarceration rules,
defendant was not apprised of the rules applicable to him. Based on the foregoing,
we vacate defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing.
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction, vacate his
sentence, and remand to the trial court for resentencing.
CONVICTION AFFIRMED; SENTENCE VACATED; REMANDED
FOR RESENTENCING
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SUSAN M. CHEHARDY CURTIS B. PURSELL
CHIEF JUDGE CLERK OF COURT
MARY E. LEGNON
FREDERICKA H. WICKER
CHIEF DEPUTY CLERK
JUDE G. GRAVOIS
MARC E. JOHNSON
ROBERT A. CHAISSON SUSAN BUCHHOLZ
STEPHEN J. WINDHORST
FIRST DEPUTY CLERK
HANS J. LILJEBERG
JOHN J. MOLAISON, JR. FIFTH CIRCUIT
MELISSA C. LEDET
JUDGES 101 DERBIGNY STREET (70053)
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL STAFF
POST OFFICE BOX 489
GRETNA, LOUISIANA 70054 (504) 376-1400
(504) 376-1498 FAX
www.fifthcircuit.org
NOTICE OF JUDGMENT AND CERTIFICATE OF DELIVERY
I CERTIFY THAT A COPY OF THE OPINION IN THE BELOW-NUMBERED MATTER HAS BEEN DELIVERED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH UNIFORM RULES - COURT OF APPEAL, RULE 2-16.4 AND 2-16.5 THIS DAY
DECEMBER 26, 2019 TO THE TRIAL JUDGE, CLERK OF COURT, COUNSEL OF RECORD AND ALL PARTIES
NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL, AS LISTED BELOW:
19-KA-263
E-NOTIFIED
24TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT (CLERK)
HONORABLE JUNE B. DARENSBURG (DISTRICT JUDGE)
TERRY M. BOUDREAUX (APPELLEE) THOMAS J. BUTLER (APPELLEE)
MAILED
BRUCE G. WHITTAKER (APPELLANT) HON. PAUL D. CONNICK, JR. (APPELLEE)
ATTORNEY AT LAW JOSHUA K. VANDERHOOFT (APPELLEE)
LOUISIANA APPELLATE PROJECT ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEYS
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