State Of Louisiana v. Ronald St. Cyre ( 2019 )

STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST CIRCUIT
NO. 2019 KA 0034
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
RONALD ST. CYRE
Judgment Rendered: DEC 19 2019
On Appeal from the
22nd Judicial District Court
In and for the Parish of St. Tammany
State of Louisiana
Trial Court No. 598, 521
Honorable Scott Gardner, Judge Presiding
Samuel H. Winston Attorneys for Defendant -Appellant,
New Orleans, LA Ronald St. Cyre
James E. Boren
Baton Rouge, LA
Warren L. Montgomery Attorneys for Appellee,
District Attorney State of Louisiana
Matthew Caplan
Assistant District Attorney
Covington, LA
BEFORE: HIGGINBOTHAM, PENZATO AND LANIER, JJ.
HIGGINBOTHAM, J.
The defendant, Ronald St. Cyre, was charged by bill of information with
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, a violation of La. R.S. 14: 95. 1. He
pled not guilty and, following a jury trial, was found guilty as charged. The
defendant filed a motion for postverdict judgment of acquittal and/ or new trial,
which was denied. The trial court sentenced the defendant to fifteen years
imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of
sentence. The trial court also imposed a $ 1, 000 fine. The State filed a habitual
offender bill of information.' In exchange for a " double bill" and an agreed upon
sentence, the defendant admitted to the prior convictions in the habitual offender bill
of information. The trial court adjudicated the defendant a second -felony habitual
offender. The trial court vacated the previous sentence and resentenced the
defendant to thirty years imprisonment at hard labor without benefit of parole,
probation, or suspension of sentence. The defendant now appeals, designating seven
assignments of error.
FACTS
In January 2018, the defendant was on parole for having previously
committed the crime of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. Agent Steve
Everly, with the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, Division of Probation
and Parole, supervised the defendant' s felony parole. On January 9, 2018, the
defendant' s wife, Chelsea, drove him to the office of Agent Everly on Columbia
Street in Covington, Louisiana, in order to fill out paperwork to facilitate a relocation
to Georgia to live with a relative. Chelsea drove the defendant' s aunt' s Honda
Accord because his truck was in the shop being repaired. When the defendant
arrived at Agent Everly' s office, he was on crutches because he suffered a gunshot
The defendant has prior convictions for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, attempted
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, possession of cocaine, and possession of a Schedule
II controlled dangerous substance.
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wound to the leg. The defendant told Agent Everly that his wife had driven him to
the office.
In order to process the paperwork for the defendant' s transfer to Georgia, the
defendant was required to pay a fee. Therefore, the defendant left the parole office
and went to the post office to obtain a $ 150. 00 money order for the transfer fee.
While the defendant was gone, Agent Everly obtained approval from his supervisor,
Agent Lindy Lousteau, with the Department of Public Safety and Corrections,
Division of Probation and Parole, to search the vehicle in which the defendant had
arrived ( the Accord). When the defendant returned from the post office, Agent
Everly told him he was going to search the vehicle. Agent Everly asked the
defendant if there was anything in the vehicle that he should not have, and the
defendant replied that there was not. The defendant then began texting on his phone.
When Agent Everly observed the defendant texting, he took the defendant' s phone.
When Agent Everly looked at the phone screen, he saw that the defendant sent a text
to Chelsea which said, " Get that gun from underwear rite [ sic]," and that Chelsea
responded, " Put it wear [ sic]."
After reading the text messages, Agent Everly brought the defendant to
Supervisor Lousteau' s office. Agent Everly then enlisted the help of two other
agents, including Agent Christopher Howell, with the Department of Public Safety
and Corrections, Division of Probation and Parole. The three agents went to the
parking lot to search the vehicle. While they were in the parking lot, Chelsea called
the defendant' s phone, which was still in the possession of Agent Everly. Agent
Everly answered the phone and asked Chelsea where she was located. Chelsea then
directed the agents to her location. The agents approached the Accord, Agent Everly
asked Chelsea where the gun was, and she told him that it was underneath the
driver' s seat. Agent Howell removed the gun from the car, a . 40 caliber Glock
handgun, and gave it to Agent Everly.
3
Agent Everly returned to Supervisor Lousteau' s office. He Mirandized the
defendant and asked him about the gun. The defendant told him that his aunt bought
the gun and gave it to him " for safety, because he was in fear of his life." The
defendant was subsequently arrested.
Chelsea testified at trial that the defendant did not know about the gun in the
vehicle until they had arrived at the post office, and Chelsea had told him that she
inadvertently discovered the gun under the seat. Priscilla Vaughn, the defendant' s
aunt whose Accord the defendant had borrowed, testified at trial that she bought the
Glock gun and kept it in her vehicle for her protection when going to work. She
indicated that she did not give the gun to the defendant.
The defendant did not testify at trial.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1
In his first assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred
in denying his motion to suppress the evidence. Specifically, the defendant contends
that there was no reasonable suspicion to search the vehicle; that the search was not
of the defendant' s vehicle; and that no consent was given to search the vehicle.
Trial courts are vested with great discretion when ruling on a motion to
suppress.
State v. Long, 2003- 2592 ( La. 9/ 9/ 04), 884 So. 2d 1176, 1179, cert.
denied, 544 U.S. 9771 125 S. Ct. 1860, 161 L.Ed.2d 728 ( 2005). When a trial court
denies a motion to suppress, factual and credibility determinations should not be
reversed in the absence of a clear abuse of the trial court' s discretion, i.e., unless
such ruling is not supported by the evidence. See State v. Green, 94- 0887 ( La.
5/ 22/ 95), 655 So. 2d 272, 280- 81. However, a trial court' s legal findings are subject
to a de novo standard of review. See State v. Hunt, 2009- 1589 ( La. 12/ 1/ 09), 25
So. 3d 746, 751. In determining whether the ruling on defendant' s motion to suppress
was correct, we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion.
We may consider all pertinent evidence given at the trial of the case. State v.
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Brooks, 92- 3331 ( La. 1/ 17/ 95), 648 So. 2d 366, 372.
At the motion to suppress hearing, Agent Everly established the following.
The defendant arrived at his office on crutches. The defendant, who had been shot
two months before, explained to Agent Everly that his wife, Chelsea, drove him to
the office. Agent Everly ran a drug screen on the defendant, who tested positive for
marijuana, benzodiazepine, and oxycodone. The defendant told Agent Everly that
he had prescriptions for the benzodiazepine and oxycodone, but did not have those
prescriptions with him. Agent Everly and the defendant filled out paperwork that
would enable the defendant to transfer to a different jurisdiction, namely Atlanta,
Georgia. Agent Everly then texted Supervisor Lousteau to see if he should search
the vehicle in which the defendant had arrived Supervisor Lousteau approved the
search of the vehicle. As Agent Everly walked out of his office to go to the vehicle,
he noticed that the defendant stayed behind and was texting on his phone. Agent
Everly took the defendant' s phone and saw the following text: " Get that gun from
underwear rite [ sic]." The reply to this was, " Put it wear [ sic]." With his own phone,
Agent Everly took a screen shot of this text.
Agent Everly enlisted the help of two other agents to conduct the search. The
agents went outside to find the vehicle in which defendant arrived. Agent Everly
still had the defendant' s phone. Chelsea called the defendant' s phone, and Agent
Everly answered the phone and asked Chelsea where she was located. Chelsea
signaled her position, and the agents went to the vehicle. Agent Everly directed
Chelsea to tell him where the gun was located. Chelsea told Agent Everly that the
gun was under the driver' s seat. Agent Howell removed the gun and gave it to Agent
Everly, who unloaded the gun before going back inside. According to Agent Everly,
the handgun was a . 40 caliber Glock, fully loaded; that is, it had a full magazine with
a round in the " pipe."
The defendant argues in brief that there was no reasonable suspicion to search
5
the vehicle. According to the defendant, evidence of his gunshot wound and positive
drug screen had no connection to the vehicle. Further, the defendant avers that there
was no reasonable suspicion that evidence would be found in the vehicle because of
the length of time that had passed. Specifically, the defendant pointed out that it had
been 65 days since the gunshot wound occurred, and that marijuana can stay in your
system for up to ten days after consumption.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 5,
of the Louisiana Constitution protect people against unreasonable searches and
seizures. Subject only to a few well- established exceptions, a search or seizure
conducted without a warrant issued upon probable cause is constitutionally
prohibited. Once a defendant makes an initial showing that a warrantless search or
seizure occurred, the burden of proof shifts to the State to affirmatively show it was
justified under one of the narrow exceptions to the rule requiring a search warrant.
State v. Lowery, 2004- 0802 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 17/ 04), 890 So. 2d 711, 717, writ
denied, 2005- 0447 ( La. 5/ 13/ 05), 902 So. 2d 1018. See La. Code Crim. P. art.
703( D); State v. Hood, 2012- 0006 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 6/ 8/ 12), 2012 WL 2061512 * 2
unpublished), writ denied, 2012- 1579 ( La. 1/ 25/ 13), 105 So. 3d 64.
A parolee has a reduced expectation of privacy, subjecting him to reasonable
warrantless searches of his person and residence by his parole officer. See State v.
Malone, 403 So. 2d 1234, 1238 ( La. 1981); State v. Hamilton, 2002- 1344 ( La. App.
1st Cir. 2/ 14/ 03), 845 So. 2d 383, 387, writ denied, 2003- 1095 ( La. 4/ 30/ 04), 872
So. 2d 480. The reduced expectation of privacy is a result of the parolee' s conviction
and agreement to report to a parole officer and to allow that officer to investigate his
activities in order to confirm compliance with the provisions of his parole.
Hamilton, 845 So. 2d at 387. A parole officer' s powers, however, are not without
some restraints. A parole officer may not use his authority as a subterfuge to help
another police agency that desires to conduct a search, but lacks the necessary
G
probable cause. The parole officer must believe that the search is necessary in the
performance of his duties and reasonable in light of the total circumstances. Id.
It is an appropriate function of a parole officer to conduct unannounced,
random checks on parolees. A parolee agrees to submit to such unannounced visits
from his parole officer as a condition of parole. Hamilton, 845 So. 2d at 387. A
probationer has essentially the same status as a parolee. Malone, 403 So.2d at 1238;
Hood, 2012 WL 2061512 at * 2. A probation officer' s decision to search must be
supported by something more than a mere hunch; however, a reasonable suspicion
that criminal activity is occurring will suffice. The officer is not required to have
probable cause to conduct the search. To require otherwise would place unnecessary
obstacles in the path of a probation officer who is performing his job of supervising
the individual assigned to him. Malone, 403 So. 2d at 1239.
In this matter, the defendant, a parolee, had just recently been involved in a
shooting, he was on parole for a previous conviction of La. R.S. 14: 95. 1 ( possession
of a firearm by a convicted felon), and he had just tested positive for having
marijuana in his system. Agent Everly noted as much at the motion to suppress
hearing when he explained that he had texted his supervisor about searching the
vehicle because the defendant " was involved in a shooting, and he tested positive
for marijuana."
In fact, the defendant' s positive drug screen for marijuana, alone, provided
Agent Everly with reasonable suspicion that the defendant, a parolee, had committed
a crime. Whatever other subjective motivations Agent Everly may have had to
search the vehicle, such as the text message, were of no consequence. The fact that
the officer does not have the state of mind that is hypothecated by the reasons that
provide the legal justification for the officer' s action does not invalidate the action
taken as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, justify that action. Whren
v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 813, 116 S. Ct. 1769, 1774, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 ( 1996).
7
Subjective intentions play no role in ordinary, probable cause Fourth Amendment
analysis. Id.The defendant suggests in brief that a " positive drug screen does not give rise
to reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is occurring," particularly for
marijuana since, according to the defendant, a casual user of marijuana may test
positive for marijuana " up to 10 days after consumption." ( Emphasis in original).
Whether the defendant smoked marijuana just prior to entering Agent Everly' s office
or hours before is of no moment. That the defendant possessed marijuana at some
point in the recent past was enough to establish that a crime had been committed
while the defendant was on parole, rather than was occurring at that moment, as
suggested by the defendant. When the defendant was released on parole in
December of 2015, he signed a Department of Public Safety and Corrections
Diminution of Sentence form, which provided a list of conditions under which parole
was granted. The ninth condition in this list provides: " I agree to visits at my
residence or place of employment by my Parole Officer at any time. I also agree to
searches of my person, property, residence, and/ or vehicle, when reasonable
suspicion exists that I am or have been engaged in criminal activity." See La. R. S.
15: 5 74.4.2( A)(2)( i). 2
In the similar case of State v. Thomas, 96- 2006 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 11/ 6/ 96),
683 So. 2d 885, defendant, a probationer, met her probation and parole officer, Agent
Morantine at her office. A routine urine test was conducted, and defendant tested
positive for cocaine. While Agent Morantine waited for the police to come and arrest
defendant, two other probation officers searched the vehicle defendant had driven to
the office. The officers seized defendant' s purse from the vehicle, emptied it, and
discovered a matchbox that held a glass container with burnt residue on it.
2 Under this statutory provision, the committee on parole may require the parolee to conform to
conditions ofparole, including to agree to searches of person, property, residence, or vehicle, when
reasonable suspicion exists that criminal activity has been engaged in while on parole.
8
Defendant was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia. Id. at 886. The fourth
circuit found that a search of defendant' s vehicle and belongings after she tested
positive for drugs, done in accordance with the usual practice of the probation office,
was entirely reasonable and did not require a warrant. Id. at 888.
The defendant in brief cites to State v. Clay, 2017- 424 ( La. App. 5th Cir.
5/ 23/ 18), 248 So. 3d 665, 667- 69, wherein defendant, a parolee, was subjected to a
warrantless search of his residence and vehicle, referred to by the State as a
compliance check. The search of defendant' s vehicle resulted in the seizure of a
handgun. At the hearing on the motion to suppress the evidence, it was learned that
Gretna Police Department Detective Alfred Disler (who was handling defendant' s
case) was contacted by Jefferson Parish Sheriff' s Office Agent Pat DiGiovanni, who
stated he had spoken to an informant who told him that a suspect in an " unrelated
investigation," identified as defendant, was involved in an armed robbery in
Lafourche Parish. Detective Disler also learned from Agent DiGiovanni that the
informant had advised him that defendant was selling guns from a residence located
behind a Circle K convenience store. They conducted a computer search and learned
that defendant was on parole for a previous 2004 armed robbery conviction. At that
point, Detective Disler contacted Agent Justin Edgecombe of the Louisiana
Department of Probation and Parole to advise him of the investigation involving
defendant. Agent Edgecombe confirmed to Detective Disler that defendant was on
parole and provided him with the address defendant had listed with Probation and
Parole. According to Detective Disler, he also contacted other members of the
Gretna Police Department to assist in the anticipated compliance check of
defendant' s residence, where officers found marijuana, a pipe, a drug test kit, and a
scale. The trial court denied the motion to suppress.
The fifth circuit reversed the trial court' s ruling, finding that defendant' s
parole officer used his authority as a subterfuge to help another police agency that
E
desired to conduct a search, but lacked the necessary probable cause. Clay, 248
So. 3d at 679. The fifth circuit found there was no justification for any search because
there was no reasonable suspicion of any criminal activity by defendant. The fifth
circuit stated: " In short, reviewing the totality of the circumstances, we find a
complete lack of evidence to prove that Probation and Parole had reasonable
suspicion that criminal activity was occurring prior to participating in the
compliance check and subsequent warrantless search of defendant' s residence and
vehicle." Id. at 680.
The defendant' s reliance on Clay is misplaced. In the instant matter, the
positive drug screen test revealed to Agent Everly that the defendant had committed
a crime, namely possession of marijuana, and was therefore in violation of his parole
at that moment, even before the vehicle was searched. In Clay, the State failed to
show that any of the officers involved in the search of defendant' s residence and
vehicle had any reasonable suspicion whatsoever ( much less probable cause) that
defendant had committed any crime. As the fifth circuit in Clay pointed out, "[ t]here
is a complete lack of evidence in the record establishing that the agents from
Probation and Parole possessed sufficient— or any— reasonable suspicion that
criminal activity was occurring that would justify their warrantless search of
defendant' s residence and vehicle." Clay, 248 So. 3d at 683.
The defendant further argues in brief that the search of his cell phone did not
cure the lack of reasonable suspicion. The defendant notes that the warrantless
search of a cell phone is unconstitutional even when incident to a lawful arrest. See
Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373, 386, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2485, 189 L.Ed. 2d 4302014) ( holding that officers must generally secure a warrant before conducting a
search of data on cell phones).
As discussed above, Agent Everly had reasonable suspicion that the defendant
had committed a crime ( possession of marijuana) before he took the defendant' s
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phone. That is, notwithstanding any text that may or may not have been observed,
Agent Everly, based on reasonable suspicion of a crime, was heading to the vehicle
in which defendant had arrived. Moreover, it is not clear that Agent Everly searched
the defendant' s phone for Fourth Amendment purposes. Agent Everly explained that
when he saw the defendant texting in his office, he told the defendant he was not
allowed to text and took the phone. When Agent Everly looked at the phone screen,
he saw the text from the defendant stating " Get that gun" and the reply text of "Put
it wear [ sic]."
An exception to the search warrant requirement is the plain -view exception.
Two conditions must be satisfied to trigger the applicability of the doctrine: ( 1) there
must be a prior justification for an intrusion into the protected area; ( 2) it must be
immediately apparent without close inspection that the item is evidence or
contraband. See Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 135- 137, 110 S. Ct. 230112307, 110 L.Ed.2d 112 ( 1990); State v. Howard, 2001- 1487 ( La. App. 1st Cir.
3/ 28/ 02), 814 So. 2d 47, 53, writ denied, 2002- 1485 ( La. 5/ 16/ 03), 843 So. 2d 1120.
While the text itself was not contraband, it was evidence that there was likely
contraband in the car the defendant was in. Accordingly, the viewing of the text on
the cell phone arguably fell under the plain view exception to the warrant
requirement. In any event, as noted, Agent Everly was going to search the vehicle,
regardless of the discovery of any text messages; as such, the gun inevitably would
have been found. See Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444, 104 S. Ct. 2501, 2509, 81
L.Ed.2d 377 ( 1984).
Finally, the defendant argues in brief that no consent was given to search the
vehicle, and Agent Everly should not have had the right to search a third -party
vehicle that did not belong to the defendant. Regarding consent, Agent Everly was
not required to obtain consent from either the defendant or Chelsea to search the
vehicle. By virtue of the Diminution of Sentence form the defendant signed as a
11
parolee, he gave his consent to search the moment there was reasonable suspicion
that he was engaging or had been engaging in criminal activity. Moreover, when
Agent Everly learned that there was a gun in the vehicle, exigent circumstances gave
him the right to search without a warrant or consent. See State v. Brumfield, 2005-
2500 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9/ 20/ 06), 944 So.2d 588, 595- 98, writ denied, 2007- 0213
La. 9/ 28/ 07), 964 So.2d 353.
Additionally, the defendant' s argument that Agent Everly could not search the
vehicle ( without consent) because it was not owned by the defendant is baseless.
The vehicle searched was the vehicle that the defendant rode in to get to Agent
Everly' s office.
In Pennsylvania v. Labron, 518 U.S. 938, 940, 116 S. Ct. 2485, 2487, 135
L.Ed. 2d 1031 ( 1996) ( per curiam), the United States Supreme Court held that if a
car is readily mobile and probable cause exists to believe it contains contraband, the
Fourth Amendment permits the police to search the vehicle without more. When
Agent Everly learned there was a gun in the vehicle and that the defendant' s wife
was still in the vehicle, he had the right to search that vehicle because he had
probable cause to believe the vehicle contained contraband or evidence of a crime.
Ownership of the vehicle was irrelevant. See State v. Williams, 38, 379 ( La. App.
2nd Cir. 11/ 25/ 03), 858 So. 2d 878, 880- 81, writ denied, 2003- 3535 ( La. 3/ 12/ 04),
869 So. 2d 807 ( finding that the facts known to the arresting police officer gave
probable cause to search and seize contraband from the vehicle, where the non -
owner passenger of the car gave consent after the non -owner driver refused consent).
This is the same principle that allows the police, who have probable cause to search
an entire vehicle, to also open any container inside the vehicle, without regard to
who might own each container. See United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 825, 102
S. Ct. 21575 2172, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 ( 1982); State v. Jackson, 2009- 1983 ( La. 7/ 6/ 10),
42 So. 3d 368, 374 ( per curiam).
12
Based on all of the foregoing, Agent Everly had reasonable suspicion, as well
as probable cause, to search the vehicle and seize the gun that was in it. The trial
court did not err or abuse its discretion in denying the motion to suppress the
evidence.
Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2
In his second assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress his statement to Agent Everly. Specifically, the
defendant contends that he was not properly Mirandized before being questioned
by Agent Everly.
It is well- settled the ruling in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct.
16025 16 L.Ed.2d 694 ( 1966) protects an individual' s Fifth Amendment privilege
during incommunicado interrogation in a police -controlled atmosphere. In
Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 86 S. Ct. at 1612, the Supreme Court defined " custodial
interrogation" as " questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person
has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any
significant way." Thus, before a confession or inculpatory statement made during a
custodial interrogation may be introduced into evidence, the State must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was first advised of his Miranda
rights, that he voluntarily and intelligently waived those rights, and that the statement
was made freely and voluntarily and not under the influence of fear, duress,
intimidation, menaces, threats, inducements, or promises. La. Code Crim. P. art.
703( D); La. R.S. 15: 451. Hunt, 25 So. 3d at 754. See State v. Patterson, 572 So. 2d
1144, 1150 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 1990), writ denied, 577 So. 2d 11 ( La. 1991). Whether
or not a showing of voluntariness has been made is analyzed on a case- by- case basis
with regard to the facts and circumstances of each case. The trial court must consider
the totality of the circumstances in deciding whether a confession is admissible.
13
State v. Williams, 2001- 0944 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 28/ 01), 804 So. 2d 932, 944, writ
denied, 2002- 0399 ( La. 2/ 14/ 03), 836 So. 2d 135.
Although the burden of proof is generally on the defendant to prove the
grounds recited in a motion to suppress evidence, such is not the case with the motion
to suppress a confession. In a motion to suppress a purported confession, the burden
of proof is with the State to prove the confession' s admissibility. La. Code Crim. P.
art. 703( D). Since the general admissibility of a confession ( or inculpatory
statement) is a question for the trial court, its conclusions on the credibility and
weight of the testimony are accorded great weight and will not be overturned unless
they are not supported by the evidence. Patterson, 572 So. 2d at 1150. In
determining whether the ruling on the defendant' s motion to suppress was correct,
we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion. We may
consider all pertinent evidence given at the trial of the case. Brooks, 648 So. 2d at
372.
The defendant argues that Agent Everly " started questioning" him before
advising him of his Miranda rights. Further, according to the defendant, Agent
Everly was not credible because, while he indicated that a short time elapsed
between the commencement of questioning and the reading of his rights, the only
documentary evidence shows that he was arrested at 2: 00 p.m. and advised of his
rights at 2: 00 p.m. The defendant avers that this means that he waived his rights " at
precisely the same time as his arrest." The defendant notes that Agent Everly
testified that the defendant finished giving his statement before he was arrested.
According to the defendant, even if he was properly advised of his rights at some
point during his inculpatory statement, the State did not prove which portions of his
inculpatory statement occurred before being advised of his rights and which portions
occurred after being advised of his rights.
We address first the defendant' s assertion that Agent Everly " started
14
questioning" him before being Mirandized. After securing the gun, Agent Everly
returned to Supervisor Lousteau' s office, where the defendant was located. At the
motion to suppress hearing, Agent Everly testified that as he " started speaking with
the defendant," another agent passed the office and asked if Agent Everly had read
him his rights. At that point, Agent Everly Mirandized the defendant. Agent Everly
then testified at the suppression hearing: " I read him his rights. He stated that his
aunt had bought the gun and given it to him for protection. He was very, I would
say, contrite." Despite the defendant' s contention, there was nothing in this
testimony that indicated the defendant confessed before being Mirandized.
At trial, Agent Everly testified that when he got back to Supervisor Lousteau' s
office, he informed her about what he and the other agents had found. He then
advised the defendant of his Miranda rights via a card that he kept in his wallet.
Agent Everly further testified that the defendant stated that he understood his rights,
and that he agreed to waive those rights and speak to him. When asked what the
defendant said, Agent Everly testified: " He was very contrite knowing that we found
a gun. He said he didn' t want to go to jail, that his aunt had bought the gun and
given it to him for security, for safety, because he was in fear of his life." Agent
Everly further indicated that he did not record the defendant' s statement, and that he
thought Agent Howell heard the defendant' s inculpatory statement because Agent
Howell was standing close by Supervisor Lousteau' s office door.
Agent Howell testified at trial that he was actually in Supervisor Lousteau' s
office when he heard the defendant say that his aunt had given him the firearm for
protection. Supervisor Lousteau testified at trial that Agent Everly had the defendant
sit in her office while the vehicle was searched. According to Supervisor Lousteau,
when Agent Everly returned to her office, he produced the handgun found in the
vehicle. Supervisor Lousteau indicated that at this point, Agent Everly " read him
his Miranda rights and questioned him about the weapon, about the firearm that he
15
found." When Supervisor Lousteau was asked on direct examination about what she
heard, the following exchange took place:
A. I remember hearing him acknowledge his rights, and he admitted
that the gun was out there and that there was attempts to hide it, but at
that point, he was willing to come clean. And he was actually very, you
know, sincere and stayed calm, but he admitted what he did wrong, and
he admitted that he knew it was there and that he had -- it wasn' t his.
He did not buy it, but it was given to him.
Q. Did you learn who it was given to him by?
A. He said it was his aunt, but I don' t recall her name.
Q. During that interaction, was your office door open or closed?
A. Open. It stays open.
Q. Tell me about the environment in the office. Was anybody
screaming and shouting?
A. No, ma' am.
Q. Did anybody threaten or coerce the suspect into saying anything?
A. No, ma' am.
Regarding the defendant' s contention that Agent Everly lacked credibility
because the advisement of rights and arrest were documented as having occurred at
the same time, we note the following exchange with Agent Everly on cross-
examination:
Q. Now, are you as sure as you are about the rest of your testimony that
you read Ronald St. Cyre his rights prior to him making a statement?
A. Yes.
Q. And, in fact, that you' ve read him the rights that were on the
Miranda form, correct?
A. I read him both of them, yes. I read them off the card, and I read
them again at the jail when I went and booked him.
Q. I' m going show you State' s Exhibit 8. Can you tell me under the
line that says " agent informing" -- what does it say? Agent informing
what?
A. Prisoner signature, witness. There' s my signature right there.
Q. Agent informing prisoner?
A. Yes.
Q. Whose signature is on that line?
A. No one.
Q. No one? How could no one' s signature be on that line?
A. I signed the witness, where I witnessed it.
Q. Is that a mistake?
A. Probably. I was trying to get his arrest report done.
Q. Are you sure you read him his rights that day?
A. Yeah, I witnessed it right there. He signed it. He signed the
document, and I witnessed him signing the document.
Q. Were you a witness to the person advising him of his rights, or did
you advise him of his rights?
A. I advised him of his rights.
16
Q. That' s you' re [ sic] testimony?
A. That' s my testimony.
Q. That' s not what his document says. His document just says you
were a witness.
A. Okay. My testimony is I read him his rights, and I witnessed his
signing it. I think I may have signed the wrong block, but I witnessed
him sign that, yes.
Q. Then it' s just another mistake?
A. No.
Q. Who are the other witnesses?
A. Lindy Lousteau.
Q. That' s your supervisor, correct?
A. Yes.
Q. So Ms. Lousteau went to the jail with you then, right?
A. No.
Q. Well, didn' t you testify that that' s where you got this signed?
A. I got this signed at the jail, yes, but she witnessed.
Q. Ms. Lousteau didn' t go with you?
A. No. She witnessed me give him the Miranda rights in her office.
She witnessed that that is a true thing right there.
Q. So she didn' t witness Ronald St. Cyre sign this form?
A. No.
Q. You just got the form witnessed later, right?
A. No. He was read his Miranda rights twice. She signed that he was
read his rights.
Q. Can you go to your arrest report, D 1?
A. Yes.
Q. What' s the time of arrest that you noted on your arrest report?
A. About 2: 00 o' clock.
Q. Was it about 2, or does it say 2: 00 p.m.?
A. 2: 00 p.m.
Q. What' s the time on State' s Exhibit 8 that you said you read him his
rights?
A. 2: 00 p.m.
Q. 2: 00 p.m., okay. We just went through the timeline, Agent. You
read him his rights. That' s what you testified to, right?
A. Yes.
Q. You questioned him for you don' t know how long, and then you
arrested him?
A. Yes.
Q. So why does the rights form say you' ve read him his rights at 2, and
your arrest report says you arrested him at 2? How do you do it all at
the same time?
A. It' s the same form. It' s the same thing. He was read his Miranda
rights, and that' s when I signed. I read them twice, but he signed at
2: 00 o' clock, 2: 00 o' clock is the same timeframe.
Q. So he waived his rights at the same time he was arrested?
A. Yes.
Q. Same exact time simultaneously?
A. Yes.
Q. When did he make a statement then?
A. After I arrested him. After I read him his Miranda rights.
Q. You just testified, we just went through it. Miranda rights,
17
statement, arrest.
A. Yes.
Q. They can' t be all done at the same time?
A. It was all at the same time. It' s the same time.
Q. It was all at 2: 00 p.m.? It all happened 2: 00 p.m.? It didn' t even
take a second? Is that what you' re testifying to?
A. No. The arrest time was 2: 00 o' clock.
Q. As well as the time you read him his rights?
A. It' s all the same timeframe.
Considering the great weight accorded a trial court' s conclusions regarding
credibility, we find no reason to disturb the trial court' s ruling in denying the motion
to suppress the defendant' s inculpatory statement. Testimony of the interviewing
police officer alone may be sufficient to prove a defendant' s statements were freely
and voluntarily given. State v. Maten, 2004- 1718 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 3/ 24/ 05), 899
So. 2d 711, 721, writ denied, 2005- 1570 ( La. 1/ 27/ 06), 922 So. 2d 544. Agent Everly
testified that he Mirandized the defendant, then got his statement, and then arrested
him. Whether all this happened around 2: 00 p.m. or in quick succession is of no
moment. This was a credibility issue, and the trial court chose to believe the
testimony of Agent Everly. Further, Supervisor Lousteau also testified she heard
Agent Everly Mirandize the defendant, then question him about the gun.
Based on the foregoing, we find no error in the trial court' s conclusion that
the defendant was Mirandized before making the inculpatory statement. Further,
the statement was freely and voluntarily given. Accordingly, the trial court did not
err or abuse its discretion in denying the motion to suppress the statement.
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3
In his third assignment of error, the defendant argues that the trial court erred
in permitting the State to present prejudicial evidence without probative value to the
jury after previously ruling such evidence inadmissible.
Louisiana Code of Evidence article 404( B)( 1) provides:
Except as provided in Article 412, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
18
acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show
that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible
for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent,
preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident,
provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal
case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, of the nature of
any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial for such purposes, or
when it relates to conduct that constitutes an integral part of the act or
transaction that is the subject of the present proceeding.
Generally, evidence of criminal offenses other than the offense being tried is
inadmissible as substantive evidence because of the substantial risk of grave
prejudice to the defendant. In order to avoid the unfair inference that a defendant
committed a particular crime simply because he is a person of criminal character,
other crimes evidence is inadmissible unless it has an independent relevancy besides
simply showing a criminal disposition. State v. Lockett, 99- 0917 ( La. App. 1 st Cir.
2/ 18/ 00), 754 So. 2d 1128, 1130, writ denied, 2000- 1261 ( La. 3/ 9/ 01), 786 So. 2d 115.
The trial court' s ruling on the admissibility of other crimes evidence will not be
overturned absent an abuse of discretion. See State v. Galliano, 2002- 2849 ( La.
1/ 10/ 03), 839 So. 2d 932, 934 ( per curiam).
Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence. La. Code Evid. art. 401. All
relevant evidence is admissible except as otherwise provided by positive law.
Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible. La. Code Evid. art. 402. Although
relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, or by
considerations of undue delay, or waste of time. La. Code Evid. art. 403.
Pretrial, the State filed a notice of intent and an amended notice of intent to
introduce other crimes evidence, or res gestae, pursuant to La. Code Evid. art.
404( B). The state' s notice included evidence that the defendant had been shot and
was recovering from a gunshot wound when the events of the instant case transpired;
W
that the defendant was given a drug screen and tested positive for marijuana,
benzodiazepine, and oxycodone; that the defendant admitted to recently using
marijuana; and that marijuana crumbs were located on the floorboard behind the
driver' s seat next to the gun.
At the motion to suppress hearing, Agent Everly testified that on or around
November 27, 2017, he received a call from a detective with the Sheriff' s Office
notifying him that the defendant had been involved in a shooting.' The detective
sent Agent Everly a report about the incident and, according to Agent Everly, it was
reported to be an attempted carjacking, and the defendant returned fire with two
handguns.
At the Prieur hearing, see State v. Prieur, 277 So. 2d 126, 130 ( La. 1973),
the State indicated that, while it intended to introduce the fact that the defendant had
been shot, it did not intend to introduce evidence that the defendant returned fire.
The trial court ruled that the fact that the defendant was shot on November 5, 2017
was admissible. The trial court also ruled, " Further information about that shooting,
unless there' s other material developments in the trial, will not be admitted." Finally,
the trial court ruled that absent any further developments in the case, the drug test
and marijuana crumbs were inadmissible. The trial court added, however, that it
can see circumstances where that door might be opened."
During the State' s case -in -chief, none of the prohibited evidence was
addressed.
Agent Everly testified at trial that he attempted several times to contact
the defendant in person, in November and December of 2017, but was never able to
meet with him. Agent Everly finally made contact with the defendant in late
December of 2017, and told him to be in his office that day. The defendant did not
show up on that day. Agent Everly contacted the defendant again, and told him to
3 At the Prieur hearing, defense counsel indicated the defendant had been shot on November 5,
2017.
I1
be in his office on January 3, 2018. The defendant again did not show up, but
unexpectedly, without an appointment, arrived at Agent Everly' s office on January
95 2018. On cross- examination, defense counsel attempted to impeach Agent
Everly' s credibility regarding his alleged attempts to contact the defendant. That is,
defense counsel sought to show that the defendant had, in fact, made contact with
Agent Everly several times in November and that the agent was not being truthful
when he testified that he never talked to the defendant around this time.
In the defendant' s case -in -chief, Chelsea testified that she overheard several
phone conversations the defendant had with Agent Everly in November 2017.
According to Chelsea, the defendant told Agent Everly what was going on, and that
he was going to come in to see him; he also gave the agent his new address and new
cell phone number. Later, defense counsel asked Chelsea, " Can you tell me what
really happened January 9, 20187 Chelsea indicated the following. They drove to
Agent Everly' s office, and she stayed in the defendant' s aunt' s car with her baby.
She discovered a gun under the seat. The defendant came back to the car to go to
the post office to obtain a money order ( for the paperwork transfer fee). At the post
office, Chelsea told the defendant about the gun, and the defendant told her that he
did not know what it was for, and told her not to mess with it. Later, when she got
the text message, " Get that gun from underwear rite," she did not know what it
meant. When the agent approached her and told her to tell him where the gun was,
she said it was underneath the driver' s seat. Chelsea testified that the defendant did
not know there was a gun under the seat. She also testified that the defendant never
looked at the gun.
Then the following relevant exchange took place between Chelsea and
defense counsel:
Q. What was Ronald doing for a living prior to this arrest?
A. Working driving trucks for Champagne Beverage.
Q. I' m going show you some documents, and I' m going to mark them
21
as D 23, D 24, and D 25. Can you identify Exhibit D 23 for this jury?
A. Yes. That' s his CDL license that he -- well, certificate diploma for
school.
Q. Is that a photograph of the diploma?
A. Oh, yes.
Q. Did you take that photograph?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. When did Ronald get his commercial truck driver' s license?
A. The 16th of March. I' m sorry, the 29th.
Q. Of what year?
A. ' 16.
Q. And would that have been after he got out ofjail from 2012?
A. Yes.
Q. I' m going to show you another picture I' m going mark for
identification as D 24. Did you take that photograph?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. Can you identify it?
A. Yes. This is his TWIC card.
Q. A TWIC card. When did he get that?
A. In `` 16 .
Q. In 2016. Again, was that after he got out of jail in 2012?
A. Yes.
Q. I' m going to show you this and it' s marked D 25. Can you recognize
that photograph?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you take that photograph?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. What is that?
A. This is GED, his diploma.
Q. When did he get his GED?
A. February of ' 16.
Q. So after Ronald got out ofjail, he got his GED, he got a TWIC card,
and he got a commercial driver' s license?
A. Yes.
Q. You were with him at the time he got all of these things?
A. Yes, I was, and he worked so hard to get that. Hard.
Q. He had to take a test to get his GED?
A. Yes, he had to take a test for that that he failed and he continued to
go back and strive to get. His TWIC card he got denied for three times
that he fought for, didn' t give up and went back and got. And also his
commercial truck driver' s license, he had to take a test for that, and he
also failed that the first time, but he continued to go back and strived to
get that, and he got everything that he needed.
Following brief cross- examination of Chelsea, a bench conference was held.
The State argued that the defense, through Chelsea, had offered character evidence
and that, as such, it (the State) had the right to go into specific incidents of bad acts
of the defendant. The jury was excused, and the State provided to the trial court a
list of other crimes or bad acts, including several prior convictions, it sought to
22
introduce. Defense counsel argued that what Chelsea had testified to was not
character evidence. The jury was dismissed for the evening, and the trial court
continued the Johnson hearing' to the following day.
The next day, with the jurors in the jury room, the trial court resumed the
Johnson hearing. The State had prepared a memorandum in support of its motion
to rebut the defendant' s character evidence. Defense counsel addressed the State' s
memorandum.
In ruling partially in favor and partially against the State, the trial
court provided the following, in pertinent part:
This Court has reviewed cases going back into the 1930s dealing with
evidence of good character and purported rebuttal or evidence
confronting that witness to determine whether that would make a
difference in their testimony.
I' ve also had prepared a partial transcript, which both counsel
have been made aware of and have been given access to and copies of
in preparation for this ruling.
The statements by the witness are evidence of good character,
and thus, evidence which may be admitted to confront the witness under
404 is admissible. The caveat is that evidence post -release from the,
what I believe to be, a felon with a firearm in 2012 is more probative
than prejudicial, or unduly prejudicial on that point. Evidence prior to
the 2012 release from incarceration, whenever that date may have been,
is not admissible.
Further, I' ve made a determination earlier that the reliability of
the evidence in the Johnson hearing that was urged to me of alleged
marijuana crumbs on January 9th of 2018 is not substantial enough to
allow it to pass a Johnson hearing test.
The trial court also ruled that the defendant' s admission to recently using
marijuana was admissible.
Following is the relevant cross- examination of Chelsea that the defendant
contends was prejudicial:
Q. Ms. St. Cyre, have you heard that on the date of the incident for
which we' re in court today, on that date, your husband, Mr. St. Cyre,
admitted to marijuana use?
A. No.
Q. Have you heard that prior to this incident, your husband was
involved in a shooting in November of ' l 7?
A. Yes.
Q. And when those individuals opened fire on your husband, he was
4 See State v. Johnson, 389 So. 2d 372 ( La. 1980).
23
actually holding your infant daughter?
A. Yes.
Q. And that when that happened, he dropped your daughter and
retrieved a firearm from his own vehicle?
A. I wasn' t there when that happened.
Q. And have you heard that your husband actually returned fire?
A. No. I wasn' t there.
Q. Have you heard that marijuana was located in his residence?
A. No.
Q. Are you aware that Mr. St. Cyre told his parole officer that the
firearm that was located in the vehicle on the date of this incident for
which we' re here for trial, he told his parole officer that it was his aunt' s
and she gave it to him for protection?
A. No, she didn' t give it to him.
Q. I asked are you aware that your husband made the statement that
she did give it to him for protection?
A. No.
The defendant argues in brief that the direct examination of Chelsea about the
defendant' s job and schooling was not character evidence because there was no
foundation laid for Chelsea' s knowledge of the defendant' s reputation in the
community. As such, the State should have been prohibited from asking Chelsea on
cross- examination about specific acts by the defendant. The defendant further
contends that the prejudice by the State' s cross- examination was compounded
because the State was allowed to ask improper questions without foundation.
According to the defendant, the trial court failed to consider three of the five
Johnson factors; namely, it did not consider whether there was reasonable likelihood
of generalized knowledge of the defendant' s previous misconduct within his
community; it did not consider whether the cross- examination concerned the specific
trait involved in possession of a firearm by a convicted felon; and it did not determine
that the examination would be in proper form.
Louisiana Code of Evidence article 608 provides:
A. Reputation evidence of character. The credibility of a
witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the form of
general reputation only, but subject to these limitations:
1) The evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or
untruthfulness.
Im
2) A foundation must first be established that the character witness is
familiar with the reputation of the witness whose credibility is in issue.
The character witness shall not express his personal opinion as to the
character of the witness whose credibility is in issue.
3) Inquiry into specific acts on direct examination while qualifying the
character witness or otherwise is prohibited.
B. Particular acts, vices, or courses of conduct. Particular acts,
vices, or courses of conduct of a witness may not be inquired into or
proved by extrinsic evidence for the purpose of attacking his character
for truthfulness, other than conviction of crime as provided in Articles
609 and 609. 1 or as constitutionally required.
C. Cross- examination of character witnesses. A witness who
has testified to the character for truthfulness or untruthfulness of
another witness may be cross- examined as to whether he has heard
about particular acts of that witness bearing upon his credibility.
One of the comments to Article 608 refers to Johnson, regarding the
safeguards the trial court should consider before permitting such questioning. See
State v. Law, 2015- 0210 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 24/ 16), 189 So. 3d 1164, 1175, writ
denied, 2016- 0926 ( La. 4/ 24/ 17), 220 So. 3d 740. In Johnson, 389 So. 2d at 376, the
supreme court set out the following guidelines that the trial court should consider in
determining whether to allow the cross- examination:
1) that there is no question as to the fact of the subject matter of the
rumor, that is, of the previous arrest, conviction, or other pertinent
misconduct of the defendant;
2) that a reasonable likelihood exists that the previous arrest,
conviction or other pertinent misconduct would have been bruited
about the neighborhood or community prior to the alleged commission
of the offense on trial;
3) that neither the event or conduct nor the rumor concerning it
occurred at a time too remote from the present offense;
4) that the earlier event or misconduct and the rumor concerned the
specific trait involved in the offense for which the accused is on trial;
and
5) that the examination will be conducted in the proper form, that is:
Have you heard,' etc., not ``Do you know,' etc.
The trial court herein specifically noted that it was conducting a Johnson
hearing to determine the extent of cross- examination allowed by the State. The trial
court is presumed to know the law, see State v. Aldridge, 450 So. 2d 1057, 1059 ( La.
1984), and there is nothing in the record before us to indicate the trial court did not
25
consider the Johnson guidelines in formulating its ruling. Moreover, while the
defendant clearly objected to other crimes or bad acts being allowed into evidence,
it made no objections regarding any of the three guidelines that he now asserts on
appeal were not considered by the trial court. The Johnson Court, 389 So.2d at 377,
noted that a defendant may not avail himself of these safeguards if he failed to make
a contemporaneous objection on these grounds at trial. A defendant is limited on
appeal to the grounds for the objections articulated at trial. Generally speaking, a
new basis for an objection, albeit meritorious, cannot be raised for the first time on
appeal. See La. Code Crim. P. art. 841. At any rate, we see no reason to disturb the
trial court' s ruling. Defense counsel' s questions to Chelsea about the defendant' s
employment and educational history and what he knew about the gun in the vehicle
constituted character evidence and, as such, the State was allowed to rebut such
evidence.
Louisiana Code of Evidence article 611( B) provides that a " witness may be
cross- examined on any matter relevant to any issue in the case." The scope of cross-
examination is not limited to matters covered on direct examination. State v.
Sepulvado, 93- 2692 ( La. 4/ 8/ 96), 672 So. 2d 158, 167, cert. denied, 519 U.S. 934,
117 S. Ct. 310, 136 L.Ed. 2d 227 ( 1996). The introduction of evidence of " good
character" places character at issue, thereby permitting the State to cross examine
the defendant' s character witness about his or her knowledge of the defendant' s
particular conduct, prior arrests, or other acts relevant to the moral qualities pertinent
to the defendant' s crime and to introduce evidence of the defendant' s bad character
in rebuttal of the testimony of the defendant' s character witness. State v. Taylor,
2007- 869 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 4/ 29/ 08), 985 So. 2d 266, 269; see La. Code Evid. art.
608( C); La. Code Evid. art. 405( A). Although Johnson delineated certain
safeguards regulating prosecution cross- examination of character witnesses, the
ultimate question is whether there was undue jury prejudice from the prosecutor' s
26
cross- examination. Sepulvado, 672 So. 2d at 167.
Chelsea' s testimony on direct examination placed the defendant' s character
for truthfulness squarely before the jury. Much of what she testified to, regarding
the defendant' s knowledge of the gun, was in direct contradiction to Agent Everly' s
testimony. Without calling the defendant to testify, defense counsel sought to
establish the defendant' s good character or truthfulness and, therefore, his
innocence, through Chelsea. Accordingly, we find that the scope of the cross-
examination of Chelsea was proper. See La. Code Evid. art. 405( A); La. Code Evid.
art. 608( A); La. Code Evid. art. 611( B); Law, 189 So. 3d at 1176. See also State v.
Bagley, 378 So. 2d 1356, 1357- 58 ( La. 1979).
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4
In his fourth assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred
when it overruled his objection to the prosecutor' s closing argument.
During the prosecutor' s rebuttal closing argument, the following exchange
took place:
BY MS. DIECK [ prosecutor]: And not only have these three parole
officers testified, we have there' s undisputed evidence which provides
a motive for this defendant to carry this gun and I told you I don' t have
to give you a motive, but in my experience, jurors like getting the whole
picture, so this is the whole picture.
Shoot out in front of this man' s house less than three months
before the date of this offense holding his infant daughter and drops her.
BY MR. TONRY: Your Honor, I have an objection.
The following proceedings were held at the bench:)
BY MR. TONRY. Judge, the prosecutor is talking about evidence that
was not brought forth in this case that there was a shootout. There' s
only evidence that Ronald St. Cyre was shot. That' s extremely
prejudicial to put that evidence before the jury of a shootout.
BY THE COURT: It' s closing argument. Overruled, and I' ll note your
objection.
According to the defendant, the State' s remarks about a shootout in front of
the defendant' s house were based on facts not in evidence. Further, the defendant
contends, the allegation that the defendant dropped his baby was " absolutely
27
prejudicial." Finally, the defendant cites La. Code Crim. P. art. 771 and avers that,
at a minimum, the trial court was required to admonish the jury if the State' s remarks
were irrelevant or immaterial and prejudicial.
The issue as to the propriety of remarks made in closing argument is not
preserved for review where defense counsel makes no objection to the statement
either during argument or after the argument. See La. Code Crim. P. art. 841( A);
State v. Burge, 515 So. 2d 494, 504- 05 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 1987), writ denied, 532
So. 2d 112 ( La. 1988). Defense counsel objected only to the prosecutor' s remark
about the shootout. There was no objection to or any mention made by defense
counsel about the infant daughter being dropped. Thus, that issue is not preserved
for review.
Closing arguments in criminal cases should be restricted to the evidence
admitted, to the lack of evidence, to conclusions of fact that may be drawn therefrom,
and to the law applicable to the case. Further, the State' s rebuttal shall be confined
to answering the argument of the defendant. La. Code Crim. P. art. 774. Prosecutors
are allowed wide latitude in choosing closing argument tactics. See State v.
Draughn, 2005- 1825 ( La. 1/ 17/ 07), 950 So. 2d 583, 614, cert. denied, 552 U.S.
1012, 128 S. Ct. 537, 169 L.Ed.2d 377 ( 2007). The trial judge has broad discretion
in controlling the scope of closing arguments, and this court will not reverse a
conviction on the basis of improper closing argument unless thoroughly convinced
that the remarks influenced the jury and contributed to the verdict. State v. Vansant,
2014- 1705 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 24/ 15), 170 So. 3d 1059, 1063. See State v.
Prestridge, 399 So. 2d 564, 580 ( La. 1981).
The prosecutor questioned Chelsea during cross- examination regarding
whether she knew anything about the November shooting the defendant was
involved in when he retrieved a gun from his vehicle and returned fire. Based on
the trial court' s ruling that this evidence was permissible, the suggestion that the
28
defendant had engaged in an exchange of gunfire was placed before the jury prior to
closing arguments. While the term " shootout" was arguably hyperbolic, the use of
this word did not so influence the jury so as to have contributed to the verdict. We
also find that the trial court was not required to admonish the jury pursuant to Article
771. In lodging his objection, defense counsel neither moved for a mistrial nor asked
the trial court to admonish the jury. See State v. Lucas, 99- 1524 ( La. App. 1st Cir.
5/ 12/ 00), 762 So. 2d 717, 727.
The trial court in the instant matter instructed the jury, "[ o] pening statements
and closing arguments made by the attorneys during the trial are not evidence." The
trial court continued: " In closing arguments, the attorneys were permitted to present
their views on what the evidence has shown or not shown and what conclusions they
think may be drawn from the evidence." Much credit should be accorded to the good
sense and fairmindedness of jurors who have seen the evidence and heard the
argument, and have been instructed by the trial judge that arguments of counsel are
not evidence. Vansant, 170 So. 3d at 1064- 65. See State v. Mitchell, 94- 2078 ( La.
5/ 21/ 96), 674 So. 2d 250, 258, cert. denied, 519 U. S. 1043, 117 S. Ct. 614, 136
L.Ed.2d 538 ( 1996).
The prosecutor' s challenged remarks in closing argument were not improper
and, as such, the trial court properly overruled defense counsel' s objections to these
remarks. Moreover, even if improper in any way, the prosecutor' s remarks clearly
did not contribute to the verdict nor make it impossible for the defendant to obtain a
fair trial. See La. Code Crim. P. art. 775; Vansant, 170 So. 3d at 1064. It is true that,
despite the lack of an objection, extremely prejudicial and inflammatory remarks
require reversal. See State v. Hayes, 364 So. 2d 923, 926 ( La. 1978); Burge, 515
So. 2d at 505. Our review of that portion of the prosecutor' s closing argument not
objected to ( but raised for the first time on appeal) convinces us that her remark was
not so prejudicial or inflammatory as to require reversal. See State v. Francis, 95-
29
194 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 11/ 28/ 95), 665 So. 2d 596, 603.
Based on the foregoing, this assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NO. 5
In his fifth assignment of error, the defendant argues the evidence was
insufficient to support the conviction for possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon. Specifically, the defendant contends that the State failed to prove his actual
or constructive possession of the gun found in the vehicle, or that he had the requisite
intent to possess the gun.
A conviction based on insufficient evidence cannot stand as it violates Due
Process. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV; La. Const. art. I, § 2. The standard of review
for the sufficiency of the evidence to uphold a conviction is whether, viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed. 2d 560 ( 1979). See
La. Code Crim. P. art. 821( B); State v. Ordodi, 2006- 0207 ( La. 11/ 29/ 06), 946 So. 2d
654, 660. The Jackson standard of review, incorporated in La Code Cr. P. art. 821,
is an objective
standard for testing the overall evidence, both direct and
circumstantial, for reasonable doubt. When analyzing circumstantial evidence, La.
R.S. 15: 438 provides that the fact finder must be satisfied the overall evidence
excludes every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. State v. Patorno, 2001- 2585
La. App. 1st Cir. 6/ 21/ 02), 822 So. 2d 141, 144.
Pursuant to La. R.S. 14: 95. 1, it is unlawful for any person who has been
convicted of certain felonies to possess a firearm. To prove a violation of La. R.S.
14: 95. 1, the State must prove: ( 1.) the defendant' s status as a convicted felon; and
2.) that the defendant was in possession of a firearm. See State v. Mose, 412 So. 2d
584, 585 ( La. 1982). The State must also prove that ten years have not elapsed since
the date of completion of the punishment for the prior felony conviction. La. R.S.
30
14: 95. 1( C)( 1).
The only issues raised by the defendant are possession and intents The
defendant asserts in brief that there was insufficient evidence to show he had
constructive possession of the gun because he had neither dominion nor control over
the weapon. The defendant points out that the gun was registered to the defendant' s
aunt, and further that the gun was found in his aunt' s vehicle, not his vehicle.
Under La. R.S. 14: 95. 1, actual possession is not a necessary element of the
offense, and there is no requirement that the defendant have the firearm on his person
to be in violation. Constructive possession satisfies the possessory element of the
offense. State v. Day, 410 So. 2d 741, 743 ( La. 1982). Constructive possession of
a firearm occurs when the firearm is subject to the defendant' s dominion and control.
See State v. Plain, 99- 1112 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 2/ 18/ 00), 752 So. 2d 337, 340- 41
constructive possession was found where the defendant admitted to having the
weapon underneath the mattress in his bedroom); State v. Frank, 549 So. 2d 401,
405 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 1989) ( where a gun was in plain view on the front seat of a
car defendant was driving but did not own, the court found constructive possession).
Dominion and control over a weapon constitutes constructive possession even
if it is only temporary and even if the control is shared. See Plain, 752 So. 2d at 340;
State v. Melbert, 546 So. 2d 948, 950 ( La. App. 3rd Cir. 1989); State v. Bailey, 511
So. 2d 1248, 1250 ( La. App. 2nd Cir. 1987), writ denied, 519 So. 2d 132 ( La. 1988).
Further, the jurisprudence has added an aspect of awareness to the offense of La.
R. S. 14: 95. 1. Therefore, the State must also prove that the offender was aware that
a firearm was in his presence and that the offender had the general criminal intent to
possess the weapon. State v. LaMothe, 97- 1113 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 6/ 30/ 98), 715
So. 2d 708, 712, cert. granted in part on other grounds, 98- 2056 ( La. 11/ 25/ 98), 722
5 One of the prior felony convictions was in 2012 for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
31
So. 2d 987 ( per curiam). See State v. Woods, 94- 2650 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 4/ 20/ 95),
654 So. 2d 809, 811, writ denied, 95- 1252 ( La. 6/ 30/ 95), 657 So. 2d 1035. Mere
presence of a defendant in the area of the contraband or other evidence seized alone
does not prove that he exercised dominion and control over the evidence and
therefore had it in his constructive possession. State v. Johnson, 2003- 1228 ( La.
4/ 14/ 04), 870 So. 2d 995, 999.
Whether the proof is sufficient to establish possession turns on the facts of
each case. See State v. Harris, 94- 0970 ( La. 12/ 8/ 94), 647 So. 2d 337, 338- 39 ( per
curiam); State v. Bell, 566 So. 2d 959, 959- 60 ( La. 1990) ( per curiam). Further,
guilty knowledge may be inferred from the circumstances of the transaction and
proved by direct or circumstantial evidence. Johnson, 870 So. 2d at 998.
In the instant matter, Agent Everly searched the vehicle that the defendant
came to his office in that was driven by the defendant' s wife. Agent Everly knew
the defendant' s wife drove the car because the defendant told the agent this when he
arrived at his office. Based on the defendant testing positive for marijuana on the
drug screen, Agent Everly decided to search the vehicle. Prior to the search,
however, Agent Everly saw the defendant' s text to his wife, who was still in the
vehicle, to "[ g] et that gun." This clearly indicated the defendant knew of the
presence of the gun in the vehicle.
Agent Howell found and retrieved the gun, a . 40 caliber Glock, from the
vehicle, and then Agent Everly brought the weapon back to his supervisor' s office,
where the defendant was located. When Agent Everly asked the defendant about the
gun, the defendant explained that his aunt had purchased the gun and gave it to him
for protection because he feared for his life. Three witnesses testified at trial that
they heard the defendant say he was using the gun for his safety or protection.
Accordingly, any fact finder could have rationally concluded the defendant was in
constructive possession of the . 40 caliber Glock found in the vehicle.
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The jury heard the testimony and viewed the physical evidence presented to
it at trial and found the defendant guilty as charged. In the absence of internal
contradiction or irreconcilable conflict with the physical evidence, one witness' s
testimony, if believed by the trier of fact, is sufficient to support a factual conclusion.
State v. Higgins, 2003- 1980 ( La. 4/ 1/ 05), 898 So. 2d 1219, 1226, cert. denied, 546
U.S. 883, 126 S. Ct. 1829 163 L.Ed.2d 187 ( 2005). The trier of fact is free to accept
or reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witness. Moreover, when there is
conflicting testimony about factual matters, the resolution of which depends upon a
determination of the credibility of the witnesses, the matter is one of the weight of
the evidence, not its sufficiency. The trier of fact' s determination of the weight to
be given evidence is not subject to appellate review. An appellate court will not
reweigh the evidence to overturn a fact finder' s determination of guilt. State v.
Taylor, 97- 2261 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9/ 25/ 98), 721 So. 2d 929, 932. We are
constitutionally precluded from acting as a " thirteenth juror" in assessing what
weight to give evidence in criminal cases. See State v. Mitchell, 99- 3342 ( La.
10/ 17/ 00), 772 So. 2d 78, 83.
When a case involves circumstantial evidence and the trier of fact reasonably
rejects the hypothesis of innocence presented by the defense, that hypothesis falls,
and the defendant is guilty unless there is another hypothesis that raises a reasonable
doubt. State v. Moten, 510 So. 2d 55, 61 ( La. App. 1st Cir.), writ denied, 514 So. 2d
126 ( La. 1987). In finding the defendant guilty, the jury clearly rejected the defense' s
theory of innocence. See Moten, 510 So. 2d at 61. The jury' s guilty verdict reflected
the reasonable conclusion that, based on the evidence, particularly the testimony of
Agent Everly, Agent Howell, and Supervisor Lousteau, the defendant constructively
possessed the handgun found in his aunt' s car. The jury clearly chose to believe this
testimony over the testimony of Chelsea, who testified that, until they drove to the
post office, the defendant knew nothing about the gun in the car.
33
Accordingly, the jury had sufficient evidence to conclude that the defendant
was aware of the gun and that the gun was under his dominion and control. Such
dominion and control is sufficient to constitute constructive possession. See State
v. Storks, 2002- 754 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 12/ 30/ 02), 836 So. 2d 638, 642- 43. See also
State v. Allen, 2012- 0412 ( La. 10/ 26/ 12), 101 So. 3d 41, 42- 43 ( per curiam)
defendant' s possession of the car gave him dominion and control over the handgun
concealed under the backseat); State v. Major, 2003- 3522 ( La. 12/ 1/ 04), 888 So. 2d
798, 802- 03; State v. McKinney, 44,269 ( La. App. 2nd Cir. 5/ 13/ 09), 12 So. 3d 422,
426.
After a thorough review of the record, we find the evidence supports the jury' s
guilty verdict. We are convinced that viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable
doubt, and to the exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis of innocence, that the
defendant was in constructive possession of a firearm as a convicted felon and that
he had the general intent to possess the weapon. See State v. Calloway, 2007- 2306
La. 1/ 21/ 09), 1 So. 3d 417, 418 ( per curiam); Storks, 836 So. 2d at 643.
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6
In his sixth assignment of error, the defendant argues the trial court erred in
imposing a sentence without the benefit of parole.
This claim is baseless. As a second -felony habitual offender with an agreed-
upon sentence, the trial court sentenced the defendant to thirty years imprisonment
at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation, or suspension of sentence. The
conditions imposed on the sentence are those mandated in the reference statute. See
State v. Bruins, 407 So. 2d 685, 687 ( La. 1981); State v. Thomas, 2010- 1926 ( La.
App. 1st Cir. 8/ 10/ 11), 2011 WL 3806127 at * 3 ( unpublished). The sentence for
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon is without benefit of parole, probation,
34
or suspension sentence. See La. R. S. 14: 95. 1( B). Accordingly, the trial court' s
denial of parole eligibility was proper. See La. R.S. 15: 529. 1( A)( 1) & La. R.S.
15: 529. 1( G).
This assignment of error is without merit.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 7
In his seventh assignment of error, the defendant argues that his conviction
should be reversed because he was denied his constitutional right to a complete
record of the proceedings in this case.
Article I, § 19 of the Louisiana Constitution guarantees defendants a right of
appeal based upon a complete record of all the evidence upon which the judgment
is based. Material omissions from the transcript of the proceedings at trial bearing
on the merits of an appeal will require reversal. State v. Frank, 99- 0553 ( La.
1/ 17/ 01), 803 So. 2d 1, 20. On the other hand, inconsequential omissions or slight
inaccuracies do not require reversal. Id at 21. A defendant is not entitled to relief
because of an incomplete record absent a showing of prejudice based on the missing
portions of the transcripts. Id.The defendant suggests in brief that the record is missing the following: the
defendant' s requests for subpoenas duces tecum; the multiple returns on those
subpoena duces tecum, including the 87 pages of newly discovered evidence on the
second day of trial; the first pages of the defense' s motion in limine concerning other
crimes evidence; and transcripts of almost all bench conferences.
Agent Everly made it clear at trial that defense counsel sent two subpoenas
duces tecum for his entire file, and that he turned over the whole file. The trial court
noted that it had reviewed the records from the Department of Public Safety and
Corrections. The trial court gave the entire probation and parole folder first to the
State for it to review for any possible redactions of personal information. The State
responded that it was given " 87 new pages." Defense counsel was given the same
35
documents, and the trial court informed the parties that it would give them the
opportunity over lunch recess to review the records. It appears defense counsel
could have, but chose not to, introduce these records into evidence. The record
contains the transcripts of the bench conferences that were recorded. On February
28, 2019, this court ordered the Clerk of Court of St. Tammany Parish to supplement
the appeal record with the transcript of the conference held in chambers on July 18,
2018, regarding jury instructions. The Clerk of Court responded by letter that the
conference was held off record and, as such, there was no transcript. It appears that
there may be one missing page to the defendant' s motion in limine, but the summary
of the facts and the " Law & Argument" section appear in their entirety in the record.
Further, the defendant has not shown how this, in any way, was prejudicial to his
case.
The evidence against the defendant regarding the instant crime was
considerable. Based on the foregoing, to the extent that there have been omissions
from the transcript of the proceedings at trial, the appellate record before us is not
incomplete. Moreover, an incomplete record may be adequate for full appellate
review. Also, there exists a presumption of regularity in judicial proceedings. The
defendant herein has not shown any prejudice from any alleged missing portions
from the record. See State v. Hawkins, 96- 0766 ( La. 1/ 14/ 97), 688 So.2d 473, 480.
This assignment of error is without merit.
CONVICTION, HABITUAL OFFENDER ADJUDICATION, AND
SENTENCE AFFIRMED.
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