Commonwealth v. Walters ( 2018 )


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    SJC-12364
    COMMONWEALTH   vs.   MICHAEL WALTERS.
    Bristol.       December 4, 2017. - April 12, 2018.
    Present:   Gants, C.J., Gaziano, Lowy, Cypher, & Kafker, JJ.
    Practice, Criminal, Sentence.   Moot Question.
    Indictments found and returned in the Superior Court
    Department on March 28, 2011.
    Following review by this court, 
    472 Mass. 680
    (2015), a
    resentencing hearing was had before E. Susan Garsh, J.
    After review by the Appeals Court, the Supreme Judicial
    Court granted leave to obtain further appellate review.
    Ethan C. Stiles for the defendant.
    Roger L. Michel, Jr., Assistant District Attorney, for the
    Commonwealth.
    CYPHER, J.     The defendant, Michael J. Walters, was
    convicted by a jury in the Superior Court of stalking,
    harassment, two counts of restraining order violations, and two
    counts of perjury.    While he was serving his State prison
    sentence for stalking, that conviction was vacated by this court
    2
    because the evidence was insufficient.     Commonwealth v. Walters,
    
    472 Mass. 680
    (2015) (Walters I).    As a result, the defendant
    was resentenced on the remaining convictions.     At resentencing,
    the defendant requested that his perjury sentence be deemed
    "time served" because it was the only other sentence that could
    have been considered a State prison sentence.     Rather than
    granting the defendant's request, however, the trial judge
    vacated the stalking sentence, consistent with our opinion in
    Walters I, and imposed the remaining sentences nunc pro tunc to
    the date of his original sentence.    Consequently, the defendant
    served his sentences for criminal harassment and a restraining
    order violation -- crimes that normally carry a sentence to a
    house of correction -- in State prison.     The defendant appealed
    from his resentencing on the ground that the structure of his
    resentencing scheme was illegal.    Following the Appeals Court's
    dismissal of the defendant's case as moot, we granted further
    appellate review.   We affirm the decision of the resentencing
    judge.
    Background.     1.   First trial and sentences.   On June 12,
    2012, the defendant was convicted of stalking, G. L. c. 265,
    § 43 (a); criminal harassment, G. L. c. 265, § 43A (a); two
    counts of restraining order violations, G. L. c. 209A, § 7; and
    two counts of perjury, G. L. c. 268, § 1.     The trial judge
    sentenced the defendant to the following:     on the charge of
    3
    stalking, from three to four years in a State prison; on the
    charge of criminal harassment, two and one-half years in a house
    of correction, concurrent with the stalking sentence; on the
    charge of a restraining order violation (first count), two and
    one-half years in a house of correction, concurrent with the
    stalking sentence; on the charge of perjury (first count), from
    two to three years in a State prison on and after the stalking
    sentence; on the charge of a restraining order violation (second
    count), two and one-half years in a house of correction,
    suspended for five years with probation on and after all
    incarceration; and on the charge of perjury (second count), five
    years' probation on and after all incarceration.   That day, the
    defendant's bail was revoked and he was transferred to a State
    prison, the Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Cedar
    Junction, where he began serving his stalking sentence, before
    being transferred to the Bay State Correctional Center1 at
    Norfolk.   In April, 2015, he was transferred to the North
    1 The Bay State Correctional Center at Norfolk was a small,
    general population, medium security State prison that stood on
    the grounds of the original dormitory buildings of the
    Massachusetts Correctional Institution at Norfolk. It was
    closed in December, 2015. A medium security facility holds
    inmates who may still pose a risk to security; however, they
    have demonstrated a willingness to comply with institutional
    rules and regulations. There are increased job and program
    opportunities at this level of security.
    4
    Central Correctional Institution at Gardner,2 where he remained
    through resentencing and until he was released to begin
    probation.
    2.   Resentencing.     On December 11, 2015, the stalking
    charge was vacated and dismissed, and the defendant was
    resentenced by the trial judge to the following:       on the charge
    of criminal harassment, two and one-half years in a house of
    correction, nunc pro tunc to June 12, 2012; on the charge of a
    restraining order violation (first count), two and one-half
    years in a house of correction, nunc pro tunc to June 12, 2012,
    concurrent with the sentence for criminal harassment; on the
    charge of perjury (first count), from two to three years in a
    State prison on and after the criminal harassment sentence; on
    the charge of a restraining order violation (second count), two
    and one-half years in a house of correction, suspended for five
    years with probation on and after all incarceration; and on the
    charge of perjury (second count), five years' probation on and
    after all incarceration.
    Discussion.   1.     Mootness.   The Commonwealth argues that
    the defendant's place of confinement is a moot issue because the
    defendant has already been released from prison.       The defendant
    argues that the structure of his resentencing scheme ultimately
    2 The North Central Correctional Institution at Gardner is a
    medium security State prison that houses over 1,000 inmates.
    5
    determines when his probation will end.   Therefore, had the
    resentencing judge granted his request -- that his perjury
    sentence be deemed time served with the criminal harassment and
    G. L. c. 209A violation sentences having run concurrently -- he
    would have been released from State prison on the date of his
    resentencing, December 11, 2015, after serving more than the
    maximum of his three-year sentence for perjury.3   Had the
    defendant been released on this date, his five-year probation
    period would end on December 11, 2020.4   However, because the
    resentencing judge denied the defendant's request and instead
    ordered that the entire sentencing scheme (minus the stalking
    sentence) be dated nunc pro tunc to June 12, 2012, the defendant
    was not released from prison until December 7, 2016.5   As a
    3 The defendant had served three years, five months, and
    twenty-nine days at the date of his resentencing.
    4 The defendant also argues that this time difference may be
    even greater based on "good time" earned. We need not address
    the accuracy of his calculations in light of the result we reach
    because it is clear that his probation date would be affected
    regardless of any time earned.
    5 By the date of his resentencing, the defendant had been in
    State prison for more than three years. Because the entire
    sentence was dated nunc pro tunc to June 12, 2012, the perjury
    sentence of from two to three years in State prison began
    approximately in December, 2014, after the two and one-half year
    sentences for criminal harassment and the restraining order
    violation (first count) had been served. As a result, the
    defendant remained in State prison until December 7, 2016, when
    he was released to begin his probation. He served a total of
    four years, five months, and twenty-five days in State prison.
    6
    result, the defendant's probation will not end until December 7,
    2021.
    An issue only becomes moot once a defendant would no longer
    be personally affected by the resulting decision.   See, e.g.,
    Blake v. Massachusetts Parole Bd., 
    369 Mass. 701
    , 703 (1976)
    ("Ordinarily, litigation is considered moot when the party who
    claimed to be aggrieved ceases to have a personal stake in its
    outcome").   Because the defendant is currently serving the
    probation portion of his sentence, and the resentencing
    structure ultimately determines whether the defendant's
    probation ends in 2020 or 2021, the defendant has a stake in
    this court's decision.   Therefore, the issue is not moot.
    2.   Resentencing.   The defendant argues that his sentence
    was excessive and incongruous with the applicable statutes
    because he was forced to serve State prison sentences for crimes
    that only carried house of correction sentences.    He also argues
    that his sentence was illegal because the resentencing judge did
    not properly apply our holding in Brown v. Commissioner of
    Correction, 
    336 Mass. 718
    (1958), that, upon resentencing, all
    "from and after" sentences be dated nunc pro tunc to the
    original sentence.
    Our review of criminal sentences is limited.    Commonwealth
    v. Coleman, 
    390 Mass. 797
    , 804 (1984).   This court will review a
    sentence only to determine if it is illegal or unconstitutional.
    7
    Commonwealth v. Molino, 
    411 Mass. 149
    , 155 (1991).   See
    Commonwealth v. White, 
    436 Mass. 340
    , 345 (2002) (applying test
    of illegality to determine whether resentencing scheme should be
    vacated).
    "An 'illegal sentence' is one that is in excess of the
    punishment prescribed by the relevant statutory provision or in
    some way contrary to the applicable statute," Commonwealth v.
    Layne, 
    21 Mass. App. Ct. 17
    , 19 (1985), or is "premised on a
    major misunderstanding by the sentencing judge as to the legal
    bounds of his authority," Commonwealth v. McGuinness, 
    421 Mass. 472
    , 475 (1995).   See Goetzendanner v. Superintendent, Mass.
    Correctional Inst., Norfolk, 
    71 Mass. App. Ct. 533
    , 537 (2008)
    (defendant's sentences were within scope of permissible
    sentences under applicable statutes and were therefore not
    illegal).
    A sentence is "in excess" of the prescribed punishment if
    the defendant is sentenced to any length of time beyond the
    maximum permitted by the violated statute.   See Commonwealth v.
    McGhee, 
    472 Mass. 405
    , 427 (2015) (sentence of up to five years
    and one day was illegal because it exceeded maximum sentence of
    five years allowed by applicable statute).   A sentence that
    contradicts the statutory provision in question, even where
    those contradictions favor the defendant, is also illegal.      See
    Commonwealth v. Selavka, 
    469 Mass. 502
    , 505 (2014) (sentence
    8
    illegal where sentencing judge failed to impose global
    positioning system monitoring on defendant as required by
    statute); Commonwealth v. Cowan, 
    422 Mass. 546
    , 548 (1996)
    (defendant's sentence was illegal because statute did not permit
    house arrest with electronic monitoring device to be substituted
    for incarceration in facility).
    The defendant argues that his sentence was excessive
    because, after resentencing, he served his sentence for a
    misdemeanor in a State prison.    He argues that a State prison is
    a place of more serious punishment than a house of correction,
    and he was therefore confined with more serious offenders.
    Similarly, the defendant asserts that his sentence is contrary
    to G. L. c. 265, § 43A (criminal harassment statute), because
    the statute mandates that the defendant be sentenced to a house
    of correction -- in addition to or in lieu of a fine.    However,
    serving the entirety of his house of correction sentence in a
    State prison was not illegal because it did not exceed the
    punishment prescribed by nor was it contrary to the violated
    statue.   See 
    McGuinness, 421 Mass. at 475
    (sentence permitted by
    statutory law for offense committed not illegal).
    The second reason an imposed sentence can be deemed illegal
    is if the resentencing judge premises that sentence on an error
    or misunderstanding of law.   See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Azar,
    444 Mass 72, 78-79 (2005) ("split sentence" was legal because
    9
    law making it illegal did not take effect until after murder
    conviction); Commonwealth v. White, 436 Mass 340, 345 (2002)
    (sentence was illegal because judge mistakenly believed she
    lacked authority to consider good conduct information offered).
    The defendant argues that his sentence was illegal because
    the resentencing judge did not properly apply this court's
    holding in Brown, 
    336 Mass. 718
    .    In Brown, the defendant was
    convicted on three indictments in Middlesex County and five
    indictments in Suffolk County.     
    Id. at 719.
       The sentences for
    the Suffolk convictions were to commence "from and after" the
    sentences for the Middlesex convictions.     
    Id. All Middlesex
    convictions were subsequently set aside.     
    Id. The Commissioner
    of Correction argued that because the Middlesex judgments were
    "voidable" and not "void," they were in "full force and effect"
    until they were reversed, and the defendant's Suffolk sentences
    should begin on the date of the reversal.        
    Id. at 720.
      We held
    that regardless of whether the Middlesex convictions were "void
    or voidable," the Suffolk sentences should be moved forward and
    made to run from the date of the imposition of the reversed
    convictions and not from the date of reversal.        
    Id. at 723.
    There, the defendant would have served "dead time"6 if his
    6 "Dead time" in this context is "time served under an
    invalid sentence for which no credit is given." Gardner v.
    Commissioner of Correction, 
    56 Mass. App. Ct. 31
    , 34 n.5 (2002).
    10
    remaining sentences had not been determined to be nunc pro tunc
    to the original sentencing date.     
    Id. at 721.
    The defendant argues that, according to our holding in
    Brown, all sentences deemed to commence "from and after" an
    earlier invalid sentence must be held to commence when both
    sentences were originally imposed.    However, the defendant's
    reading of Brown is too broad.     Our holding in Brown is limited
    to cases in which the defendant would have served dead time.
    Gardner v. Commissioner of Correction, 
    56 Mass. App. Ct. 31
    , 34-
    35 (2002) (Brown and Manning v. Superintendent, Mass.
    Correctional Inst., Norfolk, 
    372 Mass. 387
    [1977], did not
    "establish a bright-line rule" that could be applied to all
    "from and after" sentences that lose their anchor sentence).
    See Wolcott, petitioner, 
    32 Mass. App. Ct. 473
    , 477 (1992) ("the
    rationale of [Brown and Manning] is that a prisoner should not
    serve 'dead time' but should receive credit as matter of right
    for time served under an erroneous conviction").     In Brown, we
    emphasized that the avoidance of dead time was crucial to the
    decision, saying, "We think this is the better and more humane
    view, for only in this way can a prisoner receive credit, not as
    a matter of grace, but as of right, for time served under an
    erroneous conviction."   
    Brown, 336 Mass. at 721
    .    See Manning,
    supra at 396-397 ("A prisoner should not be penalized or
    burdened by denial of a credit simply because he had
    11
    successfully appealed [from] a criminal conviction. . . .     The
    result we reach neutralizes the effect of the erroneous . . .
    sentences on the valid . . . sentence, and causes the plaintiff
    to serve no more and no less than he should pursuant to the
    [valid] sentence").
    Here, the defendant does not face the potential for dead
    time because only one of his original convictions was vacated.
    He was therefore serving the concurrent sentences on two
    standing convictions until the "from and after" sentence for
    perjury began.   Similar to the defendant in Gardner, the
    defendant here was credited for all the time he had served, and
    Brown is not controlling in this instance.
    A dependent relationship exists between the different
    components of a sentencing scheme.   See, e.g., Commonwealth v.
    Parrillo, 
    468 Mass. 318
    , 321 (2014) (defendant's community
    parole supervision for life [CPSL] sentence may have played part
    in judge's over-all concept of sentencing); Commonwealth v.
    Cumming, 
    466 Mass. 467
    , 472 (2013) ("It would not be possible to
    sever the CPSL requirement without fundamentally altering that
    judge's original intent"); Commonwealth v. Leggett, 82 Mass.
    App. Ct. 730, 735 (2012), citing Commonwealth v. LeBeau, 
    451 Mass. 244
    , 245, 263 (2008) ("The components of the scheme work
    in combination, not isolation. . . . The subtraction of one or
    more of the scheme's interdependent elements may disrupt its
    12
    intended proportions and purposes, and warrant its entire
    reconstruction within statutory limits by the sentencing judge
    or a successor").
    Although an anchor sentence may have been vacated and
    therefore no longer functions as a punishment for the defendant,
    the anchor sentence still provides insight regarding the
    original sentencing judge's intent when punishing multiple
    crimes.   Wolcott, 
    petitioner, 32 Mass. App. Ct. at 477
    , quoting
    Watson v. United States, 
    174 F.2d 253
    , 254 (D.C. Cir. 1948)
    ("so-called 'anchor sentences' if reversed are not effective as
    an agency of punishment," and "they may be considered 'to
    evidence the intention of the court in respect of connected
    sentences'").   In cases where a sentencing scheme is truncated
    by a decision to vacate a conviction, "the literal language of
    the trial judge is less significant than the entire sentencing
    structure as a whole."   Wolcott, petitioner, supra at 478.
    In the instant case, we have the benefit of analyzing both
    the anchor sentence and the intention of the judge.   The
    sentencing structure distinguished between the crimes that are
    victim-centered and the two convictions of perjury; the victim-
    centered sentences ran concurrently, and once they were served,
    the perjury sentences were to begin "from and after."   Further,
    the judge voiced her intention of differentiating between the
    victim-centered crimes of stalking, harassment, and G. L.
    13
    c. 209A violations and the perjury crimes.7   Once the stalking
    conviction was overturned, the judge simply sought to maintain
    this distinction by denying the defendant's request to deem the
    perjury sentence as time served.   The judge carefully considered
    the impact of the sentencing scheme when she chose to impose the
    entire sentence nunc pro tunc as if it had been imposed on June
    12, 2012, and it was within her discretion to do so.
    The judge had discretion to determine the resentencing
    structure as long as she did not add additional time to the
    original, lawfully imposed sentence.    See 
    Cumming, 466 Mass. at 473-474
    (judge may not restructure sentence in way that
    increases aggregate punishment imposed under original sentence).
    Under the defendant's original sentencing scheme, he would have
    served from five to seven years of incarceration and five years
    of probation after all incarceration.   After resentencing, the
    7 During the resentencing hearing, the judge said: "The
    [c]ourt in doing its sentencing structure grouped, in effect,
    stalking, harassment, and [G. L. c.] 209A because they related
    to acts committed with domestic abuse, and the [c]ourt imposed
    sentences on those that were concurrent. The [c]ourt
    intentionally did not impose a perjury sentence that was
    concurrent because the [c]ourt deems that to be a crime
    different in nature and requiring independent punishment, and
    therefore, imposed an on and after sentence on that."
    14
    defendant served approximately four and one-half years of
    incarceration.8
    The defendant's resentencing scheme is neither illegal nor
    unconstitutional; therefore, the decision of the Superior Court
    judge is affirmed.
    So ordered.
    8 The defendant is currently serving five years of
    probation.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: SJC 12364

Filed Date: 4/12/2018

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 4/13/2018