Florence Sewing Machine Co. v. Grover & Baker Sewing Machine Co. , 110 Mass. 70 ( 1872 )

Chapman, C. J.

1. The plaintiffs and one of the defendant corporations are of this Commonwealth, but the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Company is a Connecticut corporation, and the Singer Manufacturing Company a Hew York corporation. The two last mentioned corporations petitioned for the removal of the fiase to the Circuit Court of the United States, but the petition was denied. It is settled that corporations are to be regarded as citizens in respect to the right of removal. Railway Co. v. Whitton, 13 Wall. 270. The rights of the defendants are therefore the same as if they were natural persons. But as one of them is a citizen of Massachusetts, the question arises whether the other two had a right to remove the cause under the U. S. St. of 1867, c. 196. The causes that may be removed under that statute are those wherein “ there is controversy between a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought and a citizen of another state.”

The judiciary act of 1789, e. 20, § 12, which provided for removal “if a suit be commenced in any state court against an alien, or by a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought, against a citizen of another state,” has always been so construed as to make the test of citizenship apply to each party to the suit collectively, when more than one person are joined as plaintiffs or defendants.

Under this act, the right of removal is given to the defendant only, and must be exercised at the time of entering his appearance in the state court.

The act of 1866, e. 288, provided that if, in such a suit, a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought is joined as defendant, the other defendant, alien or citizen of another state, should nevertheless have the right of removal, provided, first, that the suit, so far as relates to him, is instituted or prosecuted for the purpose of restraining or enjoining him; or, secondly, that “ the suit is one in which there can be a final determination of the controversy, so far as it concerns him, without the presence of the other defendants as parties in the cause.” In such case the suit, “as against him,” may be removed 'nto the Circuit Court; and it is declared to be the duty of the state court to “ proceed no further in the cause as against the defendant so applying for its removal; ” but such removal “ shall not be deemed to prejudice or take away the right of the plaintiff to proceed at the same time with the suit in the state court as against the other defendants, if he shall desire to do so.”

Under this act, the right of removal is given to defendants only ; but may be exercised at any time before the trial or final hearing of the cause.

The act of 1867, c. 196, provides for removal from state to federal courts upon affidavit of a party “ that he has reason tc and does believe that, from prejudice or local influence, he will not be able to obtain justice in such state court; ” and extends the right, in such cases, to a plaintiff as well as a defendant, if a citizen of another state than that in which the suit is pending, and in which the other party resides. The act purports to be in amendment of the act of 1866, c. 288; and the defendants contend that it must therefore be construed to give the right of removal to any citizen of another state, although joined in the suit with a citizen of the same state. They also point to the phraseology of the act, which provides that where a suit is brought or pending “ in which there is controversy between a citizen of the state in which the suit is brought and a citizen of another state,” “ such citizen of another state, whether he be plaintiff or defendant,” may file a petition for its removal; and contend that, by its departure from the language of the act of 1789, it indicates an intention to free this right of removal from the restricted construction put upon the former act.

But we think such a construction would make it conflict with the Constitution of the United States, and therefore must presume that such was not the intention with which the act was framed; or if it was so, then that intention must be held to be ineffectual.

The language of the Constitution, Art. 3, § 2, is indeed that the judicial power of the United States shall extend “ to controversies between citizens of different states.” But as it does not extend, except in certain specified cases, to controversies between citizens of the same state, it cannot embrace controversies in which some of those who constitute the party on one side are citizens of the same state with those of the party on the other side, although citizens of another state are joined with them in the suit. Bryant v. Rich, 106 Mass. 180,192, and cases cited. Case v. Douglas, 1 Dillon, 299. Bixby v. Couse, 8 Blatchf. C. C. 73.

The courts of the United States have no general common law jurisdiction. Their power is limited by the terms of the statute conferring it. Those limits are held strictly, and the jurisdiction must, in all cases, be made to appear explicitly. Bingham v. Cabot, 3 Dall. 382. Montalet v. Murray, 4 Cranch, 46. New Orleans v. Winter, 1 Wheat. 91. Conolly v. Taylor, 2 Pet. 556. In applying the statute, its general terms are made to conform to narrower limits of the judicial powers as established by the constitutional provisions. Mossman v. Higginson, 4 Dall. 12. Hodgson v. Bowerbank, 5 Cranch, 303. The right of removal cannot be more extensive than the power of the Circuit Court of the United States over the suit, if brought there by original process. ¡Smith v. Bines, 2 Sumn. 338. It follows that the whole suit cannot be removed to the Circuit Court, because the controversy is, in part, between citizens of the same state, and that court has no power, under the Constitution, to entertain jurisdiction of such a controversy. It cannot be removed as to the petitioning defendants, leaving the suit as against the resident defendant to be tried in the state court: first, because, under the statute of 1867, the whole suit is to be removed, and the state court is directed to “ proceed no further in the suit; ” and secondly, because the cause of action is not divisible so as to enable the suit to be prosecuted separately against each in different courts ; and therefore is not within the scope of the act of 1866, o. 288. The petition for removal was rightly refused.^*

2. The next question in order relates to the fact that, after an absence of several hours, the jury returned into court and reported, through their foreman, that they had agreed upon their verdict. Thereupon the presiding justice, without receiving their verdict, gave them further instructions, and requested them to return an answer to the following question, namely, “ Was it the understanding of the trade in February 1868, that drop-feed meant exclusively the form and mode of feed used in the plaintiffs’ sewing machines, as distinguished from the form and mode afterwards used in the Davis sewing machines ? ” Thereupon the jury again retired to their room, without delivering their verdict. It is not necessary to consider in this place what were the additional instructions given at that time. After further consultation, the jury came into court and asked for instruction on another question, stated in the bill of exceptions, which was given them. It need not be here repeated. A verdict was afterwards returned for the plaintiffs for the amount claimed by them, with interest.

The defendants excepted to all the rulings, refusals to rule, and instructions given. It does not appear that they excepted to the fact that, after the jury reported that they had agreed, the judge gave them a further instruction and sent them out again; nor is the reason of his course stated. But it is contended in argument that this course was irregular, and that the verdict should be set aside for this irregularity. This presents the question at what stage of the trial the right of a presiding judge to give further instructions to the jury ceases. It cannot be contended that it ceases when he has once instructed them and they have retired to their room. It may happen that one of the parties suggests to the judge that some material point has been omitted in the charge, or a mistake has been discovered in computation or some other matter; or that the jury send a request for a further instruction on some point, and they are called into the court room and instructed. This is admitted to be within the discretion of the judge, whose object should be to give the jury proper and full instructions, and correct all omissions and errors that may have occurred in the course of the trial, as soon as he discovers them. In respect to such matters, it is necessary to the proper administration of justice that he should have a large discretion. And it may happen that the judge himself may find, on reflection, that in his charge he has left some point obscure, especially if prayers for further instructions are presented to him by counsel after his charge has been given, and when the jury are about to retire, and he has been obliged to consider the subject of these prayers hastily. A little reflection may convince him that the matter needs further explanation. The propriety of his recalling the jury and explaining the matter further is hardly open to reasonable doubt, and we think his discretion extends to that matter. Nor can it be limited to that point, but should extend to the time »f rendering their verdict. Even after that time there may be a plain and palpable error which the proper administration of justice would correct. But up to the time of rendering the verdict it is not irregular to send them to their room with such an instruction as is appropriate to the case, when nothing is pointed out that operates injuriously upon one of the parties. Nothing of the kind is pointed out here. The judge did not vary the substance of his charge, but made it a little more full and plain.

3. The defendants contend that the plaintiffs are not entitled to maintain an action against them jointly for the sum paid to Gifford, the receiver, and by him distributed among them before suit or demand; but can only recover, if at all, in several actions, the sum received by each. The connection of Gifford with the parties appears in the twelfth clause of the license. By the fifth section, the plaintiffs, who are the licensees, agree to render to the licensors, or to such person as they shall appoint to receive the same, quarter-yearly, a true and full account, and to pay to them or their receiver the patent rent specified. By the twelfth section, Gifford is appointed their authorized receiver to receive reports, &e., “ and to collect and receive all sums which by this agreement are to be paid for patent rent or otherwise,” and the licensees are to render their accounts to him; and making payments, &c., to him, is to be a compliance with and performance of the agreement by the licensees.

Thus, as between the plaintiffs and defendants, the payment to Gifford was a joint payment to all of the defendants, and if any part of the payment can be recovered back, they are jointly liable for it. The subsequent distribution of the amount among themselves does not concern the licensees, who had no right to inquire into the matter; nor could the defendants so distribute it as to relieve either of them from liability for whatever was received as patent rent.

4. The claim of the plaintiffs to recover back the money sued for arises from the seventh clause of the license, which is as follows, namely: “No other license for a drop-feed shuttle sewing machine, using two threads, is to be granted by said licensors under the before mentioned patents at a less patent rent per machine, without a corresponding reduction in the patent rent herein reserved; and machines of the same pattern are not to he licensed to different parties.” The patent rent reserved is to be five dollars for each machine. On October 1,1868, the licensors granted to the Davis Sewing Machine Company, for the consideration of $20,000, the right to make a number of sewing machines, not exceeding 50,000, which are alleged to be like those mentioned in the seventh clause, and under this license the Davis Sewing Machine Company proceeded to manufacture such machines. The plaintiffs contend that this compensation is at the rate of forty cents per machine, and that consequently they were thereafter entitled to have their patent rent reduced to forty cents per machine. On the contrary, the defendants contend that the reduction would not be so great until the Davis Sewing Machine Company should have made the whole 50,000 machines for which their license was granted; and that the court erred in excluding proof that the license to the Davis Sewing Machine Company was cancelled when that company had made only 8500 machines, and also in ruling that if the Davis sewing machine was a drop-feed machine, the effect of the license to the Davis Sewing Machine Company was to reduce the plaintiff’s license rent to forty cents per machine for all the machines they should thereafter manufacture during the existence of their own license, without regard to the number they might make.

The language of the seventh clause in the plaintiff’s license is very strong. It expresses that no other license for such a machine shall be granted at a less patent rent per machine, “ without a corresponding reduction in the patent rent herein reserved.” This is a reference to the licenses themselves, and not to the machines that may be made under them. It is to take effect in modifying the rights of the plaintiffs, upon the granting of the new license, and entitles the plaintiffs to the corresponding reduction from that date. The reduction is to be calculated by a recurrence to the language of the new license. Its rate per machine is to be ascertained by taking $20,000 as the rent for' 50,000 machines being forty cents per machine. The rule of reduction contended For by the defendants, namely, that it is to depend upon the num« ber actually made under the license to the Davis Sewing Machine Company, would operate unreasonably; for, while it would operate to enable the Davis Sewing Machine Company to reduce the price of its machines in the market immediately, it would postpone the operation of the reduction to the plaintiffs to an indefinite period.

The reduction of the plaintiffs’ patent rent is not limited, by the fair construction of the seventh clause, to any number of machines, but extends at least through the time during which the other reduced license rent shall remain in force. It is not necessary to consider whether it extends further, and in that particular the ruling of the judge is practically immaterial. The cancellation of the license to the Davis sewing machine was immaterial, for it was not done till December 1,1869, after the time when the plaintiffs ceased to pay the full original license fees, which they now seek to recover back in part.

5. The plaintiffs’ license was dated February 20,1868, and the ) ícense to the Davis Sewing Machine Company was dated October 1, 1868. The defendants offered evidence to show what description of sewing machines were known and designated in the sewing machine trade and business as “ drop-feed ” machines subsequently to February 1868, and down to and including October 1868; and that the Davis sewing machine did not come within that description. The court excluded this evidence, but allowed the defendants to introduce evidence as to what was known and designated in the trade as a drop-feed preceding and about February 1868. This ruling is objected to. But it is obvious that the term drop-feed, as used in the plaintiffs’ license, had reference to what then existed, and could not be affected by any changes that might afterwards be introduced into the definition of the term. If the evidence offered had been received, it might mislead the jury, and at best it was immaterial. Its exclusion could not injure the defendants.

6. The defendants called a large number of persons who had been engaged in the manufacture, sale and use of drop-feed sewing machines for a long time prior to February 1868, and also subsequently thereto, and put to them this question: “ When, if ever for the first time, did you hear or know of the term drop-feed being applied to the Davis sewing machine ? ” But the question was excluded.

The point to which the question related, if material, must have been whether or not the Davis sewing machine was in fact a drop-feed machine, and it had no bearing on that point. The delay to give it that name might arise from the efforts of interested parties to prevent its receiving such an appellation, or from its being too plainly a machine of that character to lead any person to discuss the matter, or from other causes not material, but could not authorize the jury to infer anything as to its real character.

7. The letters patent of Great Britain, granted to George B Woodruff in 1866, for a certain improvement in the feeding mechanism of “top-feeding” sewing machines, were offered in evidence by the defendants, but excluded. Ho evidence was offered that the invention in that patent, or its designation, was known in the trade in this country in 1868. The defendants contend that the patent was evidence tending to show that a distinction between “ top-feed ” machines and “ drop-feed ” machines was known and recognized in the trade in this country. But we do not think that the mere granting of a patent in Great Britain in 1866 would authorize the inference that the peculiarity of the invention had become known to the trade in this country in Februry 1868, in the absence of any other evidence that it had been used or known here or even elsewhere. The evidence was properly excluded.

8. The defendants contend that the instruction to the jury that, in determining what was understood as a “ drop-feed ” in the plaintiffs’ license, “ they were not to be restricted to the particular form in which it had been applied at that date,” was erroxeous, and tended to mislead the jury from the real issue. The language of the seventh section is “ a drop-feed shuttle sewing machine, using two threads.”

The defendants say that, at the date of the plaintiffs’ license, a “ drop-feed,” machine had been confined to that particular form of feed in which the feeding instrument was applied from underneath the table, (in distinction from being applied on the top of the table,) and which receded from underneath the bottom of the table after the feeding was done ; and so they say that the term “ drop-feed” signifies a particular form or mode of application of four motion feed, and this particular form was made essential to the plaintiffs’ license, and the restriction was confined by the contract itself to machines of that particular form. The license to the plaintiffs conveys rights specified in several patents, and provides that one of them, “ said McCauley machine, may be made with a drop-feed.” The phrase “ drop-feed ” is mentioned only in this place and in the seventh section.

Upon this point the first and second prayers for instructions were given. The third and fourth contain erroneous propositions j for two machines may have a very different arrangement of their parts, while the peculiar characteristic that is the subject of a patent in one may be the same in both. In Blanchard v. Beers, 2 Blatchf. C. C. 411, 418, Mr. Justice Nelson says: “No man can appropriate the benefit of the new ideas which another has originated and put into practical use, because he may have been enabled, by superior mechanical skill, to embody them in a form, different in appearance or different in reality. For although he may not have preserved the exterior appearance of the previous machine, he may have appropriated the ideas which give to it all its value.” The instruction given accords with this view of the law, and was correct. The fifth prayer was substantially adopted. The sixth and seventh prayers contained erroneous propositions; for, consistently with these propositions, each of the two machines might contain the characteristic which would make them “ drop-feed ” machines. It may require invention to make a change in the arrangement of a machine which is a palpable infringement of an existing machine. The remaining prayers contain argunentative propositions connected with questions of fact; and so far as they may be construed to contain legal propositions, they were substantially covered by the instructions given to the jury No error in this respect has been pointed out to us.

Exceptions overruled»

* The judgment upon this point was affirmed by the Supreme Court of tba United States Case of the Sewing Machine Cos. 18 Wall. 553.