Lamalfa v. Hearn , 233 Md. App. 141 ( 2017 )

Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-14-005520 REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 87
September Term, 2016
______________________________________
PATRICIA LAMALFA
v.
JANIS HEARN, ET AL.
______________________________________
Eyler, Deborah S.,
Kehoe,
Rodowsky, Lawrence A.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
______________________________________
Opinion by Eyler, Deborah S., J.
______________________________________
Filed: June 28, 2017
In the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Patricia Lamalfa, the appellant, sued Janis
Hearn, the appellee, for automobile negligence. The case was tried to a jury over two
days. During the testimony of Ms. Hearn’s medical expert, the court admitted into
evidence, over objection, four of Ms. Lamalfa’s post-accident medical treatment records
that the expert relied upon in forming his opinions. At the close of all the evidence, the
court granted a motion for judgment in favor Ms. Lamalfa on “negligence” and ruled that
the case would go to the jury “for its determination as to the amount of damages, if any
that should be awarded.” The jury deliberated and returned a verdict in favor of Ms.
Lamalfa for $10,576.05, comprising the full amount of her medical bills and $650 for
pain and suffering.
On appeal, Ms. Lamalfa presents two questions, which we have combined and
rephrased as:
Did the circuit court err by admitting Ms. Lamalfa’s medical records into
evidence? 1
For the following reasons, we shall affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
1
Ms. Lamalfa states her questions presented as follows:
1. Were Defense Exhibits 2–5 inadmissible hearsay due to the failure of
authentication as a condition precedent to the business records exception to the
hearsay rule?
2. Did the trial court err by admitting medical records pursuant to Maryland Rule
5-703 without an appropriate foundation for establishing the truthfulness of the
records?
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
On October 14, 2011, Ms. Lamalfa, who lives in Brooklyn, New York, was in
Maryland to attend a family wedding. On the way to the wedding, she was sitting in the
rear passenger seat of a small SUV, which was being driven by her son Steven Lamalfa
(“Steven”). Steven drove the SUV southbound on Interstate 95, near Pulaski Highway,
and onto an exit ramp, where it came to a complete stop because of heavy traffic. The
SUV was rear-ended by a vehicle being driven by Ms. Hearn.
Police and ambulances responded to the scene. Ms. Lamalfa did not seek medical
treatment. She and the other occupants of the SUV continued on to the wedding. They
returned to their hotel in Baltimore that night. The next morning, Ms. Lamalfa went to
the emergency room at Mercy Medical Center (“Mercy”) in Baltimore with complaints of
low back pain and some tenderness in her left forearm. She was treated and released.
She returned to New York that night.
A week after the accident, on October 21, 2011, Ms. Lamalfa sought treatment
from Yury Koyen, M.D., a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation who
practices at Relief Medical, P.C., in Brooklyn. She complained of upper and lower back
pain, pain in both arms, left hip pain, periodic numbness in her right hand, right shoulder
pain, weakness in her left arm, tailbone pain, and emotional distress related to the
accident. Dr. Koyen recommended that Ms. Lamalfa undergo physical therapy and
chiropractic treatment, as well as diagnostic testing.
Also in October 2011, Ms. Lamalfa began experiencing severe abdominal pain.
An October 31, 2011 CT scan of her abdomen was normal, however. In February 2012,
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Sampath Kumar, M.D., a general surgeon, diagnosed Ms. Lamalfa with an epigastric
hernia. In March 2012, he operated on her to repair it. Ms. Lamalfa previously had had
surgery to repair an epigastric hernia in 1984.
Meanwhile, on November 7, 2011, Ms. Lamalfa underwent an MRI of her right
shoulder that revealed a rotator cuff injury. More than three years later, in December
2014, Ms. Lamalfa went to see Jaspreet Sekhon, M.D., an orthopedic surgeon. Dr.
Sekhon sent Ms. Lamalfa for another MRI, which revealed a rotator cuff tear. In 2015,
Dr. Sekhon operated on Ms. Lamalfa’s right shoulder. 2
Ms. Lamalfa filed suit against Ms. Hearn on September 23, 2014. 3 The case was
tried to a jury from February 16 to 18, 2016. In the plaintiffs’ case, Ms. Lamalfa and
Steven testified and the de bene esse depositions of Drs. Koyen, Kumar, and Sekhon
were played for the jury. 4
Ms. Lamalfa, then age 54, testified about the accident and about her medical
treatment following the accident. She had worked as a hairdresser from the age of 18
2
The record does not reveal the date of the rotator cuff surgery.
3
Steven and a passenger named Bridgitte Rivera also were plaintiffs. Ms. Rivera
settled her claim before trial and dismissed it with prejudice. Steven’s claim was tried
with his mother’s and resulted in a judgment for $8,575.66. He has not joined in this
appeal.
The plaintiffs originally included John B. Hearn, Jr., Ms. Hearn’s husband, as a
defendant, suing him for negligence and negligent entrustment. Those claims were
dismissed with prejudice on the first day of trial.
4
The video depositions were not transcribed and the DVD recordings are not in
the record. Thus, we summarize the expert testimony based only upon the excerpts
provided by Ms. Hearn in the appendix to her brief.
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until about a year before the accident. Shortly after the accident, her abdomen began to
feel “weak” and she noticed a “protrusion” between her stomach and her ribcage. She
went to see Dr. Kumar and he diagnosed her with an epigastric hernia.
Ms. Lamalfa also began experiencing right shoulder pain in the weeks following
the accident that got “progressively worse.” She could not hold her grandchildren, lift
pots and pans, or reach up to high shelves. She had not experienced right shoulder pain
prior to the accident. She did not seek immediate medical treatment for her shoulder
pain, however, because she had moved in with her parents and her mother was already
providing care for her father following a knee replacement surgery. In December 2014,
she went to see Dr. Sekhon and he recommended surgery. Ms. Lamalfa described the
recovery following her surgery as “[l]ong and arduous.” For more than three months, she
had to wear a sling and a bolster on her arm at all times except when she bathed. This
made “[s]leeping . . . horrendous.” She was still having difficulty sleeping and her
shoulder movement remained “impaired.”
Dr. Koyen testified by video deposition that to a reasonable degree of medical
certainty Ms. Lamalfa’s hernia and rotator cuff tear were caused by the October 14, 2011
accident. He opined that the rotator cuff tear to Ms. Lamalfa’s right shoulder, as seen on
the November 7, 2011 MRI, was consistent with an acute traumatic injury. He
acknowledged that the record of Ms. Lamalfa’s visit to the Mercy emergency room on
October 15, 2011 (“Mercy record”), the day after the accident, did not include any
notation of complaints of right shoulder pain or abdominal pain. Dr. Koyen testified that
on November 22, 2011, he prepared a report of his treatment of Ms. Lamalfa on October
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21, 2011, and up until the date of the report (“Koyen record”). In the report, he did not
note that Ms. Lamalfa had complained of any abdominal pain during her initial
appointment. His report reflected that she later complained of “severe pains in the
abdominal and pelvis area” and, as a result, a CT scan of her abdomen was performed on
October 31, 2011.
Dr. Kumar testified by video deposition that Ms. Lamalfa came to see him in
February 2012 with complaints of abdominal pain. He palpated her abdomen and
diagnosed her with a recurrence of an epigastric hernia. He opined that, given the
location of the hernia, it was not surprising that the October 31, 2011 CT scan did not
show it. He further opined to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that Ms.
Lamalfa’s epigastric hernia was caused by the pressure of the seat belt against her
abdominal wall during the October 14, 2011 accident. After Dr. Kumar repaired the
hernia, he saw Ms. Lamalfa for a routine follow-up appointment. He had not seen her
since.
Finally, Dr. Sekhon testified in his video deposition that he met with Ms. Lamalfa
for the first time in December 2014. He ordered an MRI, which revealed a rotator cuff
tear. He did not review her prior MRI results or her other medical records from 2011.
In her case, Ms. Hearn testified and called Louis Halikman, M.D., an orthopedic
surgeon practicing at Mercy. Dr. Halikman had examined Ms. Lamalfa on December 28,
2015, relative to the instant litigation. He noted that she was left-handed and that her
upper arms each measured the same girth. Dr. Halikman opined that he would have
expected Ms. Lamalfa’s right arm “to have been substantially smaller in girth than the
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left” given that it was not her dominant arm and because she recently had had surgery on
that shoulder. The fact that Ms. Lamalfa’s arms were equal in girth was evidence that she
was “using both of her arms in as close to natural fashion as possible.”
Dr. Halikman explained that in forming his opinions, he relied upon four of Ms.
Lamalfa’s medical records: the Mercy record; the Koyen record; an “Initial Chiropractic
Examination” report prepared by an unidentified practitioner on October 25, 2011
(“Chiropractic record”); and an “Initial Consultation Report” prepared by Alexsandr
Levin, M.D., at Diagnostic Medicine, P.C., on December 13, 2011 (“Levin record”).
When defense counsel moved to admit the Mercy record into evidence, plaintiff’s
counsel objected, arguing as follows:
The expert can certainly testify to [the content of the record] and
obviously all his testimony is evidence in the case. However, the document
itself is a hearsay document. It contains hearsay statements. It contains
expert findings opinions [sic], and it contains secondary and probably even
tertiary hearsay statements . . . . I would also, Your Honor, argue that in
permitting some records in and not others also is far more prejudice [sic]
than probative in that it’s going to allow certain documents to go back to
the jury room without the benefit of having all of the documents. So on all
of those grounds, Your Honor, I would object.
Defense counsel responded that the Mercy record was admissible because it was “a
document that the Doctor relied on in forming his opinion . . . [a]nd I believe that is, you
know, allows it to come into evidence.” The court overruled the objection and admitted
the Mercy record.
Defense counsel subsequently moved to admit the other three medical records that
Dr. Halikman had relied upon in forming his opinions. Plaintiff’s counsel made the
“same objection” to each one, and his objections were overruled.
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The Mercy record included a narrative “History of Present Illness” section that
related that Ms. Lamalfa had been involved in a “rear-ended motor vehicle crash” the
day before; that upon impact, she had “immediately . . . reached over to the left side of
the car to secure her [infant granddaughter’s car seat]”; that “gradually over the course of
the afternoon and evening,” she began experiencing “left-sided lower back pain”; and
that she also “complain[ed] of a much lighter pain in the left forearm.” The “Physical
Examination: General” section of the Mercy record stated that Ms. Lamalfa
“ambulate[d]” with a “slight limp” but without “much difficulty” and did not appear to be
in “acute distress.” Her abdomen was “[s]oft.” She exhibited “positive straight leg
raising” on the left side and “difficulty with the lateral oblique motion.” She had “full
range of motion of all joints.” She was discharged with instructions to rest, apply heat to
the affected areas, and take over-the-counter pain medication.
The Koyen record, completed on November 22, 2011, was five pages long. In it,
Dr. Koyen noted that he had examined Ms. Lamalfa for the first time on October 21,
2011, one week after the accident. At that time, she reported having sustained “injuries
to the head, left shoulder and coccyx.” In a section entitled “Chief Complaints,” Dr.
Koyen stated that Ms. Lamalfa had reported
flashbacks of the accident; neck pains radiating to the right arm and upper
back, and to the left arm and forearm; low back pains; left hip pains;
periodical [sic] numbness in the right hand; right shoulder pains; weakness
in the left arm; fear of sitting in a car; coccyx pains worsened by sitting;
[and] claustrophobia after accident.
In the “Review of Systems” section, Dr. Koyen noted “sharp neck pains radiating to the
left upper extremity and associated with numbness” and “sharp lumbosacral pains
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provoked by sitting.” Ms. Lamalfa was in “acute pain distress” and had pain upon
getting on and off the exam table. Dr. Koyen’s examination of her shoulders revealed
“[r]ight rotator cuff area tenderness” and “[r]ight shoulder[] joint . . . tenderness,” with
pain upon motion. Her shoulder motion was more limited on the right side, and she was
positive for several tests of nerve impingement in her right shoulder. Her abdomen was
not tender.
As pertinent, Dr. Koyen recommended that Ms. Lamalfa begin physical therapy
for her right shoulder pain; continue taking Aleve; have an x-ray taken of her right
shoulder; and consider undergoing an MRI of her right shoulder if the problems persisted.
In the “Treatment” section of the report, Dr. Koyen set out the various treatments, tests,
and procedures Ms. Lamalfa had undergone following her initial appointment and the
results. He noted that due to “severe pains in the abdominal and pelvis area,” he had
ordered a CT scan; it revealed “no acute inflammatory processes.” Due to “severe pains
in the right shoulder,” he had ordered an MRI; it revealed “possible impingement of the
supraspinatus muscle and rotator cuff instrasubstance tear involving supraspinatus and
infraspinatus tendons.” Dr. Koyen’s diagnoses were, as pertinent, “[r]ight shoulder
trauma with rotator cuff tear and impingement” and “abdominal trauma.”
The Chiropractic record was completed on October 25, 2011. It is a five-page
form document with handwritten notations detailing Ms. Lamalfa’s health history and the
reason she was seeking chiropractic care. In the “Present Complaints” section, the
chiropractor circled “Neck Pain & Stiffness Left/Right” that “Radiates” to the “Left . . .
Shoulder,” as well as right shoulder pain and left arm pain, with numbness and tingling to
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the forearm. The “Orthopedic & Neurologic Tests” section reflects that the chiropractor
did not perform a “Shoulder Depression Test,” or three other tests used to detect nerve
impingement and tears in the shoulders. In the “Diagnosis” section, the chiropractor
gives diagnoses of spinal radiculopathy, joint dysfunction in the spine; a whiplash injury;
headaches; and spinal subluxation. The chiropractor did not circle the diagnostic codes
for shoulder injury or shoulder pain.
The Levin record, completed on December 13, 2011, is a three-page initial
consultation report addressed to Dr. Koyen. Dr. Levin noted that Ms. Lamalfa
complained of “right shoulder pain, lower back pain radiating to the left leg, left knee
pain, and weakness in the left leg.” On physical examination she was in “no acute
distress.” She had “no tenderness on palpation or decreased range of motion” in her
shoulders. Her abdomen was “[s]oft, not distended” and was not tender. Dr. Levin noted
tenderness of the lumbar spine and diagnosed Ms. Lamalfa with “[p]ost-traumatic
lumbosacral sprain/strain.” He recommended nerve conduction tests to rule out “lumbar
radiculitis.”
Dr. Halikman opined, based upon a review of these records, his physical
examination of Ms. Lamalfa, and his education and experience, that Ms. Lamalfa “did
not sustain an injury to her right shoulder as a result of [the automobile accident].” He
explained that if Ms. Lamalfa had torn her rotator cuff during the accident, she would
have been in severe pain on October 14, 2011, and thereafter would not have waited more
than three years to seek out a surgical consultation. He further opined that if she had
complained of any shoulder pain at Mercy on October 15, 2011, x-rays would have been
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ordered. The fact that x-rays were not ordered confirmed the narrative aspects of the
report, in his view, that reflected that Ms. Lamalfa did not complain of shoulder pain. He
further opined that the October 2011 MRI of Ms. Lamalfa’s shoulder showed
degenerative fraying of the tendons, not a tear consistent with an acute injury to the
shoulder caused by an impact. The degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles was not
unusual given that Ms. Lamalfa’s profession required her to hold her arms up
continuously.
Dr. Halikman also commented that the medical records reflected that Ms.
Lamalfa’s abdomen was soft and not tender in December 2011. He opined that had Ms.
Lamalfa had a “problem referable to [that] area,” it “would have been evident” by
December 2011, when she saw Dr. Levin.
As noted, the court granted a motion for judgment in favor of Ms. Lamalfa for
“negligence” and sent the case to the jury on damages only, although the lawyers
addressed causation in their closing arguments. Ms. Lamalfa’s lawyer asked the jurors to
award her all of her past medical expenses ($9,926.05) and non-economic damages in the
range of $50,000 to $150,000. Defense counsel argued that the evidence did not show
that Ms. Lamalfa’s hernia and rotator cuff tear were caused by the accident. She pointed
to the four medical records admitted into evidence to show that Ms. Lamalfa did not
complain of right shoulder pain or abdominal pain during her Mercy visit; did not
complain of abdominal pain during her initial visit to Dr. Koyen a week later; did not
complain of right shoulder pain during her chiropractic visit in October 2011; and that her
right shoulder was not tender and had full movement and her abdomen was soft and not
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tender during her December 13, 2011 visit to Dr. Levin. Defense counsel argued that the
evidence did not support a finding that the two surgeries were causally related to the
accident and that the evidence also did not support a large award for pain and suffering.
The case was sent to the jury on a special verdict sheet asking the jurors to find
“[w]hat measure of damages, if any, do you find that the Plaintiff, Patricia Lamalfa, is
entitled?” followed by blanks for “Past Medical Expenses,” “Non-Economic Damages
(Pain, Suffering, Physical Impairment, etc.),” and for the total damages. The jury
awarded Ms. Lamalfa all her past medical expenses ($9,926.05) and $650 in non-
economic damages, for a total award of $10,576.05. This timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Ms. Lamalfa contends the trial court erred as a matter of law by admitting into
evidence the four medical records at issue and that she was prejudiced by their admission.
First, and as a threshold matter, she argues that Ms. Hearn failed to authenticate the
records pursuant to Rule 5-902. Second, she argues that the records were not admissible
under Rule 5-703(b) or under the business records exception to the hearsay rule. She
seeks a reversal and remand for a new trial on damages.
Ms. Hearn responds that Ms. Lamalfa failed to preserve her authentication
challenge because she did not make that argument at trial. She maintains, moreover, that
the admission of the medical records was proper under Rule 5-703(b), as “facts or data”
relied upon by Dr. Halikman; under Rule 5-803(b)(3), as statements of Ms. Lamalfa’s
then existing physical condition, specifically her bodily health; under Rule 5-803(b)(6),
as business records; and under the catch-all exception to the rule against hearsay in Rule
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5-803(b)(24). Finally, she asserts that even if the records were admitted in error, Ms.
Lamalfa has failed to make any showing as to how she was prejudiced by their admission
given that the jury found her (Ms. Hearn) responsible for damages related to Ms.
Lamalfa’s shoulder injury and her hernia repair.
Authentication is a “condition precedent to admissibility” and may be “satisfied by
evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what its proponent
claims.” Md. Rule 5-901(a). Ms. Lamalfa asserts for the first time on appeal that Ms.
Hearn failed to have the medical records at issue certified as business records under the
self-authentication provisions of Rule 5-902(b). She did not make this argument when
defense counsel moved for the admission of the Mercy record or the other three records.
Rather, she argued that the records were inadmissible because they were “hearsay
document[s]” and because any probative value they might have was outweighed by their
prejudicial impact. Having failed to object below on the basis of authentication, she has
not preserved that issue for appeal. Md. Rule 8-131(a).
Ms. Hearn moved for the admission of the medical records pursuant to Rule 5-
703, entitled “Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts.” Section (a) of that rule provides
generally that the “facts or data” on which an expert witness bases his opinion may be
those made known to him before trial. Subsection (b) of the rule is captioned “Disclosure
to Jury.” It states:
If determined to be trustworthy, necessary to illuminate testimony, and
unprivileged, facts or data reasonably relied upon by an expert pursuant to
section (a) may, in the discretion of the court, be disclosed to the jury even
if those facts and data are not admissible in evidence. Upon request, the
court shall instruct the jury to use those facts and data only for the purpose
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of evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert’s opinion or
inference.
In Alban v. Fiels, 210 Md. App. 1, 21 (2013), we explained the effect of Rule 5-
703(a) and (b) as follows:
Most certainly, “[a]n expert may give an opinion based on facts
contained in reports, studies, or statements from third parties, if the
underlying material is shown to be of the type reasonably relied upon by
experts in the field.” United States Gypsum Co. v. Mayor and City Council
of Baltimore, 336 Md. 145, 176, 647 A.2d 405 (1994). The focus of the
language in Rule 5–703(a) that facts or data forming the basis for an
expert’s opinion may be relied on if “of a type reasonably relied upon by
experts in the particular field” ordinarily relates to hearsay evidence.
Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Nothstein, 300 Md. 667, 682, 480 A.2d 807
(1984). If such information received from others is inadmissible hearsay, “it
ordinarily comes in not as substantive evidence but only to explain the
factual basis for the testifying expert’s opinion.” United States Gypsum Co.,
336 Md. at 176 n. 10, 647 A.2d 405. Regardless of why the facts or data
within the meaning of Rule 5–703(a) are not admissible as substantive
evidence, when they are permitted for Rule 5–703(a) purposes, they are not
admitted as substantive evidence. Thus, “[u]pon request, the court shall
instruct the jury to use those facts and data only for the purpose of
evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert’s opinion or
inference.” Rule 5–703(b).
In other words, Rule 5–703(a) does not operate to admit as
substantive evidence facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible. The facts
or data relied upon are admissible, if at all, only to explain how the expert
reached an opinion. Thus, unless inadmissible as a matter of law,
inadmissible evidence, if it satisfies Rule 5–703, may be admitted, in the
court’s discretion, to explain the factual basis for an expert’s opinion.
As the rule itself makes clear, for “facts or data” to qualify, they “must be (1)
trustworthy, (2) unprivileged, (3) reasonably relied upon by an expert in forming her or
his opinion, and (4) necessary to illuminate that expert’s testimony.” Brown v. Daniel
Realty Co., 409 Md. 565, 601 (2009). Ms. Lamalfa concedes that the medical records
were not privileged and that Dr. Halikman reasonably relied upon them. She argues that
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Ms. Hearn failed to establish the trustworthiness of the medical records or that they were
necessary to illuminate Dr. Halikman’s testimony. Ms. Lamalfa did not make either such
argument below, even though she did offer reasons for her objection. This argument is
not preserved for review.
The argument lacks merit in any event because it is plain that medical records
prepared by Ms. Lamalfa’s treating health care providers in the immediate aftermath of
the accident were sufficiently trustworthy to satisfy Rule 5-703. Moreover, because Dr.
Halikman relied upon those records to form his opinion that Ms. Lamalfa was not
exhibiting symptoms of an acute traumatic injury to her right shoulder or to her abdomen
immediately after the accident or, with respect to her abdomen, months later, they were
necessary to aid the jurors in understanding that opinion.
Ms. Lamalfa further argues that the court abused its discretion by admitting the
medical records into evidence because Rule 5-703(b) permits disclosure of records within
its ambit to the jury, not admission of such records. She maintains that if the court
merely had disclosed the medical records to the jury, the records would not have been
with the jurors during deliberation and they could not have used them substantively in
reaching their verdict.
To be sure, section (b) of the rule permits “disclosure” to the jurors, not
“admission,” of “facts or data” reasonably relied upon by a testifying expert witness. In
cases in which the facts or data the expert relied upon are contained in a written
document, the Court of Appeals and this Court have not drawn a distinction between
disclosing the writing to the jury and admitting the writing in evidence. In Brown, 409
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Md. 565, the Court upheld a ruling by the circuit court admitting in evidence a lead
inspection report of the subject property in a lead paint case that had been relied upon by
a testifying expert witness in forming his opinions. The Court explained that “four
elements must be satisfied for a document to be admissible under [Rule 5-703].” Id. at
601 (emphasis added). Likewise, in Gillespie v. Gillespie, 206 Md. App. 146, 166
(2012), we held, in a custody case, that the “circuit court was permitted to admit” under
Rule 5-703, a report documenting a psychiatric evaluation of the mother because a
testifying expert had relied upon it in forming her opinions.
There is no significant difference between disclosure and admission of a writing
under Rule 5-703 because to be able to use the writing to assess the credit, if any, to be
accorded the opinion of the expert witness who relied upon it, the fact finder must be able
to read the document, not just glance at it in passing. What is significant is that the
writing is not to be used substantively (unless otherwise admissible for its substance). It
is for that reason that the rule directs that, “[u]pon request, the court shall instruct the jury
to use th[e] facts and data [relied upon by the testifying expert] only for the purpose of
evaluating the validity and probative value of the expert’s opinion or inference.” Md.
Rule 5-703(b).
Here, the essence of Ms. Lamalfa’s complaint is that the jurors could have
misused the contents of the medical reports because the reports were with them in the
jury room during deliberations. Any problem with how the jurors might have used the
reports was not a function of their being in the jury room but of Ms. Lamalfa’s failure to
request a limiting instruction under Rule 5-703(b) either upon their admission, at the
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close of the evidence, or during defense counsel’s closing argument. Had she done so,
the court would have been required to instruct the jurors not to use the medical reports
substantively—the very concern she now raises on appeal. Thus, her failure to request a
limiting instruction is a waiver of this issue on appeal. See Brown, 409 Md. at 603–04
(plaintiff waived challenge to the manner in which defendants used lead paint report
when she failed to request a limiting instruction or to object to allegedly improper closing
argument).
For these reasons, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the
medical records in evidence under Rule 5-703. 5 Accordingly, we shall affirm the
judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. COSTS
TO BE PAID BY THE APPELLANT.
5
For this reason it is not necessary for us to address the hearsay arguments.
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