Action Committee for Transit, Inc. v. Town of Chevy Chase , 229 Md. App. 540 ( 2016 )

REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 1204
September Term, 2015
ACTION COMMITTEE FOR TRANSIT, INC.
ET AL.
v.
TOWN OF CHEVY CHASE
Woodward,
Kehoe,
Zarnoch, Robert A.,
(Retired, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
Opinion by Kehoe, J.
Filed: September 1, 2016
The Maryland Public Information Act (the “MPIA”)1 permits government agencies
to charge a reasonable fee for expenses incurred in the course of responding to a request
to inspect public records. See § 4-206 of the General Provisions Article (“GP”), Md.
Code Ann. (2014). The MPIA also allows an agency to waive fees upon the request of an
applicant if, “after considering the applicant’s ability to pay and other relevant factors,
the official custodian determines that the waiver would be in the public interest.” GP § 4-
206(e)(2). The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether an official custodian may take a
community organization’s past criticisms of the agency into account in deciding whether
granting the organization’s fee waiver request is in the public interest.
The Action Committee for Transit (“ACT”) and Benjamin Ross appeal from a
judgment of the Circuit Court for Montgomery County in favor of the Town of Chevy
Chase.2 ACT and Ross assert that the Town violated the MPIA when it denied their
requests for waivers of fees that the Town proposed to charge them for responding to
requests for copies of certain Town records. The circuit court concluded that the Town
did not violate the Act and entered judgment accordingly. ACT and Ross present two
issues, which, for purposes of analysis, are best expressed in terms of whether the circuit
1
The MPIA is codified in Title 4 of the General Provisions Article, Md. Code
Ann. (2014).
2
The Town of Chevy Chase is not to be confused with any of the other similarly-
named municipalities located in Montgomery County: Chevy Chase Village, Section 3 of
the Village of Chevy Chase, The Village of Chevy Chase Section 5, the Village of North
Chevy Chase, and the Town of Chevy Chase View. Of these, Chevy Chase Village is the
oldest, having been incorporated by an act of the General Assembly in 1910. See ch. 382
of the Laws of 1910.
court erred in granting summary judgment to the Town as to the claims of ACT on the
one hand, and Ross on the other.3
We will vacate the judgment of the circuit court and remand this case for further
proceedings.
BACKGROUND
“In cases interpreting an MPIA request, facts necessary to the determination of a
motion for summary judgment may be placed before the court by pleadings, affidavit,
deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts, stipulations and concessions.”
Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149 Md. App. 289, 304 (2003)
(internal quotation and citation omitted). Our summary of the facts is drawn from those
sources.
ACT is a non-stock, non-profit organization that advocates for public transportation
in Montgomery County, Maryland. Ross is a published author who has written
extensively in print and electronic media about issues regarding the Purple Line. He lives
3
ACT and Ross filed a joint brief and present the following questions:
1. Whether the Circuit Court erred in holding that the Town of Chevy
Chase was permitted to use “past negative comments” by a public-interest
group and a journalist as a basis for denying their requests for fee waivers
under the MPIA.
2. Whether the Circuit Court erred in holding that the Town of Chevy
Chase was permitted to deny fee waiver requests based on “other relevant
factors” it neither articulated nor explained.
The problem with this articulation of the issues is that it blurs some factual differences
between ACT and Ross and their respective requests.
2
in Bethesda. The Town is a Maryland municipal corporation and, as such, is subject to the
MPIA. Todd Hoffman, the Town Manager, is the official custodian of the Town’s public
records. See GP § 4-101(f).4
The controversy between the parties concerns the Purple Line, a proposed light rail
public transit system that, if constructed, will extend from Bethesda to New Carrollton.
The Purple Line is a multi-billion dollar project that is proposed to be funded through a
combination of federal, State, local, and private sources.5 Current plans call for a portion
of the Purple Line to be located within in a former railroad right-of-way which is
currently used as a linear park known as the Georgetown Branch Trail or the Capital
Crescent Trail. Part of this trail is located within the Town. Town residents and property
owners will be directly affected by the construction and operation of the Purple Line. The
Town opposes the project.6
ACT and Ross allege that, in 2008, and as part of its effort to oppose construction of
the Purple Line, the Town retained the law firm of Sidley Austin and a civil engineer to
review the Maryland Transit Administration’s Draft Environmental Impact Statement for
4
The MPIA defines “Custodian” in GP § 4-101(f) as:
(1) the official custodian; or
(2) any other authorized individual who has physical custody and control of
a public record.
5
See
https://perma.cc/QUN6-ZCPU/, last visited July 15, 2016.
6
There has been other litigation in Maryland courts regarding the Capital Crescent
Trail. See Montgomery County v. Bhatt, 446 Md. 79 (2016).
3
the Purple Line. ACT and Ross allege that the Town spent approximately $434,000 in
that effort. ACT and Ross further allege that in 2014, the Town retained the law firm, of
Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney (the “Buchanan Firm”), which in turn subcontracted with
two lobbying firms, Chambers, Conlon & Harwell, LLC (the “Chambers Firm”) and
Alexander & Cleaver, P.A. (the “Alexander Firm”). The Town also retained the public
relations firm Xenophon Strategies. All four firms were retained to represent the Town’s
interests in lobbying both the federal and state governments to deny funding for the
Purple Line. The Town paid the Buchanan Firm $20,000 monthly for its services.
Early in 2014, the Washington Post and other news sources published several articles
detailing the Town’s relationship with the four firms, including some details on the
monthly fees the Town paid for the firms’ services. Additionally, an article in the
Washington Post reported that one of the partners in the Buchanan Firm was Robert L.
Shuster, whose brother, Bill Shuster, is the chair of the Transportation and Infrastructure
Committee of the United States House of Representatives.7 Spurred by the information
contained in these articles, ACT and Ross sought access to the Town’s records pertaining
to the Town’s relationship with these firms. To that end, both ACT and Ross filed a series
of MPIA requests with the Town.
ACT’s first request was submitted in February, 2014. ACT sought documents
7
The record indicates that Mr. Shuster the lawyer made it clear to the Town
Council that he would not lobby Mr. Shuster the congressman before the Town Council
agreed to hire the Buchanan Firm.
4
regarding the Town’s relationship with the Buchanan Firm; it did not request a fee
waiver. The Town provided copies of all non-privileged documents that were responsive
to the request without charge because the time spent by Town staff in responding was less
than two hours. See GP § 4-206(c) (“The official custodian may not charge a fee for the
first 2 hours that are needed” to respond to a request to inspect public records.).
ACT filed two additional requests in April. The first sought documents pertaining to
the Town’s relationship with the Chambers and Alexander Firms, as well as any
additional documents pertaining to the Buchanan Firm. The second request sought access
to privileged documents relating to the Buchanan Firm and documents concerning the
Town’s relationship with Xenophon Strategies.
In response to the first April request, Hoffman, the Town Manager, stated that the
Town staff would begin searching for documents responsive to the request upon ACT’s
deposit of $700, noting that it would not provide the two hours of free research because
ACT’s request was on the same general topic as its February request. As to the second
April request, Mr. Hoffman stated that it would provide two hours of free research, but
still required a deposit of $250 before it would begin research on the requested
documents.
ACT then requested a fee waiver for both April requests. The Town denied the
waiver request on April 23, 2014. By way of explanation, Mr. Hoffman stated that “[i]t is
anticipated that the Town will expend a significant amount of time researching and
5
processing [t]he requests.”8
On May 21, 2014, ACT submitted another request for documents, asking for
substantially the same information sought in the April requests. Meriam Schoenbaum, a
part-time news blogger, submitted the request on ACT’s behalf, requesting a fee waiver
based upon ACT’s status as a non-profit and its intent to disseminate the information, and
her own status as a journalist.9 The Town denied Ms. Schoenbaum’s request for a fee
waiver on June 20, 2014 on both grounds. By way of explanation, the Town’s letter stated
that: “In your request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all fees . . . .
Please be advised your request for a waiver has been considered and denied.” The Town
further stated that it would not provide the two hours of free research because the
previous request filed by ACT related to the same general topic.
This brings us to the two MPIA requests that are at issue in this appeal: ACT’s
request dated October 15, 2014 (the “ACT Request”), and Ross’s request, which was one
of two filed by him on November 10, 2014.
The ACT Request sought:
copies of public records relating to contracts, agreements, and
communications between [the Town] and the four firms the Town retained
to provide services in relation to the Purple Line public transit project.
8
In Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147, 157 (1986),
this Court stated that a custodian of records must consider relevant factors beyond the
cost that it will incur in responding to a request as a basis for denying a fee waiver
request.
9
Ms. Schoenbaum listed her journalistic credentials in her request.
6
ACT also seeks full minutes of closed sessions held by the Town
Council . . . . ACT makes this request in order to promote the public’s
understanding of the Town and the conduct of its public officials in
conducting public business relating a major public infrastructure project.
ACT intends to contribute significantly to the public’s understanding by
making public the requested records and the information the records
contain.
As part of its request, ACT sought a waiver of fees on three grounds:
(1) it was entitled to a fee waiver because “the information requested will serve the
public interest and contribute significantly to the public’s understanding of the business,
activities, and public-money expenditures of a government body related to a major public
infrastructure project”;
(2) it was not seeking the information for any commercial purpose; and
(3) ACT did not have the financial resources to pay any fee associated with its request
because it was a grassroots, public interest organization run by volunteers, and because its
charter requires that any assets to be donated to a 501(c)(3) charitable organization upon
dissolution. However, ACT did not attach any documentary support for these assertions.10
On October 27, 2014, counsel for the Town responded to ACT. First, the Town
denied ACT’s request for a fee waiver. By way of explanation for the denial, counsel
stated:
As you know, the [MPIA] authorizes the Town to charge a reasonable fee
10
The ACT Request was submitted by means of a letter from its counsel to the
Town Attorney. In the letter, ACT’s counsel stated that her firm was representing ACT on
a pro bono basis.
7
for making copies and a reasonable fee for researching its records. In your
request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all fees
associated with the request. Please be advised the request for a waiver has
been considered and is denied.
Additionally, counsel explained that the Town would not provide two hours of free
research because the request related “to the same general topic” as ACT’s previous
request. Finally, counsel provided ACT with an estimate of $879 for the fee the Town
would charge to respond to the request and requested that amount as a deposit before the
Town processed ACT’s request.
On November 10, 2014, Ross submitted two MPIA requests to the Town. The first
was titled: “Re: Maryland Public Information Act Request on behalf of Action
Committee for Transit[.]” Ross almost immediately withdrew this request and submitted
a second request titled “Re: Maryland Public Information Act Request[.]” Titles aside,
the two requests were largely identical, although Ross’s second request contained more
detail on his status as a member of the media. In both letters, he specified that he was
submitting the request as a member of the media:
I am submitting the following request as a member of the media. I am a
published author who writes on issues of public interest, such as chemical
pollution and urban development. I have written extensively on issues
regarding the Purple Line in both print and electronic media. For the last 14
years, I have regularly contributed articles and (in more recent years) blog
posts to Dissent magazine and I have written there on issues regarding the
Purple Line. I also write at Greater Greater [sic] Washington blog. The
purpose of this blog is to provide information about elected officials,
development, traffic, and other matters impacting the Greater Washington
area, including Montgomery County, Maryland.
8
Included in his letter were requests for fee waivers. He listed all of the same grounds
included in the ACT Request, but additionally listed several other grounds related to his
status as a member of the media, including that: (1) he frequently writes books and
articles concerning issues impacting the public, (2) that he has written before on
developments concerning the Purple Line, and (3) that providing him more information
on the Purple Line would be in the public interest because it, and the Town’s
expenditures, have garnered coverage in mainstream news outlets.
On November 21, Hoffman denied Ross’s request for a fee waiver. He stated:
In your request, you identify yourself as a member of the media as a basis
for a waiver of all fees associated with the request. Please be advised that
the request for a waiver has been considered and is denied. We do not
believe this request is being made in your capacity as a member of the
media. This belief is based on the first request you submitted and then
immediately withdrew on November 10, 2014, which clearly indicated it
was being submitted on behalf of [ACT], along with your known affiliation
with ACT. Accordingly, the Town will expect payment in full for all fees
associated with the request.
– The Circuit Court Proceedings –
In January, 2015, ACT and Ross filed a joint complaint in the circuit court
challenging the Town’s denial of their fee waiver requests. The complaint alleged that
the Town violated the MPIA when it: (1) denied their requests for access to the minutes
of the closed meetings between the Town and the lobbying and public relation firms; (2)
denied their requests for waivers of the fees associated with the requests; (3) denied
9
providing them with two hours of free research for the requests;11 and (4) denied ACT’s
and Ross’s requests to review the minutes of closed meetings in which the Town’s
relationship with the Buchanan Firm and the other lobbyists were discussed.
In their prayer for relief, ACT and Ross requested that the Town provide access to all
of the requested documents, and that the fees associated with the requests be waived.
Additionally, ACT and Ross requested that the Town provide them with copies of
minutes of the closed meetings of the Town Council that pertained to the lobbyists.
Finally, they asked that the court award them attorneys’ fees pursuant to § 4-362(f) of the
MPIA.12
In response, the Town filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the alternative, a motion for
summary judgment. In its motion, the Town took a two-fold approach:
First, it argued that it denied ACT’s and Ross’s fee waiver requests based on the
grounds contained in ACT’s and Ross’s requests themselves; as the Town explains this
logic: “[T]he Town reviewed ACT’s arguments and all of the ‘relevant factors’ stated by
ACT in support of its fee waiver request, considered those factors, and nevertheless
decided that the request was denied.” (Emphasis deleted.) Notably, the Town did not
attach any affidavit from Hoffman, or from anyone else, describing the Town’s actual
11
ACT and Ross have pursued the two free hour issue on appeal.
12
GP § 4-362(f) states:
If the court determines that the complainant has substantially prevailed, the
court may assess against a defendant governmental unit reasonable counsel
fees and other litigation costs that the complainant reasonably incurred.
10
decision-making process or explaining what specific considerations entered into the
Town’s decision to deny the waiver request.13 The only evidence in the record concerning
the Town’s motives are the Town’s denial letters themselves.
Second, the Town provided an explanation of its reasoning in its memorandum in
support of its motion. Among other reasons advanced by the Town was the following:
The Town also did not agree that ACT or Ross’s fee waiver requests were
made in the ‘public interest,’ or even that the documents requested were
sought for a public purpose. Rather, the history of attacks on the Town by
ACT/its members, and previous requests made by ACT and its Officers
demonstrated that Plaintiffs sought the fee waiver for their own personal
interests in retaliating against the Town for its opposition to the proposed
Purple Line project. ACT had posted false accusations against the Town on
ACT’s website and had repeatedly attacked the Town because of the
Town’s opposition to the proposed Purple Line project, accusing the Town
of acting illegally. The Town, like any private citizen, is entitled to take a
position on the public issue. ACT and its members engaged in a smear
campaign and utilized the Open Meetings Act Compliance Board[14] and,
13
The Town’s motion was supported by an affidavit from Hoffman, but it stated
only that a July 23, 2014 email from Schoenbaum to him, and Ross’s MPIA requests
were business records of the Town.
14
The Open Meetings Act is codified at GP § 3-101–501. The Open Meetings Act
is based on the philosophy that public business should be performed in a
public manner, which is accessible to interested citizens, and that this type
of open government is essential to the maintenance of a democratic society.
Such open government ensures the accountability of government to the
citizens of the State[,] . . . increases the faith of the public in government
and enhances the effectiveness of the public in fulfilling its role in a
democratic society.
Tuzeer v. Yim, LLC, 201 Md. App. 443, 464 (2011) (quotation marks and citations
omitted).
The Open Meetings Compliance Board is a State agency established by GP § 3-201. Its
(continued...)
11
now this Court, to retaliate against the Town for its position on the
proposed Purple Line project. Thus, the Town rightfully disbelieved ACT
and Ross’s claims that the request for the fee waiver was in the ‘public
interest.’ If anything, ACT and Ross appeared to desire the documents
without paying the fee for the ‘commercial’ or proprietary purpose of
attacking the Town for its opposition to a project supported by ACT. Thus,
the Plaintiffs’ fee waiver requests were carefully considered and all factors
militated against a finding by the Town that a fee waiver was in the ‘public
interest’ or was warranted.
(Emphasis added; citation deleted.)
To buttress these assertions, the Town attached copies of press releases issued by
ACT in March of 2014 as exhibits to the memorandum. One release criticized the Town
Council for “misinforming” the public about the nature of the services that the Buchanan
Firm would provide to the Town. Another stated that the Town “broke the law when its
council met in secret to hire an anti-Purple Line lobbyist.”15 Additionally, in its
14
(...continued)
purpose is to provide advisory opinions regarding complaints that public bodies violate
the Act. GP § 3-204.
The particulars of the parties’ Open Meetings Act dispute are beyond the scope of this
opinion but may be found in the Compliance Board’s ruling on the complaint. See 9
OMCB 99 (2014).
15
Although the Town takes great umbrage at this statement, the Open Meetings
Compliance Board did in fact conclude that the Town had violated public notice
provisions of the Open Meetings Act with regard to a meeting between the Town
Council and members of the Buchanan Firm. The Compliance Board stated:
The Act’s disclosure measures serve partly to enable a public body to
assure [its] constituents that when the public body is meeting behind closed
doors, it is doing so legally and for a reason. The Council’s use of them for
the November 26 meeting might have avoided this complaint and its
neglect of them violated the Act.
(continued...)
12
memorandum, the Town asserted that it was entitled to deny Ross’s request because: a) it
was justified in not crediting Ross’s claim that he filed his request in his capacity as a
member of the media; b) in any event, Ross was not a member of the media because
contributing to a news blog did not qualify one as a member of the media; and c) the
records that ACT had sought did not pertain to a matter of public interest.
After a hearing, the circuit court issued a bench opinion granting the Town’s motion
for summary judgment. The court denied ACT’s and Ross’s requests for access to
minutes of the closed sessions of Town Council meetings.16 The court concluded that,
since the MPIA does not state that an agency or government must name the factors it
relied on in deciding to deny the fee waiver, the Town’s statement that it considered
relevant factors was sufficient:
The letters that the plaintiffs have cited cite reasons to grant the waiver in
them, and the town has responded by saying that it’s considered those
requests [sic] in the letters that were sent, and it has denied them. . . .
So, the town considered the information that was presented to it, said in
its response have [sic] considered that request, and, based on one of their
factors being past negative comments and other relevant factors they were
denying the request. There’s nowhere that it says that they have to report
what those factors are. . . . Defendant maintains they were considered.
This appeal followed.
15
(...continued)
9 OMCB at 101.
16
ACT and Ross do not challenge this aspect of the court’s judgment on appeal.
13
ANALYSIS
I. The Statutory Framework
The MPIA was enacted in 1970, four years after Congress enacted the federal
Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”),17 often referred to as the “archetype of public
information acts.” Blythe v. State, 161 Md. App. 492, 513 (2005). The public policies
advanced by the FOIA and the MPIA are virtually identical. Id.; see also Fioretti v.
Maryland State Bd. of Dental Examiners, 351 Md. 66, 76 (1998). The principal purpose
of the MPIA is to “provide the public the right to inspect the records of the State
government or of a political subdivision.” Fioretti, 351 Md. at 76. The provisions of the
MPIA “shall be construed in favor of allowing inspection of a public record, with the
least cost and least delay to the person . . . that requests the inspection.” GP § 4-103(b).
This right is a cornerstone of democratic government:
The Maryland Public Information Act is based on the enduring principle
that public knowledge of government activities is critical to the functioning
of a democratic society; that a government of the people, by the people and
for the people must be open to the people.
Office of the Attorney General, M ARYLAND PUBLIC INFORMATION ACT M ANUAL
(the “MPIA Manual”) Preface (14th ed., October 2015) (emphasis in original); see also
ACLU v. Leopold, 223 Md. App. 97, 109 (2015).
17
FOIA is codified at 5 U.S.C.A. § 552.
14
The MPIA provides that the official custodian of requested public records is
ordinarily entitled to charge an applicant a reasonable fee18 for: (1) “the search for,
preparation of, and reproduction of a public record prepared, on request of the applicant,
in a customized format;” and (2) “the actual costs of the search for, preparation of, and
reproduction of a public record in standard format, including media and mechanical
processing costs.” GP § 4-206(b). However, the custodian’s ability to charge a reasonable
fee is subject to certain limitations. For instance, the ability to collect a fee for the search
and preparation of the materials is limited by GP § 4-206(c), which states that: “The
official custodian may not charge a fee for the first 2 hours that are needed to search for a
public record and prepare it for inspection.” Furthermore, § 4-206(e) provides:
(e) The official custodian may waive a fee under this section if:
(1) the applicant asks for a waiver; and
(2) (i) the applicant is indigent and files an affidavit of indigency; or
(ii) after consideration of the ability of the applicant to pay the fee and other
relevant factors, the official custodian determines that the waiver would be
in the public interest.[19]
18
A “reasonable fee” is defined in GP § 4-206(a) as “a fee bearing a reasonable
relationship to the recovery of actual costs incurred by a governmental unit.”
19
The fee waiver provision under FOIA is similar, and reads:
Documents shall be furnished without any charge or at a charge reduced
below the fees established under clause [] if disclosure of the information is
in the public interest because it is likely to contribute significantly to public
understanding of the operations or activities of the government and is not
primarily in the commercial interest of the requester. 5 U.S.C.A. §
552(a)(4)(A)(iii).
15
Maryland’s appellate case law on MPIA fee waiver requests is limited to a single
decision, Mayor and City of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147 (1986), which we will
discuss later. In addition to Burke, the parties cite to the MPIA Manual and a 1996
opinion of the Attorney General, 81 Op. Att’y Gen. 154 (1996).
The MPIA Manual is a document written and updated by the Office of the Maryland
Attorney General. In its preface, it states that it is “designed to be a resource for a range
of users, from members of the public and the media who request information, to the
government officials who have the responsibility to implement the Act’s requirements.”
Chapter 7 of the Manual pertains to fees under the Act. It states:
To determine whether a waiver is in the public interest, the official
custodian must consider not only the ability of the applicant to pay, but also
other relevant factors. A waiver may be appropriate, for example, when a
requestor seeks information for a public purpose, rather than a narrow
personal or commercial interest, because a public purpose justifies the
expenditure of public funds to comply with the request. . . . In deciding
whether to waive a fee, an official custodian may find it helpful to look at
case law interpreting the comparable FOIA provision[.]
MPIA Manual at 7-3.
The Manual goes on to identify several relevant factors identified in federal FOIA
decisions. These factors include “the potential that the requested disclosure would
contribute to public understanding and the significance of that understanding.” Id. at 7-4
(citing Project on Military Procurement v. Dept. of Navy, 710 F. Supp. 362 (D.D.C.
1989); and Larson v. CIA, 843 F.2d 1481 (D.C. Cir. 1988). Another factor identified in
16
the Manual is whether the material sought pertains to “a matter of genuine public
concern[.]” Id. (citing Crooker v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, 882 F.
Supp 1158 (D. Mass. 1995)).
The Attorney General issued an opinion discussing fee waivers in the context of the
MPIA. 81 Op. Att’y Gen. 154 (1996). In his opinion, the Attorney General stated that
“the broad term ‘public interest’ does not permit a precise listing of relevant factors.” Id.
at 157. However, the Opinion lists several examples of factors that may contribute to the
public interest determination, such as whether disclosure of records will shed light on “a
public controversy about official actions,” or on “an agency’s performance of its public
duties.” Id. at 157-58.20
20
Although Opinions of the Attorney General have a clearly established place in
the firmament of Maryland law, the MPIA Manual does not.
The constitutionally-prescribed duties of the Attorney General included providing
written opinions “on any legal matter or subject” when required by the General
Assembly, the Governor, and certain other State officials. See Maryland Constitution
Article V, § 3(4). Opinions that address matters of significant public importance are
“compiled and published annually as the Opinions of the Attorney General.” Dan A.
Friedman THE MARYLAND STATE CONSTITUTION 190 (2006).
Courts carefully consider, but are not bound by, the analyses and conclusions contained
in Opinions of the Attorney General. See, e.g., Fuller v. Republican Central Committee
of Carroll County, 444 Md. 613, 631 (2015); ACLU of Maryland v. Leopold, 223 Md.
App. 97, 109 (2015). Attorney General’s opinions are particularly helpful in discerning
legislative intent. Fuller, 444 Md. at 631. This is because “[t]he Legislature is presumed
to be aware of the Attorney General’s statutory interpretation and, in the absence of
enacting any change to the statutory language, to acquiesce in the Attorney General’s
construction.” Gomez v. Jackson Hewitt, Inc., 427 Md. 128, 170 n.36 (2012).
No reported opinion has yet articulated what weight should be afforded to the MPIA
Manual even though the Manual has been referenced in several reported appellate
(continued...)
17
II. The Standard of Review
Judicial review of an agency’s decision on MPIA requests is authorized by GP § 4-
362, which permits a person who is denied inspection of a public record to challenge the
denial by filing a complaint in the circuit court. In their complaint, ACT and Ross alleged,
in effect, that the Town denied them access to public records by arbitrarily denying their
meritorious requests for fee waivers. The standard of review for a circuit court’s decision
on a government’s response to an MPIA request is “whether that court had an adequate
factual basis for the decision it rendered and whether the decision the court reached was
clearly erroneous.” Comptroller of Treasury v. Immanuel, 216 Md. App. 259, 266 (2014),
aff’d Immanuel v. Comptroller, ___ Md. ___, No. 87, September, 2015 Term (filed July
12, 2016) (citing Haigley v. Dep’t of Health & Mental Hygiene, 128 Md. App. 194, 210
(1999)). “We review de novo any purported errors in interpreting the Act itself.” Id.
Because the circuit court ruled on the issues on a motion for summary judgment, we will
review the circuit court’s decision “only [upon] the grounds which the lower court relied
in granting summary judgment.”
20
(...continued)
decisions. See Mayor & City Council of Baltimore v. Maryland Comm. Against the Gun
Ban, 329 Md. 78, 81 (1993); Leopold, 223 Md. App. at 117; Gallagher v. Office of the
Atty. Gen., 127 Md. App. 572, 578 (1999), rev’d on other grounds, 359 Md. 341 (2000).
There is no constitutional or statutory mandate requiring the Attorney General to
publish the MPIA Manual. Although the Manual may not rise to the dignity of a formal
opinion by the Attorney General, it is nonetheless a useful, although not binding,
resource for courts.
18
The parties do not dispute that our review of the circuit court’s decision is de novo.
However, they part company as to how we should review the agency’s decision to deny
the request for fee waivers. The Town, citing Burke, 67 Md. App. at 157, argues that its
denial may be overturned only if its decision was arbitrary and capricious.
ACT and Ross argue for a different standard. They note that under FOIA, courts
review an agency’s decision to deny a fee waiver de novo. See, e,g., Cause of Action v.
F.T.C., 799 F.3d 1108, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“We review de novo both the district
court’s grant of summary judgment and the agency’s denial of the fee-waiver
applications.”). We don’t find this argument to be persuasive.
The de novo review standard for FOIA fee waiver disputes is statutory. See 5
U.S.C.A. § 552(a)(4)(vii) (“In any action by a requester regarding the waiver of fees[,] . .
. the court shall determine the matter de novo.”). The same statute prescribes that “the
court’s review of the matter shall be limited to the record before the agency.” Id.
In contrast, generally when a Maryland court addresses an MPIA dispute, the court
considers not only the agency record, but also facts generated “by pleadings, affidavit,
deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts, stipulations and concessions.”
Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149 Md. App. at 304. Were we to
limit our review solely to the record before the agency, we would burden government
units with the obligation of generating a record against the possibility that a dispute will
end up in court.
19
III. The Parties’ Contentions
ACT and Ross argue that the circuit court erred in granting the Town summary
judgment on two bases. First, they contend that the Town’s letters of denial themselves
were legally deficient under the MPIA because neither letter cited any relevant factor that
justified denying the requests for fee waivers. Second, they note that the circuit court
cited as one of the factors considered by the Town in denying their requests was the “past
negative comments” made by ACT and Ross about the Town in the past. They assert that
this is not a permissible basis to deny a fee waiver request. In response, the Town raises a
variety of contentions.
The Town’s primary contention is that its responses to ACT’s and Ross’s waiver
requests were adequate as a matter of law and constitute conclusive evidence that its
decisions to deny the requests were based upon valid reasons.
From these premises, the Town further asserts that:
(1) ACT’s and Ross’s claims to the contrary notwithstanding, the Town did not base
its decision in whole or in part upon past negative comments made by Ross and/or ACT
regarding the Town.21
21
To buttress this contention, the Town asserts that:
the Circuit Court [did not] “hold” that the Town based its decision to deny
the fee waiver request on “past negative comments” nor so-called
“viewpoint discrimination.”
(continued...)
20
(2) GP § 4-206(e) permits it to “consider the identity and purpose of the requester” as
one element of the “other relevant factors” in deciding whether to grant a fee waiver. The
Town cites the MPIA Manual:
To determine whether a waiver is in the public interest, the official
custodian must consider not only the ability of the applicant to pay, but also
other relevant factors. A waiver may be appropriate, for example, when a
requester seeks information for a public purpose, rather than a narrow
personal or commercial interest, because a public purpose justifies the
expenditure of public funds to comply with the request.
MPIA Manual, Chapter 7-3 (C).
The Town concludes by asserting that “the Town reasonably concluded that waiver
of the fee was not in the public interest” because of:
21
(...continued)
We can dispose of this contention quickly. The relevant part of the court’s decision is
(emphasis added):
So, the town considered the information that was presented to it, said in its
response have considered that request, and, based on one of their factors
being past negative comments and other relevant factors they were denying
the request. There’s nowhere [in the MPIA] that it says that they have to
report what those factors are. There’s no statute, and [Mayor and City of
Baltimore v.] Burke doesn't speak to that. It says they have to consider
them.
A “holding” is a “court’s determination of a matter of law pivotal to its decision[.]”
Bryan A. Garner BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th Ed. 2014) 849. Thus, the Town is,
hyper-technically, correct—the circuit court did not hold as a matter of law that the
Town’s decision to deny the fee waiver requests was based on the Town’s perception
that ACT and Ross had commented negatively about the Town’s past handling of the
Purple Line issue. This is not because the circuit court didn’t address the issue but
because issue was a factual, as opposed to a legal, one. There can be no doubt that the
court concluded that the Town’s decision to deny the waiver requests was based in part
on ACT’s and Ross’s past statements about the Town Council.
21
Mr. Ross’s known affiliation with ACT. Because of the history and Mr.
Ross’s apparent duplicity, the Town obviously questioned the purpose of
the fee waiver request, and whether it was for a public purpose and would
be in the ‘public interest.’ Upon consideration of ACT/Ross’s ability to pay
and the ‘other relevant factors,’ the Town ultimately determined that the fee
waiver would not be in the public interest and denied the request. As
discussed, the Town was entitled to consider these circumstances in
denying the fee waiver request and the decision was not ‘viewpoint
discrimination.’
IV. ACT’s Waiver Request
Upon consideration of the parties’ contentions, we conclude that the circuit court
erred in granting summary judgment to the Town. The circuit court was correct that GP §
4-206 does not set out any requirement for a custodian’s response to a waiver request.
However, by stopping at that point, the court overlooked its own role in the process.
When presented with a waiver request, a custodian must consider the ability of the
applicant to pay the fee and other relevant factors to decide whether the waiver would be
in the public interest. See GP § 4-206(e)(2). When a custodian’s decision to deny a waiver
request is appealed, the court must have sufficient information before it to satisfy itself
that the custodian’s decision was not arbitrary or capricious. This point is illustrated by
our analysis in City of Baltimore v. Burke, 67 Md. App. 147 (1986).
Burke was a reporter for the Baltimore News American who sought records from the
City of Baltimore pertaining to a malfunctioning sewer treatment plant owned by the City.
Id. at 149. The City responded that approximately 160,000 pages of documents were
responsive to Burke’s request “and that these documents would be released providing the
22
appellee paid approximately $50,000 to cover copying at 25 cents per page and the cost of
the ‘City employee’s time based upon their [sic] salary to retrieve the documents and the
portion of an Assistant City Solicitor’s time to review each document to delete material
which is not subject to disclosure.’” Id. Burke challenged the City’s refusal to grant a fee
waiver. In affirming the circuit court’s conclusion that the City’s refusal to grant the fee
waiver was arbitrary and capricious, we stated:
It is apparent from the record that [the relevant City officials] considered no
more than the expense to the City of locating and duplicating the
documents . . . and the perceived ability of the appellee, as an employee of a
Baltimore newspaper, to pay the City’s projected fee. The appellants did not
abide by 10-621(d)(2)[22] which mandates consideration of ‘other relevant
factors’ and making a determination of whether the waiver would be in the
public interest. Certainly those relevant considerations would include the
health hazard created by the discharge of inadequately treated sewage into
the Patapsco River, the importance of public exposure of the delayed and
extremely costly improvements to the Patapsco Waste Water Treatment
Plant, and the danger that imposing a fee for information upon a newspaper
publisher might have a chilling effect on free exercise of freedom of the
press.
Returning to the present case, the Town’s response to ACT’s waiver request was:
In your request, you outline your arguments in support of a waiver of all
fees associated with the request. Please be advised the request for a waiver
has been considered and is denied.
This bald and conclusory statement provides no insight whatsoever as to the actual
considerations that motivated the Town to deny the request. As Burke makes clear, a
court must necessarily consider the actual decision-making process by the custodian in
22
Currently codified as GP § 4-206(e)(2).
23
order to decide whether the custodian gave appropriate consideration to “other relevant
factors.” This necessarily calls for custodian to identify what relevant factors he or she
considered. The Town’s response to ACT fails comprehensively in this regard.
The Town’s failure to explain the reasons for its decisions in its letter to ACT isn’t
necessarily fatal because the factual record can be further developed in the circuit court
“by pleadings, affidavit, deposition, answers to interrogatories, admission of facts,
stipulations and concessions.” Prince George’s County v. The Washington Post Co., 149
Md. App. at 304. The Town did this by setting out its reasoning in its memorandum in
support of its motion for summary judgment. We have set out a portion of that narrative
earlier in this opinion. Our reading of that memorandum leaves us satisfied that a
significant factor, if not the primary factor, in the Town’s decision to deny ACT’s request
for a waiver was that the organization had previously criticized the Town officials for
their opposition to the Purple Line.23 Without belaboring the issue, we agree with
appellants that the First Amendment’s guarantee of free expression of speech protects
persons from the imposition of financial burdens based upon the content of their speech.
See Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the U Va., 515 U.S. 819, 828 (1995) (“[T]he
government offends the First Amendment when it imposes financial burdens on certain
speakers based on the content of their expression.”); see also Reed v. Town of Gilbert,
23
Representations of fact in a memorandum of law are not evidence. But the
Town’s narrative was not challenged by ACT or Ross and was accepted by the circuit
court. In its brief to this Court, the Town seeks to downplay the significance of its
assertions, but these efforts are unconvincing.
24
Ariz., 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2223 (2015) (“Government discrimination among viewpoints is a
‘more blatant’ and ‘egregious form of content discrimination . . . .”) (citing Rosenberger,
515 U.S. at 829.); Ridley v. Massachusetts Bay Transp. Auth., 390 F.3d 65, 82 (1st Cir.
2004) (“The bedrock principle of viewpoint neutrality demands that the state not suppress
speech where the real rationale for the restriction is disagreement with the underlying
ideology or perspective that the speech expresses.”). A decision based upon such
unconstitutional considerations is clearly arbitrary and capricious.
V. Ross’s Request
We turn to the Town’s denial of Ross’s fee waiver request. The letter from the
Town’s counsel to Ross stated in pertinent part:
In your request, you identify yourself as a member of the media[24] as a basis
for a waiver of all fees associated with the request. Please be advised that
the request for a waiver has been considered and is denied. We do not
believe this request is being made in your capacity as a member of the
media. This belief is based on the first request you submitted and then
immediately withdrew on November 10, 2014, which clearly indicated it
was being submitted on behalf of [ACT], along with your known affiliation
with ACT. Accordingly, the Town will expect payment in full for all fees
associated with the request.
Under different circumstances, we believe that Ross’s request on his own behalf,
coming within hours of Ross’s request on ACT’s behalf, might provide a basis for the
24
Based on the record before us, we are satisfied that Ross’s activities as a local
news blogger makes him a member of the “media” for MPIA purposes. See Courts and
Judicial Proceedings Article § 9-112(a) (defining “news media” as including “[a]ny
printed, photographic, mechanical, or electronic means of disseminating news and
information to the public.”)
25
Town to conclude that Ross was acting as ACT’s proxy. Had the Town’s decision to deny
ACT’s request been based on legitimate concerns, the Town might have been justified in
denying Ross’s request as well. But, as we have just explained, the Town’s denial of
ACT’s request was arbitrary and capricious. Because the Town did not identify any
reason for denying Ross’s request other than his affiliation with ACT, we hold that the
Town’s decision to deny his waiver request was also arbitrary and capricious.
VI. Conclusion
We hold that the circuit court erred when it granted the Town’s motion for summary
judgment as to the fee waiver issue. What happens on remand is complicated by the fact
that the circuit court’s judgment addressed another issue, namely, the court concluded that
the Town was not required to disclose minutes of closed meetings. Neither ACT nor Ross
has asserted that the court erred in this regard.
We will vacate the circuit court’s judgment and remand this case for it to enter a
judgment that the Town is not required to disclose minutes of its closed meetings in
response to the MPIA requests from ACT and Ross that are the subject of this appeal. The
judgment will further provide the Town is obligated to respond to Ross’s and ACT’s
requests without charge to the appellants. Finally, the court must consider ACT’s and
Ross’s request for attorneys’ fees pursuant to GP § 4-362(f). See Caffrey v. Dep't of
Liquor Control for Montgomery County, 370 Md. 272, 289 (2002) (“Generally, the
decision whether to award counsel fees to an eligible party under the MPIA rests within
26
the sound exercise of discretion by the trial judge.”).25
THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IS VACATED AND THIS CASE
REMANDED TO IT FOR PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH
THIS OPINION. APPELLEE TO PAY COSTS.
25
The General Assembly recently enacted amendments to the MPIA, effective
since October 1, 2015, that changed the process of reviewing issues arising under the Act.
The 2015 legislation added Subtitles 1A and 1B to the MPIA, and established two new
entities responsible for resolving MPIA disputes without resort to litigation.
Subtitle 1A governs the newly-created State Public Information Act Compliance
Board, which, is responsible for reviewing claims that a custodian of records charged an
unreasonable fee for responding to a request. GP § 4-1A-04(a)(1). Subtitle 1B pertains to
the newly-created Public Access Ombudsman that, in part, is responsible for mediating
disputes concerning a custodian’s denial of a fee waiver request. GP § 4-1B-04(a)(6).
27