Balt. Police Dept v. Brooks ( 2020 )

Baltimore Police Department v. James Brooks et al.
Case Nos. 979, 980, 982, 983, 985, 988, 989, 991, 992, 993, 994, September Term 2019,
Argued, 05/12/2020
Opinion by Harrell, J.
HEADNOTE
PUBLIC SAFETY – LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS’ BILL OF RIGHTS –
FILING ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES
For a police department to “file[] the charges” under Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106(a) in
an administrative disciplinary action against an officer, it must act with some level of
formality. The Baltimore City Police Department’s practice was to require a signature as
the final step before charges may be served upon an officer. As the signatures in each of
the disciplinary action cases here were affixed on dates after the expiration of the one-year
limitation period in § 3-106, the police department failed to charge timely the covered
officers. The circuit court was correct in dismissing the charges.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-19-001466, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
1126, 1321, 1324, 1325
REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
Nos. 979, 980, 982, 983, 985, 988, 989, 991,
992, 993, 994
September Term, 2019
_____________________________________
BALTIMORE POLICE DEPARTMENT
v.
JAMES BROOKS, ET AL.
_____________________________________
Meredith,
Beachley,
Harrell, Glenn T., Jr.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
_____________________________________
Opinion by Harrell, J.
_____________________________________
Filed: July 30, 2020
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document
is authentic.
Suzanne Johnson
2021-01-11 17:40-05:00
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
“When will you make an end?
When I am finished.”
Exchange between Pope Julius II
(Rex Harrison) and Michelangelo
(Charlton Heston) (regarding
painting the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel), “The Agony and the
Ecstasy” (1965, 20th Century Fox).
These cases1 call upon us to engage in the frequent judicial task of interpreting
ambiguous language in a State statute—in this case, the Law Enforcement Officers’ Bill of
Rights (“LEOBR”).2 In doing so, we must reconcile the policy and practice of a specific
police department regarding that interpretation. This enactment regulated principally the
administrative process of how covered law enforcement employers investigate, charge, and
discipline their covered law enforcement personnel with regard to misconduct deemed to
have violated applicable laws, departmental regulations, and departmental policies. The
present cases focus on a single provision of the LEOBR, codified originally as Md. Code,
Art. 27 § 730(b)(1) in 1988, and revised in Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106(a) in 2003
(without substantive change), that established a one-year period for the employer to decide
whether to charge an employee and the required act for tolling that limitation period. The
provision states that:
[A] law enforcement agency may not bring administrative charges against
a law enforcement officer unless the agency files the charges within 1
1
Eleven cases, involving a total of fifteen police officers, are consolidated for purposes of
this opinion because each case poses the same legal question.
2
LEOBR was adopted originally by the Maryland General Assembly in 1974 (1974 Md.
Laws Chap. 722).
year after the act that gives rise to the charges comes to the attention of
the appropriate law enforcement agency official.[3]
The parties disagree over what constitutes the filing of charges. The Legislature did
not provide a definition in the LEOBR. The relevant legislative history does not contain a
clear clue as to what would satisfy the act of filing of charges. This Court has twice
considered related questions regarding § 3-106(a), but neither involved circumstances like
those in the present cases, though there is much in the opinions in those two cases that we
find helpful here, as we shall explain shortly. See Wilson v. Baltimore City Police
Department, 91 Md. App. 436 (1992); see also Prince George’s County Police Department
v. Zarragoitia, 139 Md. App. 168 (2001).
I.
In enacting LEOBR, the Legislature appears to leave to local police departments the
task of putting in place their own policies and practices regarding what constitutes the filing
of charges. The Baltimore Police Department (“BPD”) enacted a departmental written
policy it believes complies with the LEOBR regarding administrative discipline of its
officers. Seeking discipline against the fifteen officers here, the BPD deemed the charges
filed when, during closed-door committee meetings4—the records in these cases contain
no evidence of any minutes of the meetings assertedly kept and which, even assuming
minutes were kept, would not be given to or made available otherwise to an ultimately
3
Emphasis is added to highlight the key phrase which is in dispute.
4
By “closed-door committee meetings,” we mean that only departmental personnel
attended, but did not include the officer against whom a complaint was lodged or his/her
counsel or union representative.
2
charged officer—held during the required one-year period, the police commissioner’s
designee orally approved the charges. In every case, however, the police commissioner’s
designee (who attended reportedly the committee meetings in person or by phone) did not
memorialize in writing his alleged oral approval until after the expiration of the one-year
limitation period. Nonetheless, the BPD urges that the oral approval given by the
commissioner’s designee at the meeting was sufficient to toll the limitation period.
The officers sued in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City to foreclose the
adjudication of the charges brought against them because the limitation period under § 3-
106(a) had run before the commissioner’s designee evinced timely his approval of filing
charges by signing the required paperwork generated by the closed meetings.5 The circuit
court determined that the phrase “files the charges” in § 3-106(a) “requires some measure
of formality,” in order to provide a court with a means to review the action should an officer
seek a judicial remedy. The court determined that the BPD had installed a practice or
policy of requiring the commissioner’s designee’s signature on the final draft of a charging
document. As a result, the one-year limitation period had run for each of the fifteen cases.
The circuit court dismissed the charges. The BPD appealed timely.
II.
A. Background – In a Nutshell
5
When an officer is denied a right granted by the LEOBR, he or she may apply to a circuit
court for an order “that directs the law enforcement agency to show cause why the right
should not be granted.” Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-105(a).
3
Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106(a) states, as noted earlier, that:
A law enforcement agency may not bring administrative charges against a
law enforcement officer unless the agency files the charges within 1 year
after the act that gives rise to the charges comes to the attention of the
appropriate agency official.
As noted earlier, no further explanation, elaboration, or definition is provided in the statute
regarding the phrase “files the charges,” or in the legislative history of each relevant
enactment.
In the absence of legislative direction on when charges are deemed to be filed, police
departments are left to adopt their own policies and/or practices regarding the
administrative disciplinary process. The BPD adopted a relevant written policy, Policy
308, on 13 September 2017. It states, in relevant part, that its Office of Professional
Responsibility (the “OPR”) shall investigate allegations of misconduct by officers and
determine whether the allegations are sustained.6 If the allegations are deemed sustained,
the OPR submits proposed charges to the Disciplinary Review Committee (the “DRC”).
The DRC, consisting of sworn and civilian members of the BPD appointed by the police
commissioner, review the factual findings of the OPR and reputedly a draft of proposed
charges, before making a recommendation for discipline.
Once the DRC crafts its recommendations, the police commissioner’s designee7 is
tasked with approval responsibility over the recommendations, “as is” or as may be
6
“Sustained” means that, by a preponderance of the evidence, the record before the OPR
establishes that the alleged misconduct occurred.
7
Although the police commissioner is authorized to perform this function personally, on
the record before us, it was the police commissioner’s designee who attended the DRC
meetings.
4
amended. It is claimed by the BPD that the designee’s approval occurs verbally initially
at the closed-door DRC meeting. According to the “Disciplinary Flow Chart” contained
in Policy 308, the commissioner’s designee’s approval of charges is the final step prior to
serving charges on the officer in question, who then either may accept or contest the
discipline. Neither the flow chart, nor the text of Policy 308, addresses, however, how or
when in the process the commissioner’s designee’s final approval is evinced. The Policy
fails also to provide a definition for when the charges are deemed filed.
It has been, at all times relevant to the present cases, the practice of the BPD that, at
some point following completion of a DRC meeting, a member of the DRC and the
commissioner’s designee, respectively, sign a form titled “Baltimore Police Department
Internal Affairs Transmittal Cover,” referred to also as the charging document. This
document lists the accused officer, the investigated allegations, whether the allegations
were sustained, a summary of the facts, and a handwritten recommendation for discipline.
Notably, on pages 4-6, the form document provides signature and dating lines. These lines
are signed and dated by first the DRC representative and then the commissioner’s designee,
which acts may be concurrent or sequential. It also has sections displaying the date the
charged officer is served and acknowledgement of service.8 Counsel for BPD, at the final
hearing before the circuit court regarding the present cases, claimed that the BPD did not
require the execution of this document by the DRC representative or the commissioner’s
8
The acknowledgement of service section provides the officer with three options: 1)
Acceptance of Punishment; 2) Acknowledgement of Non-Punitive Counseling and/or
Training; or 3) Request for an Administrative Hearing Board.
5
designee as part of the disciplinary process described in Policy 308; however, counsel
acknowledged also that, to her knowledge, the BPD had never participated in a hearing
based on charges without the signature of approval by the commissioner’s designee.
In each of the cases, the commissioner’s designee’s signature on the form signifying
approval was not affixed until after the expiration of the one-year period.9 The record
contains no basis for determining what any draft charges may have looked like if presented
to the DRC and, therefore, there is no basis to compare them to the final charges served
upon the officers. Thus, we have no way of knowing whether amendments were made
between the DRC meetings and the sign-offs by the commissioner’s designee.
B. More Background – A Deeper Dive
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officer James Brooks on 3 October 2017.
Officer Brooks was alleged to have failed to secure a building properly while detectives
were seeking a search warrant for the premises. The DRC met to review the OPR findings
and consider a discipline recommendation on 2 October 2018.10 The commissioner’s
designee signed-off on final charges and discipline on 4 October 2018.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officer Damond Durant on 10 November
2017. Officer Durant was alleged to have failed to identify himself as a police officer and
9
In three instances, for unexplained reasons, officers were served prior to the
commissioner’s designee signing-off on the final charging documents. Those charges were
against Officers Damond Durant and Jonathan Boyer and Sergeant Steve Histon. We
concluded in Wilson v. Baltimore City Police Dept. that providing notice to a police officer
is not the same as filing the charges. 91 Md. App. 436 (1992). Thus, the early notice to
these three officers plays no substantive role in our analysis of the question at hand.
10
In each case, the DRC meeting occurred within 365 days of the BPD learning of the
complaint.
6
to have displayed his handgun during an off-duty encounter with two individuals suspected
to be engaged in a crime. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider a
discipline recommendation on 8 November 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-
off on final charges and discipline on 31 January 2019.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Sergeant Jared Fried on 18 October 2017.
Sergeant Fried was alleged to have failed to: provide an individual stopped during an
investigative traffic stop with a citizen contact receipt before he left the scene, to obtain a
central complaint number; and, to document the stop properly. The DRC met to review
the OPR findings and consider a discipline recommendation on 17 October 2018. The
commissioner’s designee signed-off on final charges and discipline on 13 November 2018.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Sergeant Steve Histon and Officer
Jonathan Boyer on 27 September 2017. Officer Boyer was alleged to have failed to write
a report or take proper enforcement action after stopping four suspects, i.e., recovering the
cell phone of an alleged robbery victim. Sergeant Histon was alleged to have failed to
ensure Officer Boyer documented the alleged robbery properly and otherwise failing to
supervise his units. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider a discipline
recommendation on 26 September 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-off on final
charges and discipline on 4 October 2018.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officer Norman Jones on 10 November
2017. Officer Jones was alleged to have acted disrespectfully toward staff and failed to
follow a direct order and to write an administrative report explaining why he was missing
equipment and in possession of malfunctioning equipment at an annual Taser
7
recertification class. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider a discipline
recommendation on 9 November 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-off on final
charges and discipline on 13 November 2018.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Sergeant Denishia Jordan on 18 December
2017. Sergeant Jordan was alleged to have been “disrespectful, insubordinate, and/or
aggressive towards” her captain. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider
a discipline recommendation on 13 December 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-
off on final charges and discipline on 4 January 2019.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officer Latasha McBride on 12 October
2017. Officer McBride was alleged to have challenged the authority of a commanding
officer and to have laughed at an instruction provided by the same officer. The DRC met
to review the OPR findings and consider a discipline recommendation on 11 October 2018.
The commissioner’s designee signed-off on final charges and discipline on 16 October
2018.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officers Raul Rivera and Ryan Oliver on
16 December 2017. Officer Oliver was alleged to have failed to write a report on an assault
incident. Officer Rivera was alleged to have failed to ensure that Officer Oliver wrote the
report. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider a discipline
recommendation on 13 December 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-off on final
charges and discipline for Officer Oliver on 4 January 2019 and for Officer Rivera on 7
January 2019.
8
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officer Richard Whittaker on 6 January
2018. Officer Whittaker was alleged to have been inebriated and in possession at the time
of his approved and loaded off-duty weapon. The DRC met to review the OPR findings
and consider a discipline recommendation on 3 January 2019. The commissioner’s
designee signed-off on final charges and discipline on 7 January 2019.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Sergeant Larry Worsley on 22 December
2017. Sergeant Worsley was alleged to have harassed another officer over a ten-month
period, challenged the same officer to a fist fight, and intimidated the officer such that he
began to fear for his life. The DRC met to review the OPR findings and consider a
discipline recommendation on 21 December 2018. The commissioner’s designee signed-
off on final charges and discipline on 4 January 2019.
The BPD received a complaint regarding Officers Kent Sowers, Eric Baublitz, and
Isiah Smith on 18 January 2018. The Officers were alleged to have conducted an illegal
search at an incorrect address when responding to an alarm call. Officers Sowers and
Baublitz were alleged also to have deactivated their body cameras. The DRC met to review
the OPR findings and consider a discipline recommendation on 16 January 2019. The
commissioner’s designee signed-off on final charges and discipline on 29 January 2019.
Each officer filed a petition for a show cause order from the Circuit Court of
Baltimore City, alleging the BPD failed to file the charges timely, pursuant to Md. Code,
Pub. Safety § 3-106(a). The circuit court held a hearing 14 June 2019. The judge
determined that the BPD failed to satisfy the one-year limitation period. Although praising
generally the BPD’s procedure for handling charges against officers, the hearing judge
9
noted that a definition for what it means to “file” the charges under § 3-106(a) was never
established, e.g., Policy 308 did not state “whether filing occurs upon signing or not signing
[the departmental approved form] or oral approval or not oral approval [at the closed DRC
meeting].” The court determined that the BPD was not due judicial deference to its Policy
in this regard because it “does not give a definition parallel to the statute such that [the trial
court] would have to decide whether the Police Department’s adopted definition is
consistent with the statute and the General Assembly’s intent or not.”
Ultimately, the court concluded that the language of the statute “require[d] some
measure of formality” in departmental action evincing the filing of charges. Although that
“formality [is] not [the] equivalent of a court filing where there’s a clerk’s office charged
with maintaining records,” there must be a “way that that step in the process of approving
charges can be examined and scrutinized by the court” because the “statute provides
remedies for the officer to come to court . . . to challenge whether the charges have been
brought timely or not.” Although “a signature is not necessarily required,” a signature is,
according to the court, “what the Department has adopted” through its practice of having
the commissioner’s designee and a DRC member (on behalf of the DRC) sign and date
their respective approvals of the final charging document:
The charges that [the BPD] issues give places for the signatures and the date
on which signed, which suggests that the Department treats the approval as
being when it is signed.
As the commissioner’s designee’s signature was affixed after the one-year
limitation period expired, the court dismissed all charges against the officers.
10
III. QUESTION PRESENTED
Appellant frames one question for our consideration, which we have rephrased non-
substantively:
I. Did the circuit court err in its determination that the charges against
appellees/officers were not filed timely within the one-year statutory
limitation as required by Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106(a) when the police
commissioner’s designee approved the discipline prior to exhaustion of the
one-year period but failed to sign the charging documents until after
exhaustion?
IV. RELEVANT GENERAL STANDARDS OF REVIEW
When reviewing an action tried without a jury, we review the judgment of the trial
court “on both the law and evidence.” Banks v. Pusey, 393 Md. 688, 697 (2006). We defer
to the circuit court’s findings of fact, except where “the judgment of the trial court on the
evidence [is] clearly erroneous.” Md. Rule 8-131(c). Despite the deference given to its
findings of fact, legal analysis by a trial court receives no deference. Friendly Fin. Corp.
v. Orbit Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Truck, Inc., 378 Md. 337, 342–43 (2003). In that vein,
“[s]tautory construction is a legal question,” which we review using a non-deferential
standard. Miller v. Mathias, 428 Md. 419, 450 (2012).
V. DISCUSSION
The BPD argues that it, through its adherence to Policy 308, complied with Md.
Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106(a) and filed the charges within one year of when it was put on
notice of alleged misconduct. As there was no regulatory definition to determine what
constituted filing of charges in the Policy, the BPD claims it complied with the statute by
11
the act of the commissioner’s designee approving verbally the proposed charges and
discipline at the DRC meetings. As this argument continues, although a form document
calling explicitly for a signature and date of signing of the charges contemporaneous with
or following the DRC meeting was a part of departmental practice, signing of the form
document was not significant for purposes of determining when filing occurs as it was
nothing more than a form of proof of the earlier verbal approval by the commissioner’s
designee, rather than the approval in and of itself. The filing occurs when the designee
approves verbally at the DRC meeting the recommended discipline because the final step
in Policy 308, before presenting charges to the officer, is titled “Presentation of
Disciplinary Recommendation.” The BPD claims also that its interpretation of what it
means to file the charges is due deference from a reviewing court.
Appellees do not dispute a number of the claims about the LEOBR made by the
BPD. In particular, Appellees agree that the declination by the Legislature to define “files
the charges” leaves open the interpretation and implementation of the requirement by the
local police through adoption of local policies and practices. The officers note, however,
that some formal indicia—whether it be in the form of a signature, stamp, or other means—
is required to evince the final act of the filing of charges. Further, the officers claim that,
although the BPD claims that it adopted an interpretation that the charges are filed upon
verbal acceptance by the commissioner’s designee at the DRC meeting, the departmental
practice belies that position because the charges are not final, i.e., not filed, until the
designee signs-off on the charging document. In signing the charging document the
designee provided a proper indicia of formality required by the word “filing.” The officers
12
also disagree with the BPD’s claim that its interpretation of the phrase should be given any
deference as Policy 308 does not provide a definition of what represents filing the charges.
We shall agree with the circuit court and the officers and affirm the judgment of the circuit
court.
When considering ambiguous statutory language, we construe the ambiguous words
“as having their ordinary and commonly-accepted meaning.” Waters Landing Ltd. P’ship
v. Montgomery County, 337 Md. 15, 27–28 (1994). We are bound as well to give the words
“the contextual meaning most probably intended by the Legislature.” Deibler v. State, 365
Md. 185, 195 (2001). Framed another way, we must use “common sense to avoid illogical
or unreasonable constructions,” Armstead v. State, 342 Md. 38, 56 (1996), and “may not
extend statutes to make them say what the legislature, by choice or oversight, did not say.”
Dep’t of Nat. Res. v. Adams, 37 Md. App. 165, 173 (1977). “Even if the plain language of
the statute is clear and unambiguous, we may use extraneous interpretive aids, such as
legislative purpose, history, and context to confirm our interpretation.” Prince George’s
County Police Dept. v. Zarragoitia, 139 Md. App. 168, 180 (2001) (citing Smith v. State,
115 Md. App. 614, 621 (1997)).
In determining what the ordinary and commonly accepted meaning of a phrase or
word is (whether engaged in plain meaning or ambiguity analysis), we often consult an
appropriate dictionary for guidance, without losing sight of the context provided by the
statute and the Legislature. See State Dep’t of Assessments & Taxation v. Md.-Nat’l
Capital Park & Planning Comm’n, 348 Md. 2, 14 (1997) (“[I]n deciding what a term’s
ordinary and natural meaning is, we may, and often do, consult the dictionary”). But see
13
Friends of Frederick County v. Town of New Mkt., 224 Md. App. 185, 202 (2015)
(“Recourse solely to a dictionary is not the only way, nor indeed usually the best way, by
which a court can discern legislative intent . . . rather [courts] consider it within the context
of the statutory scheme”).
To keep it foremost in our minds in this analysis, we reiterate that Md. Code, Pub.
Safety § 3-106(a) provides in totality that:
Subject to subsection (b)[11] of this section, a law enforcement agency may
not bring administrative charges against a law enforcement officer unless
the agency files the charges within 1 year after the act that gives rise to
the charges comes to the attention of the appropriate law enforcement
agency official.
The particular context of § 3-106(a) in LEOBR offers little to no help in discerning what
the Legislature meant by “filing.”
Looking to the legislative history, we find some guidance regarding the purpose of
the Statute. In enacting the pertinent bill, the Senate Judiciary Committee report explained
that:
Current law does not provide a time limit for the filing of administrative
charges against a law enforcement officer under the Law Enforcement
Officers’ Bill of Rights.
Testimony indicated that there have been many instances where a law
enforcement officer who has committed a minor infraction has had that minor
infraction held over his head for an extended period of time, resulting in
significant uncertainty as to when, or even if, any disciplinary action is to be
taken. The types of minor infractions referred to in this bill include
administrative offenses such as improper wearing of a uniform, or not
completing or signing a gasoline trip ticket. It is unfair, unreasonable, and
11
Subsection (b) excuses the one-year limitation period in cases of criminal activity or use
of excessive force matters. None of the charges against Appellees involved either category.
14
serves no useful purpose to allow a supervisor to withhold the filing of such
administrative charges indefinitely.
At some point, supervisory officials should be required either to file the
administrative charge against the officer or to drop the charge so that the
officer is relieved of the anxiety and concern that results from not knowing
if or when the charges will be officially brought against the officer.
Floor Report of the Senate Judiciary Committee for Senate Bill, at page 1–2 (1988). We
discern from this language that, in order to deem charges filed, officers were to have some
protection against the threat of a charge or charges being dangled indefinitely over their
heads.
Black’s Law Dictionary defines “filed” as meaning when a paper is “delivered to
the proper officer, and by him received to be kept on file as a matter of record and
reference.” The BPD notes that this Court addressed the definition of “filed” previously,
having recourse to Black’s in the process. In Wilson v. Baltimore Police Department, we
held that charges were not filed, within the meaning of Md. Code Art. 27 § 730(b)(1) (the
predecessor to current § 3-106(a)),12 when they were served upon an officer, but rather
“when charges against a police officer recommending disciplinary actions are presented to
and approved by one authorized to initiate formal proceedings against the officer. At that
point, the charges against the officer become a matter of record, subject to adjudication.”
12
Section 730(b)(1) stated that: “administrative charges may not be brought against a law
enforcement officer unless filed within 1 year after the act that gives rise to the charges
comes to the attention of the appropriate law enforcement agency official.”
The Revisor’s Note for Md. Code, Pub. Safety § 3-106 clarifies that it contains “new
language derived without substantive change from former Art. 27, §730(b). Subsection (a)
of this section was revised to reflect the active voice to clarify that a law enforcement
agency files administrative charges against a law enforcement officer.”
15
91 Md. App. 436, 438–39 (1992), cert. denied, 327 Md. 525 (1992). In reaching that
conclusion, we took into account the Black’s Law Dictionary definition and noted further
that the words “file” or “files” “is used loosely to denote official custody of the court or
the place in the offices of a court where the records and papers are kept.” On the record in
Wilson, we concluded that the charges were filed when the Deputy Commissioner of Police
signed-off on the charges against the officer.13
The relevant language of the LEOBR came under scrutiny next by this Court in
Prince George’s County Police Department v. Zarragoitia. 139 Md. App. 168 (2001). In
Zarragoitia, the Court was tasked with considering what constituted an administrative
charge under the LEOBR. Id. The Prince George’s County Police Department argued that
its practice was to treat a document known as a “Report of Investigation” or “ROI” as the
official charging document for filing purposes, despite the fact that the ROI did not provide
exact language regarding the charges or references to what the charges were based on, and
there was additional review mandated by the department’s written policy following signing
off on the ROI. We held that an “administrative charge . . . is a formal accusation of
misconduct that evidences a decision by the agency to proceed against the law enforcement
officer and marks the beginning of the adjudicatory phase of the proceeding.” Id. at 184.
13
Although a signature was deemed the time of filing in Wilson, we hasten to observe that
that may not always be the case statewide. Determining when charges are filed under § 3-
106(a) is a fact-driven analysis that hinges on the particular police department’s policy and
practice in handling disciplinary charges. The Legislature did not intend to make a
signature on a specific document as a requirement for the time of filing across all police
departments. Based on the record in Wilson, however, that was the determinative act of
filing based on the department’s policy and practice in place at the time.
16
We noted that signing a document that was little more than a non-binding proposal to
charge did not qualify as filing charges under the LEOBR as the document did not rise to
the level of “charges.” To conclude otherwise would be improper as it was antithetical to
the legislative purpose of adding the one-year limitation period to the LEOBR. The
limitation period, added in 1988 as Section § 730(b)(1) of the LEOBR, “was enacted
because ‘[i]t is unfair, unreasonable, and serves no useful purpose to allow a supervisor to
withhold the filing of such administrative charges indefinitely.’” Id. at 186–87 (quoting
Floor Report for the Senate Judiciary Committee for Senate Bill 623, at 1). If the
Department’s practice was valid, “the Department would give itself an indefinite, unlimited
period of time in which to file charges. During that indefinite and unlimited period, the
officer would have no information about the proposed charges, no means to prepare a
defense, and no way to force a matter to a conclusion.” Id.
The BPD interprets these two cases as endorsing the notion that a filing occurs when
there is no further review to be undertaken and the charges have been approved by the final
supervisory person empowered to make the decision whether the final version of charges
are acceptable, e.g., the commissioner’s designee at the DRC meeting. As there was
assertedly no change between the draft charges alleged to have been presented at the DRC
meetings and the time the designees signed-off formally on the form document,14 the BPD
argues that it is appropriate that the final review occurs at the DRC meeting and thus
charges are filed formally upon the designee’s giving of his/her/their verbal approval. As
14
A claim which cannot be verified on these records.
17
such, the BPD states that “[a] signature is nothing more than a handwritten name . . . simply
one form of proof of the designees’ approvals, not approvals in and of themselves. The
approvals took place at the DRC meetings; the subsequent signatures merely evidenced
those approvals.” We reject this “rabbit-pulled-from-a-hat” position on the records before
us.
The record establishes that the full procedural panoply employed by the BPD in
disciplinary cases is not to consider the charges filed and final until the signing and dating
of the form document accompanying the final written statement of charges, regardless of
whether the final charges are unchanged as allegedly approved verbally at the DRC
meeting or have been revised or amended following the DRC meeting and before submittal
to the commissioner’s designee for his/her signature.
At the circuit court hearing, counsel for the BPD conceded that, although she did
not believe a signature was required necessarily, the Maryland Office of Administrative
Hearings (“OAH”), to which an appeal is available to a disciplined officer, had never
proceeded with a hearing based only on a charge approved at the DRC meeting, without
the signature on the charging document by the commissioner’s designee. As the circuit
court stated, “a signature . . . is what the Department had adopted. The charges that it issues
give places for the signatures and the date on which signed, which suggests that the
Department treats the approval as being when it is signed.” We agree with the circuit court
and hold that the BPD observed a policy and practice that formal filing of charges comes
upon the signature by the commissioner’s designee on the form document accompanying
the final version of the charging document and proposed discipline.
18
This holding is not inconsistent with BPD Policy 308. The policy does not provide
a definition of when charges are considered filed. According to the flow chart incorporated
in Policy 308, the relevant steps proceed from “Presentation of Disciplinary
Recommendations”15 to the officer’s opportunity to accept or contest the proposed
discipline contained in the charges. The BPD claims that the flow chart “makes clear that
review by the DRC is the final step before a charge is presented to the officer . . . .” The
lack of recognition in the policy of an otherwise formal practice occurring between the
presentation of the recommendations to the commissioner’s designee and the service of
charges on the officers makes problematic the BPD’s attempted reconciliation of what is
explicit in Policy 308 and what occurs in practice. Although the two ranking officers
designated as the commissioner’s designee in these respective cases provided affidavits in
this litigation stating (in conclusory fashion) that the charges are considered filed by the
BPD after the designee’s verbal approval at the DRC meetings, this conflicts with the
BPD’s actual practice of requiring a signature by the designee. As easily as appellate
counsel for the BPD imagines a scenario where an OAH hearing could be held in the
absence of the designee’s signature on the charging document, she admitted that she knew
of none ever held without that prerequisite act. This implies that the act of signing the
charging documents carries weight even outside the police department. Under the
administrative process followed by the BPD in these cases, nothing forecloses other
rational hypotheticals, such as where draft charges (with or without amendments/revisions)
15
This presentation is to the Police Commissioner or his/her designee presumably, but that
is not explicit in Policy 308.
19
and proposed discipline are approved tentatively by the DRC (including a verbal
acquiescence by the commissioner’s designee), but new and relevant facts come to light in
the intervening time between the DRC meeting and before the designee signs-off formally,
or the DRC reopens its consideration for any reason, or the designee changes his/her mind
about the framing of charges as submitted or the appropriate discipline, or the designee
disagrees with the framing of revisions made in the draft charges subsequent to the DRC
meeting (whether contemplated or not at the meeting). Under any of these hypotheticals,
none of which would be inconsistent with Policy 308 as written, the filing does not occur
until the designee signs-off formally on the charging document form.
Were we to agree with the BPD and hold that Policy 308 establishes that the BPD
considers charges filed upon the verbal acceptance of the DRC recommendations by the
commissioner’s designee at the DRC meeting, there would arise a foreseeable danger that
the LEOBR sought to foreclose. It is clear from the text of the statute and our prior relevant
decisions that a level of formality is required for the filing of charges. See Wilson, 91 Md.
App. at 439 (holding that the triggering event is when formal proceedings are initiated and
“the charges against the officer become a matter of record, subjection to adjudication”);
see also Zarragoitia, 139 Md. App. at 184 (holding that a charge is a formal accusation
that sets off the adjudicatory process). If the charges were deemed filed upon verbal
approval alone, the adjudicatory process would be without the level of formality necessary
for proper review of the department’s compliance with § 3-106(a) of the LEOBR.
Moreover, adopting the BPD’s view might deny charged officers with a timely opportunity
to learn of possible violations of the one-year limitation period and contest the charges and
20
discipline meted-out to them. If, as on the records in the present cases, the only evidence
of what occurred at the meeting and the weight it carries with regard to interpreting and
applying § 3-106 are the after-the-fact litigation affidavits provided by the commissioner’s
designees, then there is no fair avenue for a contesting officer to challenge violations of §
3-106(a). That is contrary to the intent of the legislation as it is framed presently.16
As we noted in Zarragoitia, a legislative purpose behind § 3-106 is to ensure that
officers do not have the potential of administrative charges hanging-over them indefinitely.
As shown by this record, time passed after the DRC meetings before the signature of the
commissioner’s designee was placed on the form accompanying the final charging
document provided the officer. Although actual notice to the officer, as explained in
Wilson, is not necessary for charges to be filed, Policy 308, as read by the BPD, does not
require any formal action that would put the officer on notice of the date of the act that
charges had been approved finally. “During that [possible] indefinite and unlimited period
[that could follow the DRC verbal action], the officer would have no information about the
proposed charges, no means to prepare a defense, and no way to force a matter to a
conclusion,” but for the date of signing by the commissioner’s designee on the final version
of the charging document. Zarragoitia, 139 Md. App. at 186–87.
The BPD advances one final argument. Its interpretation of the statutory language
“files the charges” is entitled to deference by the courts. Indeed, “an administrative
16
If the Legislature thinks our position off-the-mark regarding a statutory interpretation
question, it knows how to express its contrary will prospectively (or, in certain
circumstances, retrospectively).
21
agency’s interpretation and application of the statute which the agency administers should
ordinarily be given considerable weight by reviewing courts,” unless it is “based upon
errors of law.” Coleman v. Anne Arundel Cty. Police Dep’t, 369 Md. 108, 121 (2002). The
level of deference we provide an administrative agency’s interpretation of a statute,
however, “depends on several factors,” including “the duration and consistency of the
administrative practice” and “the degree to which the agency’s construction was made
known to the public.” Marriott Emps. Fed. Credit Union v. Motor Vehicle Admin., 346
Md. 437, 445 (1997). Policy 308 was published on 13 September 2017. The LEOBR was
passed in its original form by the Maryland Legislature in 1974 and the one-year limitation
period in § 3-106 was added in 1988. The BPD’s interpretation of its written Policy attracts
less deference here than it would were the record to demonstrate that it was the
longstanding policy or practice of the Department.
Further, the BPD’s interpretation of the Policy does not appear explicitly or by
strong implication in its text. “Another important consideration is the extent to which the
agency engaged in a process of reasoned elaboration in formulating its interpretation of the
statute. When an agency clearly demonstrates that it . . . reached its interpretation through
a sound reasoning process, the agency’s interpretation will be accorded the persuasiveness
due a well-considered opinion of an expert body.” Baltimore Gas and Elec. Co. v. Public
Service Comm’n of Maryland, 305 Md. 145, 161–62 (1986). Additionally, “if the
interpretation is the product of neither contested adversarial proceedings nor formal rule
promulgation, it is entitled to little weight.” Id. at 162. For all that these records reveal,
the Department’s interpretation is made apparent solely in the litigation affidavits prepared
22
by the commissioner’s designees in these cases. Those affidavits are all dated 26 April
2019. The conclusory assertions in the affidavits relative to the Department’s interpretation
state starkly only that: “[t]hrough my approval of the disciplinary recommendation . . . the
disciplinary charges . . . were deemed formally filed.” From this record, no assessment is
possible as to the longevity or consistency over time of that interpretation as a departmental
position, nor is the presence of a sound reasoning process determinable. We think the
deference due in these cases is on the very low end of the spectrum.
Despite this minimal deference, the BPD requests that we extend still to its
interpretation, e.g., that charges are filed when verbally approved at the DRC meeting,
enough deference to allow its view safe passage. When presented this argument, the circuit
court determined, nonetheless, that the BPD’s interpretation was based on an error of law.
The judge explained that:
[Policy 308] certainly lays out a very orderly process for considering and
approving charges, but it never defines one way or the other whether filing
occurs upon signing or not signing or oral approval or not oral approval . . .
it does not give a definition parallel to the statute such that I would have to
decide whether the Police Department’s adopted definition is consistent with
the statute and the General Assembly’s or not.
So I don’t see this as a situation where substantial deference is due to the
Police Department for how it has defined an action relating to a statutory
requirement.
The circuit court continued that, as Policy 308 did not define what it meant to file charges,
the proper course of action is to look at the actual practice followed by the BPD in these
cases. We agree with the circuit court.
23
JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
FOR BALTIMORE CITY AFFIRMED.
COSTS TO BE PAID BY APPELLANT.
24
The correction notice(s) for this opinion(s) can be found here:
https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/appellate/correctionnotices/cosa/0979s19cn.pdf