Clark v. State , 246 Md. App. 123 ( 2020 )

Jamel Clark v. State of Maryland, No. 430, September Term 2019.
CRIMINAL LAW > SENTENCTING AND PUNISHMENT
REVIEW
HARMLESS AND REVERSIBLE ERROR
If certain convictions are required to be merged for sentencing purposes, and they are not,
the trial court has committed “reversible error,” and as a matter of law, the sentence is
illegal.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY > SENTENCTING AND PUNISHMENT
PROHIBITION OF MULTIPLE PROCEEDINGS OR
PUNISHMENTS
Fundamentally, the Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy prohibits both
successive prosecutions for the same offense as well as multiple punishment for the
offense.
DOUBLE JEOPARDY > SENTENCTING AND PUNISHMENT
PROHIBITION OF MULTIPLE PROCEEDINGS OR
PUNISHMENTS
EFFECT OF PROCEEDINGS AFTER ATTACHMENT
OF JEOPARDY
By virtue of Maryland common law, double jeopardy forbids a defendant from being put
in jeopardy again for the same offense—in jeopardy of being convicted of a crime for
which he has been acquitted; in jeopardy of being twice convicted and punished for the
same crime.
SENTENCING AND PUNISHMENT > SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF
DIFFERENT CHARGE
SINGLE TRANSACTION OR COURSE
OF CONDUCT
PROOF OF FACT NOT REQUIRED FOR
OTHER OFFENSE
The required evidence test stands as: the applicable rule is that where the same act or
transaction constitutes a violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be
applied to determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each
provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.
SENTENCING AND PUNISHMENT > SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF
DIFFERENT CHARGE
SINGLE TRANSACTION OR COURSE
OF CONDUCT
PROOF OF FACT NOT REQUIRED FOR
OTHER OFFENSE
If each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not, or in other words, if each
offense contains an element which the other does not, the offenses are not the same for
double jeopardy purposes even though arising from the same conduct or episode. But,
where only one offense requires proof of an additional fact, so that all elements of one
offense are present in the other, the offenses are deemed to be the same for double
jeopardy purposes.
SENTENCING AND PUNISHMENT > SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF
DIFFERENT CHARGE
SINGLE TRANSACTION OR COURSE
OF CONDUCT
PROOF OF FACT NOT REQUIRED FOR
OTHER OFFENSE
MERGER OF OFFENSES
When a defendant is convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance,
they have been disqualified from possessing a firearm, while someone who has not been
convicted of a felony under Title 5 of the Criminal Law Code is allowed to possess a
firearm, within the purview of the law and subject to other prerequisites. Essentially, CR
§ 5-622 places a condition on who can and cannot possess a firearm. On the other hand,
CR § 4-303 places no condition on whether someone can or cannot possess an assault
weapon. Under section (a)(2) of CR § 4-303, no person can possess an assault weapon,
notwithstanding the limited exceptions noted in CR § 4-303(b).
SENTENCING AND PUNISHMENT > SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF
DIFFERENT CHARGE
SINGLE TRANSACTION OR COURSE
OF CONDUCT
PROOF OF FACT NOT REQUIRED FOR
OTHER OFFENSE
MERGER OF OFFENSES
Appellant’s conviction for possession of an assault weapon was not required to be
merged, for sentencing purposes, into the conviction for possession of a firearm by a
person previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance, since
each crime required proof that the other did not, and each offense can exist without the
other. Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law (“CR”) § 5-622(b), CR § 4-303(a)(2).
SENTENCING AND PUNISHMENT > SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF
DIFFERENT CHARGE
SINGLE TRANSACTION OR COURSE
OF CONDUCT
PROOF OF FACT NOT REQUIRED FOR
OTHER OFFENSE
MERGER OF OFFENSES
A defendant can in fact be subject to the offense of possession of a firearm having been
previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance, and not to
the offense of possession of an assault weapon, simply because while all assault weapons
may be firearms, not all firearms are assault weapons.
CRIMINAL LAW > IN GENERAL
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF CRIME
RULE OF LENITY
The rule of lenity—a principle of statutory interpretation—can require the merger of
sentences even when the required evidence test has not been satisfied and is only
applicable where at least one of the two offenses subject to the merger analysis is a
statutory offense.
CRIMINAL LAW > IN GENERAL
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF CRIME
RULE OF LENITY
STATUTORY PROVISIONS
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION IN GENERAL
LIBERAL AND STRICT CONSTRUCTION
In a “probing examination” of the rule of lenity, this Court has acknowledged that “an
inquiry into legislative intent is not only meaningless when at least one statute is not
involved but is also meaningless when two statutes were enacted years apart and were not
focused on the same subject matter. Therefore, if two separate criminal statutes create
separate offenses based on different criminal behavior with different criminal
consequences, and there is no relevant legislative history suggesting that the Legislature
intended to prohibit the imposition of separate sentences for the two separate crimes, then
the rule of lenity is inapplicable.
CRIMINAL LAW > IN GENERAL
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF CRIME
RULE OF LENITY
STATUTORY PROVISIONS
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION IN GENERAL
LIBERAL AND STRICT CONSTRUCTION
Undoubtedly, these two criminal statutes proscribe two different criminal behaviors, with
differing legislative policies behind their enactment, along with distinct punishments for
violation of the prohibited acts stated therein. We do not find any indication of ambiguity
in the application of these statutes, nor do we believe that it is “intrinsically unclear” as to
the circumstances in which the statutes would be applicable. CR § 5-622(b), CR § 4-
303(a)(2).
CRIMINAL LAW > IN GENERAL
NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF CRIME
SENTENCE ON CONVICTION OF DIFFERENT CHARGE
FUNDAMENTAL FAIRNESS
Fundamental fairness is one of the most basic considerations in all our decisions in
meting out punishment for a crime. In deciding whether fundamental fairness requires
merger, we have looked to whether the two crimes are part and parcel of one another,
such that one crime is an integral component of the other.
CRIMINAL LAW > SENTENCTING AND PUNISHMENT
REVIEW
PRESENTATION AND RESERVATION IN LOWER
COURT OF GROUNDS OF REVIEW
Although a defendant may attack an illegal sentence by way of direct appeal, the
fundamental fairness test does not enjoy the same procedural dispensation of [Md.] Rule
4–345(a) that permits correction of an illegal sentence without a contemporaneous
objection.
CRIMINAL LAW > SENTENCTING AND PUNISHMENT
REVIEW
PRESENTATION AND RESERVATION IN LOWER
COURT OF GROUNDS OF REVIEW
Appellant did not properly preserve his fundamental fairness argument for appellate
review. Nevertheless, even if Appellant had not waived his contention regarding
fundamental fairness, we are not persuaded that this principle would compel merger of
Appellant’s sentences. The legislature obviously intended to punish these two acts
separately, and not under one sentence. Additionally, CR § 4-303 and CR § 5-622 punish
separate instances of wrongdoing.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 118250011
REPORTED
IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS
OF MARYLAND
No. 430
September Term, 2019
______________________________________
JAMEL CLARK
v.
STATE OF MARYLAND
______________________________________
Fader, C.J.,
Reed,
Adkins, Sally D.
(Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),
JJ.
______________________________________
Opinion by Reed, J.
______________________________________
Filed: April 30, 2020
Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
Suzanne Johnson
2020-10-23 14:04-04:00
Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
After a jury trial in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Jamel Clark (“Appellant”)
was convicted of possession of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony
involving a controlled dangerous substance, in violation of Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law
(“CR”) § 5-622(b), and possession of an assault weapon, in violation of CR § 4-303(a)(2).
The trial court imposed two, consecutive sentences for a total eight-year sentence.
Appellant raises a single question on appeal, which we have rephrased for clarity:1
I. Must Appellant’s sentences for possession of a firearm by a person previously
convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance and possession of
an assault weapon be merged, where they were based on the possession of a single
firearm?
For the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On March 6, 2018, while in jail for reasons not disclosed by the record, Appellant
called his girlfriend, Ms. McGregor. During the recorded conversation, Appellant asked
Ms. McGregor about the location of his truck, to which she replied that it was sitting “out
front,” which meant it was in front of her house. When Appellant questioned if she had
“moved his stuff,” she informed him that “the stuff was still wrapped up” and that she had
moved it to the back closet “on top of the Christmas tree box.” Appellant further inquired
1
Appellant presents the following question:
1. Must this Court merge Mr. Clark’s sentences for possession of a firearm under Md.
Code Ann., Crim. Law § 5-622(b) and possession of an assault weapon under Md.
Code Ann., Crim. Law § 4-303(a)(2) where the two offenses were based on the
possession of a single firearm?
of Ms. McGregor as to whether someone could see the “stuff,” and she answered, “No.”
Detective Ian Smith (“Detective Smith”) listened to this recorded call and based on what
he heard Appellant say to Ms. McGregor, he applied for a warrant to search Ms.
McGregor’s house for contraband.
The next day, on March 7, 2018, Detective Smith and six officers executed the
warrant at Ms. McGregor’s house. When Ms. McGregor answered the door, the officers
asked her if there “was anything in the house that they needed to know about,” and she
informed them that there was a weapon in the basement of the home, on top of the
Christmas tree box. Ms. McGregor then directed the officers to the basement closet where
they found the weapon, wrapped in clothes, on top of the Christmas tree box. The weapon
was identified at trial as an Encom America 45-caliber semi-automatic pistol. When asked
whose gun it was, Ms. McGregor confessed that Appellant had brought the weapon to her
house. This exchange was captured on several officers’ body-worn cameras. Appellant was
subsequently charged with five firearm possession offenses and illegal possession of
ammunition.2 Three of the six counts were nol prossed by the State, while the remaining
three counts — possession of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony
involving a controlled dangerous substance, possession of an assault weapon and illegal
possession of ammunition — went to trial.
On March 29, 2019, a trial was held, and the State called Detective Smith to testify
as to the steps he took in discovering the weapon, from listening to Appellant’s jail call, to
2
While executing the warrant, the officers also recovered a box of ammunition for a
firearm that was not an Encom America 45-caliber semi-automatic pistol.
2
executing the warrant. He explained during his testimony that when he executed the search
warrant at Ms. McGregor’s house, he was looking for contraband, either “a firearm of some
type” or “drugs of some kind.” He also testified that because he has listened to hundreds
of jail calls, he can recognize when people are discussing contraband. The State also called
Ms. McGregor, who testified about the search of her home on March 7, 2018. She testified
that during the search, when first asked about whose gun it was that officers found in the
basement, she did not answer, and after officers “alluded to arresting [her],” she stated that
Appellant brought the weapon to her house. However, at trial, Ms. McGregor testified that
“another friend” of hers brought the gun to her home. Ms. McGregor stated that she lied
because Appellant was already in jail, and her other friend might not be a threat to her and
her child.
The State then proceeded to play two video clips from the body-worn cameras as
prior inconsistent statements. In the first clip, Ms. McGregor led the officers to the gun and
said that the gun did not belong to her, but she did know how it got there. In the second
clip, the officers repeatedly asked Ms. McGregor about who brought the gun to her house,
and she eventually admits that it was Appellant. At the end of the trial, the State read a
stipulation between the state and defense into evidence, which stated:
The Defendant has been charged with possession of a firearm. The parties
hereby stipulate that the Defendant is prohibited from possessing a firearm
because of a previous condition that prohibits his possession of a firearm.
The parties also stipulate that the firearm in question is classified as an assault
pistol.
After deliberations, the jury convicted Appellant of possession of a firearm by a
person previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance, in
3
violation of CR § 5-622(b), and possession of an assault weapon, in violation of CR § 4-
303(a)(2). Appellant was acquitted of illegal possession of ammunition pursuant to Md.
Code Ann., Pub. Safety § 5-133.1(b). Appellant was subsequently sentenced to two
consecutive sentences, first for five years and then three years (the statutory maximums),
for a total of eight years. This timely appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
A. Parties’ Contentions
Appellant argues that his sentences must merge for four reasons: (1) under the required
evidence test, possession of an assault weapon is a lesser included offense of possession of
a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous
substance; (2) even if they do not merge under the required evidence test, they must merge
because the legislature intended for them to merge; (3) even if the legislature’s intent is
ambiguous, the rule of lenity requires that the sentences merge; and (4) principles of
fundamental fairness compel merger.
The State asserts that under the required evidence test, the sentences do not merge
because each conviction requires distinct evidence. The State maintains that the rule of
lenity does not apply, because the General Assembly did not intend for CR § 4-303 and
CR § 5-622 to merge for sentencing purposes, nor are the statutes ambiguous. Additionally,
the State notes that the doctrine of fundamental fairness does not compel merger because
the circuit court has discretion in determining whether it will merge sentences.
4
B. Standard of Review
If certain convictions are required to be merged for sentencing purposes, and they are
not, the trial court has committed “reversible error,” and as a matter of law, the sentence is
illegal. Britton v. State, 201 Md. App. 589, 598–99 (2011). We take note that Appellant
did not argue at sentencing that his sentences should merge. However, “[w]e have held that
because of the inherent illegality of the sentence, the normal preservation requirements do
not apply in this context.” Latray v. State, 221 Md. App. 544, 555 (2015) (citing Pair v.
State, 202 Md. App. 617, 624 (2011)). Pursuant to Maryland Rule § 4-345(a), a court “may
correct an illegal sentence at any time.” Considering that the trial court’s determination
regarding sentencing is governed by the Criminal Law article, we must examine whether
the trial court’s conclusions were legally correct under a de novo standard of review.
Blickenstaff v. State, 393 Md. 680, 683 (2006).
C. Analysis
Required Evidence Test
As applied to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment’s
Double Jeopardy Clause states that no person “shall . . . be subject for the same offense to
be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const. amend. V; see also Benton v.
Maryland, 395 U.S. 784, 787 (1969). Fundamentally, “[t]he Fifth Amendment guarantee
against double jeopardy prohibits both successive prosecutions for the same offense as well
as multiple punishment for the offense.” Newton v. State, 280 Md. 260, 262—63 (1977).
By virtue of Maryland common law, double jeopardy forbids “a defendant [from being]
‘put in jeopardy again for the same offense—in jeopardy of being convicted of a crime for
5
which he has been acquitted; in jeopardy of being twice convicted and punished for the
same crime.’” State v. Griffiths, 338 Md. 485, 489 (1995) (quoting Gianiny v. State, 320
Md. 337, 347 (1990)). The standard outlined by the Supreme Court in deciding whether
two offenses are deemed to be one in the same for double jeopardy purposes is the
Blockburger test. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932). The “required
evidence test,” the name by which the rule was originally known,3 as explained in
Blockburger, stands as follows:
The applicable rule is that where the same act or transaction constitutes a
violation of two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to
determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether each
provision requires proof of a fact which the other does not.
Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304.
Maryland law has also expounded on the required evidence test, with a focus on the
elements of the offenses. In Thomas v. State, the Court of Appeals elaborated:
If each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not, or in other
words, if each offense contains an element which the other does not, the
offenses are not the same for double jeopardy purposes even though arising
from the same conduct or episode. But, where only one offense requires
proof of an additional fact, so that all elements of one offense are present in
the other, the offenses are deemed to be the same for double jeopardy
purposes.
Thomas v. State, 277 Md. 257, 267 (1976); see also Newton, 280 Md. at 268; Nightingale
v. State, 312 Md. 699, 703 (1988). Therefore, if offenses are required to merge according
3
While the Blockburger test is the most well-known phrase used for the test in
determining whether sentences arising out of the same offense, the “required evidence test”
was first fashioned through Morey v. Commonwealth, 108 Mass. 433 (1871) and was
adopted by the Supreme Court in Gavieres v. United States, 220 U.S. 338 (1911). The name
“required evidence test” is still widely used and accepted today.
6
to the required evidence test, then a defendant cannot be penalized under separate
sentences. See McGrath v. State, 356 Md. 20, 24 (1999). The Court of Appeals has outlined
that “the required evidence test is not simply another rule of statutory construction. Instead,
it is a long-standing rule of law to determine whether one offense is included within another
when both are based on the same act or acts.” McGrath, 356 Md. 20 at 24 (quoting State v.
Lancaster, 332 Md. 385, 409—410 (1993)) (internal citations omitted). With this in mind,
we now turn to an examination of the elements of each of the offenses at issue in this case.
Appellate courts in Maryland have not before had the opportunity to determine
whether possession of an assault weapon would merge with possession of a firearm by a
person previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance. This
analysis starts with an examination of the elements of each offense, and we will then assess
whether each offense can exist without the other.
CR § 4-303 states, in relevant part,
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, a person may not:
(2) possess, sell, offer to sell, transfer, purchase, or receive an assault
weapon.
CR § 4-303(a).
When Appellant was sentenced in this case, CR § 5-622 provided:
(a) In this section, “firearm” includes:
(1) a handgun, antique firearm, rifle, shotgun, short-barreled shotgun,
and short-barreled rifle, as those words are defined in § 4-201 of this
article;
(2) a machine gun, as defined in § 4-401 of this article; and
(3) a regulated firearm, as defined in § 5-101 of the Public Safety
Article.
7
(b) A person may not possess, own, carry, or transport a firearm if that
person has been convicted of:
(1) a felony under this title;
(2) a crime under the laws of another state or of the United States that
would be a felony under this title if committed in this State[.]
CR § 5-622(a)—(b). Stated plainly, the elements of possession of an assault weapon are:
(1) possession (2) of an assault weapon. See CR § 4-303. The elements of possession of a
firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous
substance are (1) possession (2) of a firearm (3) by a person previously convicted of a
felony involving a controlled dangerous substance. See CR § 5-622.
There is no dispute that the first element of each crime is present in both CR § 5-
622 and CR §4-303, possession. Yet, for the statutes’ second component, the essential
element present in the former crime, but not the latter, is a person previously convicted of
a felony involving a controlled dangerous substance; the essential element presented in the
latter crime, but not the former, is the type of weapon possessed. Appellant argues that
because the definition of firearm in CR § 5-622(a) “necessarily” includes an assault
weapon, as required by CR § 4-303, they are the same element for the purposes of the
required evidence test. We disagree, primarily for two reasons.
First, when a defendant is convicted of a felony involving a controlled dangerous
substance, they have been disqualified from possessing a firearm, while someone who has
not been convicted of a felony under Title 5 of the Criminal Law Code is allowed to possess
a firearm, within the purview of the law and subject to other prerequisites. Essentially, CR
§ 5-622 places a condition on who can and cannot possess a firearm. On the other hand,
CR § 4-303 places no condition on whether someone can or cannot possess an assault
8
weapon. Under section (a)(2) of CR § 4-303, no person can possess an assault weapon,
notwithstanding the limited exceptions noted in CR § 4-303(b). When Appellant, a
convicted felon, possessed an assault weapon, a specific kind of firearm, he violated two
distinct and separate statutes, as (1) a prohibited person in possession of (2) a prohibited
weapon. Thus, the second components of each statute are not the same elements for the
purposes of the required evidence test. Moreover, a defendant can in fact be subject to the
offense of possession of a firearm having been previously convicted of a felony involving
a controlled dangerous substance, and not to the offense of possession of an assault
weapon. This is simply because while all assault weapons may be firearms, not all firearms
are assault weapons.
Therefore, because each crime required proof that the other did not, and each offense
can exist without the other, the conviction for possession of an assault weapon does not
merge with possession of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony involving
a controlled dangerous substance under the required evidence test.
Rule of Lenity
Nonetheless, the required evidence test is not an “exclusive standard” by which we
determine whether sentences should merge. See Brooks v. State, 284 Md. 416, 423 (1979).
The rule of lenity—a principle of statutory interpretation—can require the merger of
sentences even when the required evidence test has not been satisfied. Pair, 202 Md. App.
at 637. In Walker v. State, we outlined the scope of the rule, stating:
[The rule of lenity] is purely a question of reading legislative intent. If the
Legislature intended two crimes arising out of a single act to be punished
separately, we defer to that legislated choice. If the Legislature intended but
9
a single punishment, we defer to that legislated choice. If we are uncertain as
to what the Legislature intended, we turn to the so-called ‘Rule of Lenity,’
by which we give the defendant the benefit of the doubt.
Walker v. State, 53 Md. App. 171, 201 (1982) (internal citations omitted). Because the rule
of lenity is “a matter of legislative intent,” it is only applicable “where at least one of the
two offenses subject to the merger analysis is a statutory offense.” Latray, 221 Md. App.
at 555 (citing Pair, 202 Md. App. at 638). If offenses merge under this rule, “the offense
carrying the highest maximum authorized sentence is ordinarily considered to be the
greater offense. Thus, ‘the offense carrying the lesser maximum penalty merges into the
offense carrying the greater penalty.’” Miles v. State, 349 Md. 215, 221 (1998) (quoting
Williams v. State, 323 Md. 312, 322 (1991)).
In a “probing examination” of the rule of lenity, this Court has acknowledged that
“an inquiry into legislative intent is not only meaningless when at least one statute is not
involved but is also meaningless when two statutes were enacted years apart and were not
focused on the same subject matter.” Pair, 202 Md. App. at 639. Therefore, if “two
separate criminal statutes create separate offenses based on different criminal behavior with
different criminal consequences, and there is no relevant legislative history suggesting that
the Legislature intended to prohibit the imposition of separate sentences for the two
separate crimes[,]” then the rule of lenity is inapplicable. Fenwick v. State, 135 Md. App.
167, 174-175 (2000) (citing Wooten-Bey v. State, 76 Md. App. 603 (1988), aff’d on other
grounds, 318 Md. 301 (1990)).
Appellant asserts that the legislature intended that possession of an assault weapon
and possession of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a felony involving a
10
controlled dangerous substance be punished by one sentence, but in the alternative, if we
were to find the legislature’s intent to be ambiguous, then the uncertainty should be
resolved in his favor, under the rule of lenity. In review of the legislative history concerning
CR § 4-303 and CR § 5-622, we are not convinced that the legislature intended that these
two statutes—which penalize separate behavior with distinct consequences—be punished
by one sentence rather than two, or that an ambiguity exists to merit application of the rule
of lenity.
To begin, CR § 4-303 was enacted in 1994 and is codified under the “Weapons
Crimes” of the Criminal Law Article as a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of three
years. See 1994 Md. Laws, ch. 456. The original provision only prohibited the possession
of assault pistols, but the General Assembly expanded this provision under the Firearm
Safety Act of 2013, after the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary in December of
2012.4 In Potts v. State, we explained that the objective of the Maryland Firearm Safety
Act of 2013 was to “significantly modif[y] and expand[] the regulation of firearms,
firearms dealers and ammunition in the state[.]” Potts, 231 Md. App. 398, 413 (2016)
(citing S.B. 281 (2013 Session.), Fiscal and Policy Note at pg. 1).
Contrariwise, CR § 5-622 is located within the subtitle governing “Crimes Involving
Controlled Dangerous Substances and Paraphernalia,” under part III entitled “Related and
4
Aaron C. Davis, Maryland House Passes Strict Gun Control Measure Crafted after
Newtown Massacre, The Wash. Post. (April 3, 2013),
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/maryland-house-passes-strict-gun-
control-measure-crafted-after-newtown-massacre/2013/04/03/303e1754-9c69-11e2-a941-
a19bce7af755_story.html.
11
Derivative Crimes.” Enacted three years before CR § 4-303, this statute was passed in 1991
under the former Article 27, § 291A, superseding a misdemeanor statute that prohibited
possession of a “pistol or revolver” by a person convicted of “manufacturing or distributing
controlled dangerous substances.” 1991 Md. Laws, ch. 613. The new section of CR § 5-
622’s “statutory predecessor” widened the scope of possession to “firearms” and made the
offense a felony, with a current maximum sentence of five years. Neal v. State, 191 Md.
App 297, 311 (2010), CR § 5-622(c). Furthermore, “[s]ection 291A reflected the General
Assembly’s policy that persons convicted of violating the controlled dangerous substance
laws be prohibited from thereafter possessing, owning, carrying, or transporting a firearm.”
Id.
Undoubtedly, these two criminal statutes proscribe two different criminal behaviors,
with differing legislative policies behind their enactment, along with distinct punishments
for violation of the prohibited acts stated therein. We do not find any indication of
ambiguity in the application of these statutes, nor do we believe that it is “intrinsically
unclear” as to the circumstances in which the statutes would be applicable. See Fenwick,
135 Md. App. at 174. As we have held, “the rule of lenity cannot be used to ‘create an
ambiguity where none exists.’ If there is no ambiguity, ‘the rule of lenity simply has no
application.’” Fenwick, 135 Md. App. at 174 (quoting Jones v. State, 336 Md. 255, 261
(1994) (internal citations omitted). We therefore reject Appellant’s contention that the
Maryland General Assembly intended that CR § 4-303 and CR § 5-622 should not be
punished by separate sentences, or, in the alternative, that the statutes contained
ambiguities that would require this Court to apply the rule of lenity.
12
Additionally, we reject Appellant’s argument that CR § 4-303 and CR § 5-622
would merge because neither of the statutes contain “anti-merger” provisions, even though
they support this contention by pointing out that the penalty provision of CR § 4-303 and
the neighboring provisions of CR § 5-622 do in effect have this language. In Latray, we
reiterated that “the absence of an anti-merger provision indicates that the Legislature did
not address explicitly the topic of merger in the statutory scheme, but nothing more may
be inferred from it.” Latray, 221 Md. App. at 557. We unreservedly take into account this
Court’s remarks in Pair about legislative intent, where he cautioned: “when dealing with
Maryland statutes, it is absurd to look for legislative intent or for the lack thereof in
circumstances wherein there would be no occasion for the Legislature to have an intent,
one way or the other. One does not look for legislative intent where there was none.” Pair,
202 Md. App. at 641; see also Wooten-Bey, 76 Md. App. 603 at 629. We therefore look no
further and do not find that the legislature intended to forbid separate sentences for CR §
4-303 and CR § 5-622 in the absence of anti-merger provisions.
Fundamental Fairness
The third prong of defense as to why two sentences may merge is the doctrine of
fundamental fairness. In Monoker v. State, The Court of Appeals stated that fundamental
fairness is “[o]ne of the most basic considerations in all our decisions . . . in meting out
punishment for a crime.” Monoker v. State, 321 Md. 214, 223 (1990); see also McGrath,
356 Md. at 25. “In deciding whether fundamental fairness requires merger, we have looked
to whether the two crimes are ‘part and parcel’ of one another, such that one crime is ‘an
integral component’ of the other.” Carroll v. State, 428 Md. 679, 695 (2012) (quoting
13
Monoker, 321 Md. at 223-24). The fairness of the sentence is dependent on circumstances
surrounding the defendant’s convictions, and not just the elements of the crime; thus, the
“inquiry is ‘fact-driven.’” Carroll, 428 Md. at 695 (citing Pair, 202 Md. App. at 645).
However, “[t]he principal justification for rejecting a claim that fundamental fairness begs
merger in a given case is that the offenses punish separate wrongdoing.” Latray, 221 Md.
App. at 558 (citing Carroll, 428 Md. at 697–99 (“noting that conspiracy to commit armed
robbery and attempted armed robbery do not merge under the principles of fundamental
fairness because the defendant’s convictions ‘targeted two different crimes’”)). Id.And yet, even more dispositive is that “[a]lthough a defendant may attack an illegal
sentence by way of direct appeal, the fundamental fairness test does not enjoy the same
‘procedural dispensation of [Md.] Rule 4–345(a)’ that permits correction of an illegal
sentence without a contemporaneous objection.” Potts, 231 Md. App at 414 (quoting Pair,
202 Md. App. at 649). Appellant admits at the beginning of his argument that he did not
argue at sentencing that his sentences were fundamentally unfair. Consequently, Appellant
did not properly preserve his fundamental fairness argument for appellate review.
Nevertheless, even if Appellant had not waived his contention regarding fundamental
fairness, we are not persuaded that this principle would compel merger of Appellant’s
sentences.
As discussed above, the legislature obviously intended to punish these two acts
separately, and not under one sentence. Additionally, CR § 4-303 and CR § 5-622 punish
separate instances of wrongdoing. Appellant, as a felon prohibited from possession any
kind of firearm, committed a separate crime when he possessed an assault weapon.
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Appellant’s claim that because he was in possession of a single firearm, his act of
possession warrants only one punishment is unsubstantiated, because if Appellant had not
been a felon prohibited from owning a firearm, he would have still been convicted of
possessing an assault weapon. Accordingly, we agree with the State that “Appellant’s
disqualification status was not ‘part and parcel’ of his possession of an assault weapon but
was an aggravating circumstance to his possession of an assault weapon.” We find nothing
fundamentally unfair about Appellant’s separate sentences.
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY
AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID
BY APPELLANT.
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