Longfellow v. Longfellow , 54 Me. 240 ( 1864 )

Barrows, J.

The plaintiffs bring their action of as-sumpsit against the defendant for the use and occupation of the land upon which his shop stands, in Machias, from April 1,1856, to Sept. 18, 1862. Writ dated Sept. 19,1862. The case comes before us upon a report of the evidence, with stipulations that if certain rulings of the presiding Judge, admitting evidence offered by the plaintiffs and excluding testimony offered by defendant, are correct, and plaintiffs have made out a prima fade case, and defendant is not at liberty to dispute plaintiffs’ title, or to deny that the relation of landlord and tenant continues to exist between the plaintiffs and himself, until ho surrenders possession to them of all the land.included in a certain lease, which was offered in evidence by the plaintiffs and which embraced the land for the use and occupation of which this suit is brought, the defendant is to be defaulted, otherwise the case is to stand for trial.

The testimony shows that the plaintiffs are the widow and all the surviving children and heirs at law of Daniel Longfellow who died in 1837. Phineas Longfellow, another of the family, died without wife or children shortly after his father, and his share of his father’s estate of course descended to his mother, brothers and sisters.

Nathan Longfellow, a brother of Daniel, 73 years old, testifies that Daniel always occupied the premises, (a portion of which is now covered by defendant’s store,) claiming to own them, that he had a blacksmith shop on the lot, that his family, the plaintiffs, occupied the lot after his death and rented it; that witness, in behalf of plaintiffs, claimed damages of the town for taking some of the land for a town landing, and that the town paid $200 therefor; that the plaintiffs now receive rent for that part of the lot not occupied by defendant; that a fair yearly rent for the land covered by defendant’s store for the last five or six years, would be $10 or $15.

Other witnesses testified to the occupation of the premises by Daniel Longfellow in his lifetime and by his family after his death. The plaintiffs offered in evidence the lease dated April 1, 1846, of the store lot with more of the adjacent land to the defendant, for 10 years, at an annual rent of $6 and taxes, executed by defendant as lessee, and Rowena, the widow, and three of the other plaintiffs and " Nathan Longfellow, as guardian,” as lessors. The execution of the lease was not disputed and it was agreed that defendant had paid the rent under the lease for ten years up to the expiration of the term, April 1, 1856. Defendant objected to the introduction of the lease as evidence, "because it expired long ago and defendant does not now hold under it, but claims that he owns the property and has a better title .to it than plaintiffs, and because it includes other land besides the store lot for which rent is claimed in this suit, — land which has been in plaintiffs’ possession ever since the lease expired.” The objections were overruled and the lease admitted. Was this erroneous?

To maintain this action of assumpsit for use and occupation, the relation of landlord and tenant must subsist between the parties, founded on an agreement either express or implied. Of the objections made at the’time, the only-one now urged in argument is, that the lease had expired before the commencement of this suit; was functus officio, and the suit was not brought for any rent reserved by the lease, which had all been paid by the defendant. But it was surely competent for the plaintiffs to show the existence of the relation of landlord and tenant between the parties, by evidence under the defendant’s hand and seal, at a previous period, and to claim that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that relation continued to subsist which was thus proved to have been once established. But the main ground of objection now relied on is, that the instrument was res inter alios; that, of the present plaintiffs, Amanda, Arethusa, Rowena H. and Henry A Longfellow do not appear to have executed the lease, and that "Nathan Longfellow, as guardian,” who did execute it, is not a. party to this suit. It is urged that there is no evidence that Nathan Longfellow was guardian for Amanda and the other children, not executing as lessors, or that his interest as guardian has ceased.

No such objection was suggested at the time of the trial. Where testimony is objected to upon the trial of a cause, the party objecting should state specifically all the grounds of objection upon which he intends to rely. If he fails to do so, and the testimony is admitted, the ruling cannot be treated as erroneous. White v. Chadbourne, 41 Maine, 149.

The reason and propriety of this rule are obvious. When the objection is made at the time of trial, the opposite party has his fair opportunity to withdraw the testimony offered and avoid the point, — to offer other testimony in place of that which is objected to, or to bring out more distinctly in testimony facts that are tacitly understood between Court and counsel as admitted, when the objections offered are considered and the rulings made, and which would do away with the objection thus subsequently raised. The case at bar well illustrates the fitness and justice of this rule. When the case was presented at nisi prius, it is hardly possible that this objection of res inter alios should have occurred to either of the counsel or to the presiding Judge. Testimony was given as to the relationship of the parties plaintiff, and as to Nathan Longfellow’s position as guardian of the younger children, from which the substantial identity of the parties to the lease with the parties to the suit was received as undisputed. But the counsel now gravely argues that this was all res inter alios and inadmissible, because it was not stated which of the children Nathan Longfellow was guardian for, or that Amanda, Arethusa, Rowena H., and Henry were not of age at the date of the lease, or that Nathan Longfellow is not still guardian for some minor heirs. If there is any obscurity as to this matter in the testimony as reported, it would be the grossest injustice to allow an objection, thus held in reserve until too late to be obviated, to prevail and expose parties to additional delay and expense. The doctrine that objections thus taken come too late, is well established upon sound reason and authority. They are not to be considered as open matters upon the hearing of exceptions, and upon a report- presented with such stipulations as this, the correctness of the rulings must be tested in the same manner as it would be upon exceptions. The lease, then, was rightly admitted. Was a prima facie case made out? Could the jury have fairly inferred, from the testimony that was put in, all that was necessary to entitle the plaintiff to a verdict? Defendant’s counsel undertakes to argue that the lease disproves the title of the plaintiffs, or some of them, and shows it to have been in other parties. An examination of the testimony shows that there is nothing upon which to base such an idea. Nathan Longfellow testifies that some of Daniel’s children were over 40 years of age in 1863. Then they were over 21 in 1846, when the lease was made. The widow and three children sign the lease as lessors, and Nathan Longfellow signs " as guardian,” being described in the lease as "Guardian of the minor heirs of Daniel Longfellow.” It appears, from his testimony, that the plaintiffs are the widow and the children, and all the children of Dauiel that survived their father, except Phineas, who died without wife or children in a few years after his father, — that Daniel died in 1837, from which it follows that the youngest child must have arrived at the age of 21 years -when the suit was brought, in 1862. The question for whom was Nathan Longfellow guardian is sufficiently answered, and in a manner perfectly consistent with the title of the plaintiffs, and with their right to maintain this suit. By taking such a lease, defendant must be considered as admitting not only the title of the widow and heirs of Daniel Longfellow, but that at the date of the same some of them were of age to contract and some were minors. He dealt with them as if such were the case, and it is not now in his mouth to say that there is no evidence that so it actually was. Nathan Longfellow was a party to the lease only to represent the title and interest of those who, being then incapacitated to make contracts respecting their property, are now of age and do not further require his intervention. They were the real parties in interest and a lease thus executed does not disprove and has no tendency to disprove their title. The defendant does not claim that a prima facie case is not made out in other respects, so that it is unnecessary further to rehearse the details of the testimony.

The defendant offered to prove by legal testimony the property to bo his, —that he has paid no rent and has never promised to pay any for it since the expiration of the lease. But he admitted that ho entered under the lease and that he never surrendered that part of the property, for which rent is here claimed, to the plaintiffs after its expiration.

The general rule that the defendant in this action of assumpsit, for use and occupation, as in all actions for rent, is not permitted to call in question his landlord’s title to tho premises, or in any way to impeach it, is not disputed here. The relation of landlord and tenant once established, the defendant, so long as that relation subsists, cannot be suffered to allege title in himself or in any person other than him from whom he holds. He may show that the plaintiff’s iu-•terest was but temporary, and that it has expired, — or that he has conveyed it away subsequent to the demise to some third person under whom defendant has commenced a fresh holding, — or that the tenancy has been determined, and that subsequently to the determination he has ceased to occupy the premises. But the defendant here proposed to do none of these things. His position here is based upon the same not very ingenuous hypothesis upon which he founds his argument in support of the points previously discussed, viz. : — that the lessors and the plaintiffs are not shown to be identical, because it was not testified totidem verbis that Nathan Longfellow was the guardian of Amanda, Arethusa, Rowena H., and Henry A. Longfellow, and, upon the further untenable proposition that plaintiffs themselves have shown that Rowena, the widow, had no title, and, therefore, an estoppel cannot be claimed as to her. The defendant accepted a lease from her jointly with others, doubtless wTell knowing that she was entitled to a share from her deceased son Phineas, and we shall not presume, in order to avoid any estoppel thereby created, that Daniel Longfellow had another wife besides the one who is proved to have survived him, or that his son Phineas was the child of some woman whose existence is not suggested, until the final argument of the case as a question of law.

Defendant admitted that he entered under the lease and that he never surrendered that part of the property, for which rent is here claimed, to the plaintiffs after its expiration. He would have it, that after the expiration of the term, he is at liberty to deny the relation of landlord and tenant between his lessors and himself, without quitting the possession. But the law settles his status differently. An abundance of cases declare that a lessee thus holding over is the tenant at will of the lessor. The relation of landlord and tenant continues until the lessee has yielded the possession which he gained by the consent of the lessors and in submission to their title. When a lease has expired, the tenant continues liable for the rent, in an action of as-sumpsit for use and occupation, unless he delivers up complete possession of the premises, or the landlord accepts another in his room. Lord KeNYON, in Harding v. Crethorn, 1 Esp., 57. "When a tenant is permitted to hold over, it is to be presumed that he does so as to the payment of rent upon the same terms as had been agreed upon in the lease.” WhitmaN, C. J., in Wheeler v. Cowan, 25 Maine, 287.

And the estoppel, before referred to, applies to each part and parcel of the premises held under the demise. The tenant cannot by a surrender of a part of the premises acquire the l'ight to dispute his landlord’s title to the remainder.

The statute of limitations was not specified as one of the grounds of defence, and cannot now be invoked by the defendant.

The legal rights of the defendant were not prejudiced in any essential particular by the rulings at JSTisi Prius, which were all substantially correct. Defendant defaulted, — Damages to he assessed by the OlerJc according to the agreement in the report and on the rule given by the Judge at JSTisi Prius.

Appleton, C. J., Cutting, KeNT, WaltoN and Dan-forth, JJ., concurred.