Warren v. Westbrook Manufacturing Co. , 26 L.R.A. 284 ( 1893 )

Emery, J.

This equity cause was heard on bill and demurrer. The case stated, independent of the legal inferences drawn, is* substantially as follows. The Presumpscot River, a nou-tidal, stream, as it flows through Saccarappa Village at the place called Saccarappa Upper Falls, forms an island about three hundred and fifty feet long, and one hundred and fifty feet wide. In forming this island, the river divides itself into two branches or channels; one flowing on the easterly side, and the other on the westerly side of the island. In each of these branches or channels, are falls affording valuable water power. A dam has^ long been built across each channel. These dams are substantially in line with each other, and form with the island a continuous dam across the whole river. There are several mills on the island, and other mills on each side of the main river opposite the island. The mills on the eastern mainland, and on the eastern side of the island, are supplied with water from the dam across the eastern channel. The mills on the western mainland and on the western side of the island, are supplied with water from the dam across the western channel. The bill does not expressly describe the mills and their location, but the facts are so well known and conspicuous, they may properly be added to the description of the general situation.

The plaintiffs, other than Mary Little Hale Dana, own the western side of the island, the land under the western channel, and the land on the west side of the river opposite the island. They also own the dam across the western channel and the mills supplied by it.

Mary Little Hale Dana, one of the plaintiffs, has some interest on the west side of the river. She also owns the eastern side of the island and the adjoining land under the water to the middle line of the eastern channel. She further owns so much of the dam across the eastern channel as is on her land, together with the mills on the easterly side of the island, supplied from this dam.

The defendant company owns the land on the east side of the river opposite the island and the adjoining land under the water to the middle line of the eastern channel, or to the land of Mrs. Dana. It also owns so much of the dam across the eastern channel as is on its land, together with the mills on the eastern main shore which are supplied from this eastern dam.

All the plaintiffs are therefore the sole riparian owners on both sides of the western channel, and owning the land under that channel. Mrs. Dana is the sole riparian owner on the west side of the eastern channel, and owning to the centre line. The defendant company is the sole riparian owner on the east side of the eastern channel, and owning to the centre line.

We are. now to consider the various rights and duties of these different riparian owners, in the flow of the water of the Presumpscot River to and past their lands. It should be continually borne in mind that we are considering the legal rights and duties based on the situation of the parties, and unmodified by any statutes, contracts, grants or prescriptions. None of these latter matters are stated in the bill, and their possible modifying effects are not considered here.

As against other riparian owners up the river from them, they are all entitled to have all the water of the river flow down to their lands to the extent it would naturally flow there, subject to a reasonable use of the flow by such upper riparian owners as it passed their lands. As against riparian owners below, they are entitled to have the water flowr from their lands to the same extent. So- far their rights are similar and equal if not identical.

But at the head of the island the flow of water in the river is divided by the island. Part of the water thence flows through the western channel past the lands of the plaintiff's, and does not touch in its flow- any of the land of the defendant, nor any of the land of Mrs. Dana on the east side of the island. The other part of the water thence flows through the eastern channel past the land of Mrs. Dana and the land of the defendant, and does not touch in its flow any of the land of the other plaintiff's.

The island, in thus dividing the flow of the waters in the river, has divided the rights of the parties to this suit. The plaintiff's are entitled to have flow through the western channel, past their lands on and under that channel, so much of the water of the river as would naturally flow there and no more. The defendant and Mrs. Dana, on the other hand, are entitled to have flow through the eastern channel, past their lands on and under that channel, so much of the water of the river as would naturally flow there and no more. As between the channels, neither party can lawfully do anything by sheer dams, or by widening or deepening his channel, or by any other means, to cause a greater proportion of the water to flow through his channel. On the other hand, neither party is obliged to maintain dams or any other appliances on his channel to check the natural flow- there, and thus tura more into the other channel. Either party may remove all existing dams from his channels and leave the water to flow there naturally, unimpeded by artificial obstructions. This may lessen the hitherto accustomed flow in the other channel, but as it wrould not lessen the natural jflow there, it would not infringe upon any legal rights of the party on that channel. At the same time, if either party checks the natural flow through his own channel by dams, closed gates or otherwise, and thereby increases beyond natm-e the flow of water through the other channel, the other party on that other channel can lawfully make use of such extra flow-. He can lawfully use all the water that nature or other parties send to him. He is not bound to let it go to waste. In fine, either party on his own channel as against the other party on the other channel, may do as he will with his land and the water flowing past it, through his channel, so long as he does not thereby cause a lessening of the natural Aoav through the other channel.

If by reason of the greater natural Avidth or depth, or fall of one channel, a greater proportion of the Avater of the river Aoavs through that channel than through the other, this greater proportion is the proper natural advantage of the party located on that channel. It is the proper natural advantage of the location for which he presumably paid when he acquired the land on the more favored channel. It is an advantage he cannot be required to share Avith the party on the other and less favored channel. Such other party cannot avoid the natural disadvantages of his less desirable location. This inequality, when it exists, is natural not legal. It is decreed by nature, and human courts are powerless to correct it.

The foregoing propositions seem almost elementary — not needing any citation of authorities to sustain them. See however 3 Kent Com. 428 ; Ang. on Waters, § § 16, 44, 49; Gould on Waters, § 166; Crooker v. Bragg, 10 Wend. 260; People v. Canal Appraisers, 13 Wend. 355, 371; Kimball v. Gearhart, 12 Cal. 29 ; Nevada Canal Co. v. Kidd, 37 Cal. 282; Fulmer v. Williams, 122 Pa. St. 191; West v. Fox River Paper Co. 82 Wis. 647, 655 et seq. Indeed, the plaintiffs in their bill have assumed the correctness of the main proposition. In the second paragraph of their bill, they state that they at one time sold the right to take a certain quantity of water power from their dam across the western channel. They apparently did this without consulting the riparian owners on the other channel.

Having considered the situation and consequent legal rights of the various parties in this suit, we noivturn to the plaintiffs’ complaint and prayer as stated in their bill. These are based on the following assumptions, viz : 1, — that the defendant is entitled to only one fourth of all the water flowing to and through both channels. - 2, — that the plaintiffs are entitled to threeifourths uf all the Avater so flowing, and now desire and are rp’lanriing to use it. 3, —that the defendant against -the protest ■of the plaintiffs has been draAviug out of the dam across the ■eastern channel, and using to turn his mill on the east side of that channel more than his one fourth of all the water in the river. They admit, however, in the fifth paragraph of their hill that they some time ago shut down a large saw-mill on the westerly side of the -western channel which had been using a large quantity of water. This shutting down of the saw-mill on the western channel undoubtedly increased the flow of water through the eastern channel. That the defendant used the increased flow thus voluntarily turned to it by the plaintiffs affords them no legal ground of complaint, even upon their own assumption. But however that may be, the plaintiffs say they now desire and are planning to use all the water and water power rightfully belonging to them, and want their three-fourths share of all the water of the river flowing to and through both channels ascertained and marked out for them.

Their prayer is that the court will make a division of the waters of the Presumpscot River at Saccarappa Upper Falls between the plaintiffs on the one hand and the defendant on the other, and mark out for each party his share ; and that to this end the court will cause skilled engineers to make surveys and measurements of the waters of the river, (meaning all the waters flowing to and through both channels,) and provide instrumentalities for determining and indicating each party’s aliquot part or share of the water at all times.

As between opposite riparian owners upon the same channel1! the court might have jurisdiction to equalize each owner’s use of the water, and to mark out beforehand each owner’s share, and this by any appropriate proceedings and instrumentalities. If Mrs. Dana as riparian owner on the west side of the eastern channel, opposite the defendant, should desire such relief, it might perhaps be within the power of the court to act and accomplish the desired result. Opposite riparian owners upon the same channel have a common and equal right to the use of all the water flowing in that channel as it passes their opposite lands. If the volume and flow' of water be limited, the use by each opposite riparian owner may be limited by judicial action in proportion, so that the enjoyment be kept equal, like the right.

Where, however, the waters of a river are divided by an island so that, as alleged in the bill, they flow past the island in two distinct channels, and where the island is itself divided in ownership as also alleged in the bill, the riparian owners on the two main shores opposite the island, are not opposite riparian owners with common and equal right to the use of all the water flowing between them. On the contrary, each such owner has for an opposite, the owner of that part of the island facing his land. Their equal and common right is confined to the flow of the water in the channel between them. They have no legal right in common or in severalty in the water naturally flowing, between other owners on another channel on the other side of the island where they have no land.

The fallacy in the plaintiffs’ reasoning is their assumption that because they own among them three shores out of four, that is, one main shore and the two island shores, they are therefore entitled to .three-fourths of the water of the river flowing between the two main shores without regard to the island. Indeed, we are urged to take a broad view of the subject; to overlook the island, and see one river, one current of water, one dam, one water power with the defendant on one side and the plaintiffs on the other, and then proceed to ascertain, .determine, define, and indicate each person’s aliquot part of the whole water of the whole river. Should we do so, we must inevitably measure off to the defendant one half of that whole flow. If there is only one current between him and the plaintiffs, his right in that current is equal to theirs. What the plaintiffs really seek to have-us do is, not to overlook the island, but to notice it, and then assume that the two channels are equal and the two currents equal, and hence that the defendant is only entitled to one half of one half (i. e. one fourth) of the water of the river. If the assumption be correct, there is no need for the court to intervene farther than to regulate the use of the flow in each channel by itself, in case the owners upon that channel are in conflict among themselves. The island has made a preliminary even division which need not be re-examined. If, however, the assumption be incorrect, and one channel, say the eastern, is visibly wider, deeper and with a better fall than the other, then, as has been said above, the defendant being a riparian owner on the eastern or larger channel is entitled to one half of the use of all the natural flow of water in that channel, even though it be three-fourths or more of all the water flowing down the river.

But we cannot overlook the island. It is there, populous and conspicuous. Nature placed it there. She divided the waters of the river into these two channels by its means. Whether this division was equal or extremely unequal, the parties found it already made when they located and invested there. They presumably accommodated themselves to that natural division. If they have not done so, they should. They may attempt to equalize matters to any extent by contract, but if either owner refuses to yield his natural advantage of location, the court cannot be expected to attempt to make equal what nature has made unequal.

It is particularly urged that, the two dams being in the same line, the island is only a part of one whole dam across the whole river and should be so considered. When it is recalled, however, that Mrs. Dana and the defendant own the whole of the eastern dam, and could lawfully remove that dam entirely without consulting the owners of the western dam, it becomes evident there are two dams instead of one. In the same wTay it also becomes evident there are two water powers instead of one. We are satisfied that the bill states no ground for the interposition of the court between the present parties. The plaintiffs have submitted their present case upon this bill, and the judgment must be that the bill cannot be sustained. If there are any other grounds for relief between some or all of these parties, they can be stated and considered upon a new bill. This bill must be dismissed with costs, but out of abundance of caution such dismissal should be without prejudice.

Bill dismissed with costs but -without prejudice.