State of Maine v. David Mullen , 2020 ME 56 ( 2020 )

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2020 ME 56
Docket: Cum-19-285
Argued: March 4, 2020
Decided: May 5, 2020
Panel: MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HORTON, and CONNORS, JJ.*
STATE OF MAINE
v.
DAVID MULLEN
CONNORS, J.
[¶1] David Mullen appeals from a judgment of conviction for reckless
conduct (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 211(1) (2018), and aggravated criminal
mischief (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 805(1)(A) (2018), entered in the trial court
(Cumberland County, Cole, C.J.) after a jury-waived trial. Mullen argues that the
court abused its discretion by denying his motion to suppress his personal
medical records as a sanction for the State’s late seizure of the records. The
State purports to cross-appeal, challenging the legality of the court’s probation
condition referring Mullen to drug court.
* Although Chief Justice Saufley participated in the appeal, she resigned before this opinion was
certified.
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[¶2] The primary issue at trial was whether Mullen was suffering from a
mental condition that prevented him from forming the necessary culpable
mental state for conviction. Although the State’s dilatory acquisition of Mullen’s
medical records undermined the purpose of the dispositional conference
provided for by Maine Rule of Unified Criminal Procedure 18(b), we affirm
Mullen’s conviction because the court did not abuse its discretion by offering
Mullen a continuance of the trial in lieu of excluding his medical records. We
do not reach the State’s challenge to the legality of the probation condition
because the State failed to file a notice of appeal and provide the written
authorization of the Attorney General. See 15 M.R.S. § 2115-A(3), (5) (2018);
M.R. App. P. 2A(f)(2), 21(a)-(c).
I. BACKGROUND
[¶3] The following facts found by the trial court are supported by
competent evidence in the record. State v. Asaad, 2020 ME 11, ¶ 2, 224
A.3d 596. On July 1, 2018, Mullen stood shirtless in the median of I-95 in
Scarborough, throwing rock-like objects at passing vehicles. He hit at least two
vehicles. The drivers of the damaged vehicles pulled over to wait for the police
to arrive.
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[¶4] After striking the windshield of one of the vehicles, Mullen began to
jog toward the vehicle. The car’s driver exited the vehicle to intercept him,
grabbed his arm, and pinned him to the ground until police arrived.
[¶5] Both drivers noted Mullen’s angry, unpredictable, and aggressive
demeanor. The first police officer to arrive at the scene testified that Mullen
appeared to be under the influence of drugs; that Mullen had said he had taken
ecstasy; and that, in the officer’s view, Mullen was exhibiting “excited delirium,”
an altered mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, agitation,
and paranoia.
[¶6] Once emergency personnel arrived, Mullen was transported to
Maine Medical Center (MMC) for examination. The emergency medical
technician who treated Mullen at the scene and transported him testified that
Mullen appeared afraid and remorseful, and he didn’t remember where he was.
The technician also testified that Mullen had said that he had recently taken and
was currently under the influence of several illegal drugs. In the technician’s
opinion, Mullen was not exhibiting signs of excited delirium.
[¶7] Mullen was charged by complaint in August 2018, and an indictment
was issued in October 2018, charging Mullen with reckless conduct with a
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dangerous weapon (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. §§ 211(1), 1252(4) (2018),1 and
aggravated criminal mischief (Class C), 17-A M.R.S. § 805(1)(A). Mullen
pleaded not guilty to all charges.
[¶8] Prior to trial, the court held three dispositional conferences. During
the first dispositional conference, in December 2018, the court ordered Mullen
to undergo a mental examination conducted by the State Forensic Service to
determine his mental state at the time of the incident. The second dispositional
conference took place in February 2019; at that conference, the parties agreed
to continue the conference because the mental evaluation had not yet been
completed.
[¶9] On March 15, 2019, the evaluation was filed by the State Forensic
Service. The evaluating psychologist concluded, consistent with the police
officer’s opinion but contrary to the opinion of the emergency medical
technician, that Mullen’s actions on the day of the incident were consistent with
excited delirium. The State forensic psychologist opined that the “delirium
interfered with [Mullen’s] capacity to perceive his environment” and that his
1Title 17-A M.R.S. § 1252 (2018) has since been repealed as part of the recodification and revision
to Title 17-A’s sentencing provisions. See P.L. 2019, ch. 113, § A-1 (emergency, effective
May 16, 2019). This citation is to the statute “in effect at the time of the offense.” State v. Sweeney,
2019 ME 164, ¶ 8 n.2, 221 A.3d 130.
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“capacity to formulate a plan or act in a goal-directed manner was extremely
impaired.” For reasons that are not clear from the record, the evaluating
psychologist did not review the records from Mullen’s July 1, 2018, admission
to MMC before issuing his report.2
[¶10] Upon receiving the mental evaluation in late March 2019, the State
determined that it needed to obtain Mullen’s July 1, 2018, MMC records to
prove that Mullen had the requisite mens rea to commit the crimes charged and
was not exhibiting the symptoms of excited delirium. The State, however, did
not discuss the MMC records during the April dispositional conference, did not
seek to obtain those records prior to the April conference, and did not tell
counsel for Mullen that it would be seeking those records.
[¶11] Not until May 13, 2019, a week before trial, did the State seek and
obtain a search warrant from the District Court (Kelly, J.) for the records from
MMC. The State received the records the next day and immediately provided
them to Mullen but did not provide Mullen with a copy of the search warrant
and supporting affidavit until the day before trial.
2Although the order signed on December 4, 2018 allowed the State Forensic Service to obtain the
records and provide them to the evaluating psychologist, at oral argument it became clear that
neither the defendant nor the State provided those records to the evaluating psychologist.
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[¶12] The MMC records indicated that the primary reason for Mullen’s
hospitalization was likely due to “intoxication” from taking drugs, as opposed
to an abnormal mental condition. The records also indicated that Mullen
exhibited “a normal mood and affect” during his time at the hospital, and there
was “no suggestion of instability.”
[¶13] The court (Cole, C.J.) held a bench trial on May 20, 2019. Before the
start of the trial, Mullen’s counsel objected to the admission of his MMC records:
. . . [T]he State[] had months to get those records. All of a sudden, I
have—I would have had a reason to review the affidavit, review the
four corners of the warrant, potentially file briefs challenging the
affidavit and/or the warrant. I shouldn’t have to be literally
reviewing this stuff on the eve of trial.
[¶14] In the colloquy with counsel on the motion, the court noted that
the State’s conduct appeared to defeat the purpose of the dispositional
conference. The State agreed, but suggested that one possible sanction instead
of exclusion of the records would be a continuance, given, among other reasons,
that the records were the defendant’s own and thus had always been accessible
to him. The court asked defense counsel what actual prejudice had been caused
by the State’s conduct, to which defense counsel responded:
I reviewed the medical records. I don’t think there is much there
more than what he told the EMT fellow, which is that . . . he had
been taking polysubstances. So, again, I haven’t scrutinized them
to see to what degree. I think there is a little additional weight
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because he is telling a—ER staff as opposed to the paramedic. But
it’s not—as far as I could tell, it’s not a complete bombshell. I think
there is some consistency there with what he told the paramedics.
The court’s offer of a continuance was declined, and the trial proceeded as
scheduled.
[¶15] At trial, the State forensic psychologist testified about the mental
evaluation. He reiterated that Mullen’s behavior on the day of the incident was
characteristic of “excited delirium” because Mullen was agitated, sweating
profusely, and needed to be restrained. To inform his opinion, the psychologist
relied on the EMS reports, police records, a letter from Mullen’s physician, and
his interview with Mullen. The psychologist, however, did not review the MMC
records before preparing his report or at any time prior to trial.
[¶16] On cross-examination, after being asked about the MMC records,
the psychologist substantially backtracked on his opinion, conceding that it was
possible that Mullen’s actions were instead due to a “drug-induced delirium”
because Mullen had taken a number of drugs prior to the incident. He also
acknowledged that Mullen had the ability to “engage in purposeful and
goal-oriented behavior” because he was able to drive his car safely to the center
median, he was aware of the risk of death due to the highway traffic, and he
knew that he was throwing rocks at cars.
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[¶17] The court found Mullen guilty on the two charges. It found, based
on the statements of medical professionals and Mullen’s own statements made
during the incident, that Mullen was suffering from a “drug-induced delirium,”
and not excited delirium, on the day of the incident. The court further found
that Mullen made “rational decisions” during the course of the incident,
evidenced by the fact that he did not step into highway traffic. The court
concluded that Mullen possessed the requisite mens rea of recklessness for the
crimes charged.
[¶18] At a sentencing hearing in July 2019, the court sentenced Mullen
to four years’ incarceration with all but four months suspended and two years
of probation. The court also ordered Mullen, as a condition of his probation, to
apply for drug court. Mullen timely appealed. See 15 M.R.S. § 2115 (2018);
M.R. App. P. 2B(b)(1).
II. DISCUSSION
A. Violation of the Maine Rules of Unified Criminal Procedure
[¶19] Mullen argues that the court abused its discretion by denying his
motion to suppress the MMC records as a sanction for the State’s violation of
Maine Rule of Unified Criminal Procedure 18(b).3 We agree that the State’s
While Mullen suggests that the disruption caused by the State’s late acquisition of the records
3
implicates the processes contemplated in other Maine Rules of Unified Criminal Procedure, such as
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conduct undermined the purpose of the rule. But we conclude that the court’s
offer of a continuance in lieu of exclusion of the evidence fell within the court’s
broad discretion in devising an appropriate response to the State’s conduct.
[¶20] Pursuant to M.R.U. Crim. P. 18(b), “[c]ounsel and unrepresented
defendants must be prepared to engage in meaningful discussion regarding all
aspects of the case with a view toward reaching an appropriate resolution.”
Here, despite knowing that Mullen’s mental state was going to play a central
role at trial, the State waited until shortly before trial to attempt to obtain
records that were likely to be highly relevant to the issue of Mullen’s mens rea.
As a result of that delay, neither Mullen nor the court was aware that the
psychological evaluation discussed at the last dispositional conference was
likely to be undermined at trial. Thus, the State’s delay here undermined the
purpose of, and thus violated, Rule 18(b).
B. Sanctions
[¶21] A court has broad discretion in deciding what sanction, if any, is
appropriate when the State violates a rule of criminal procedure. See State v.
Townes, 2019 ME 81, ¶ 13, 208 A.3d 774. We review a court’s determination
Rule 12(b)(3)(A) and Rule 41A, we conclude that Rule 18(b) is most directly implicated by the State’s
conduct.
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for an abuse of discretion. Id. “We will not characterize a trial court’s decision
not to impose [a certain] sanction[] as an abuse of discretion or an error of law
unless the defendant has shown that he was in fact prejudiced by the
. . . violation and that the prejudice rose to the level of depriving him of a fair
trial.” State v. Gould, 2012 ME 60, ¶ 24, 43 A.3d 952 (alteration omitted)
(quotation marks omitted). “When a defendant contends that a . . . violation
and the court’s response to it violated his or her right to a fair trial, we review
the trial court’s procedural rulings to determine whether the process struck a
balance between competing concerns that was fundamentally fair.” State v.
Poulin, 2016 ME 110, ¶ 28, 144 A.3d 574 (quotation marks omitted).
[¶22] Here, the MMC records were important to the State’s case,
primarily to question the conclusion of the psychologist who provided the
mental evaluation. But Mullen did not articulate any prejudice caused by the
State’s violation that could not have been addressed by a continuance. The
court did not indicate that a continuance would lead to a long delay. Mullen
was not incarcerated at the time of the trial and had minimal pretrial conditions
imposed upon him. There is no suggestion that the search warrant was
defective in any respect. Finally, and importantly, Mullen always had access to
the MMC records because they were under his control as the patient. The court,
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therefore, did not violate Mullen’s right to a fair trial in offering a continuance
instead of excluding the medical records. See Townes, 2019 ME 81, ¶ 14, 208
A.3d 774; Poulin, 2016 ME 110, ¶ 34, 144 A.3d 574.
C. Probation Condition
[¶23] In its appellee’s brief, the State asserts that it was unlawful for the
court to impose a probation condition referring Mullen to an alcohol and drug
treatment program without clearly defined and enforceable sentencing
consequences based on his success or failure in the program.
[¶24] In criminal matters, the State’s right to appeal is limited. 15 M.R.S.
§ 2115-A (2018); State v. Ouellette, 2019 ME 75, ¶ 16, 208 A.3d 399. “[S]ection
2115-A identifies the circumstances in which the State is and is not required to
file a notice of appeal and when it is required to obtain the Attorney General’s
authorization to commence an appeal.” Ouellette, 2019 ME 75, ¶ 16, 208
A.3d 399; see 15 M.R.S. § 2115-A(1)-(3), (5). Pursuant to section 2115-A(3), the
State does not need to file an appeal or obtain authorization from the Attorney
General when the defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction and the
State alleges that an “error harmful to it was committed prior to trial or in the
trial . . . .” (Emphasis added.) In order for the State to assert errors in post-trial
proceedings, however, “the State must file a notice of appeal and secure written
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approval from the Attorney General.” Ouellette, 2019 ME 75, ¶ 16, 208 A.3d
399; see 15 M.R.S. § 2115-A(5).
[¶25] The State appeals from an alleged error that occurred during
post-trial sentencing. Therefore, it was required to file an appeal and obtain
the written approval of the Attorney General. See 15 M.R.S. § 2115-A(3), (5);
Ouellette, 2019 ME 75, ¶ 17, 208 A.3d 399. Because the State did neither, we do
not reach the State’s claim of error. See M.R. App. P. 21(a)-(c).
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
Rory A. McNamara, Esq. (orally), Drake Law LLC, Berwick, for appellant David
Mullen
Jonathan Sahrbeck, District Attorney, and Carlos Diaz, Asst. Dist. Atty. (orally),
Cumberland County District Attorney’s Office, Portland, for appellee State of
Maine
Cumberland County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2018-4808
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY