In re Children of Danielle H. , 2019 ME 134 ( 2019 )

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2019 ME 134Docket: Aro-19-74
Submitted
On Briefs: July 18, 2019
Decided: August 15, 2019
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, and HJELM, JJ.
IN RE CHILDREN OF DANIELLE H.
PER CURIAM
[¶1] Danielle H. and Matthew T. appeal from a judgment entered by the
District Court (Houlton, Larson, J.) finding by clear and convincing evidence that
their four children were in circumstances of jeopardy as to each parent and that
continued custody of the children by either parent was likely to cause them
serious emotional or physical damage. Each parent contends that (1) the court
abused its discretion in relying on out-of-court statements made by the
children; (2) the evidence was insufficient to support the court’s required
factual findings under state and federal law; and (3) the evidence did not
support the court’s dispositional order. We address the parents’ contentions in
turn and affirm the judgment.
A. Indian Child Welfare Act
[¶2] As an initial matter, we note that the children, affiliated through
their mother with the Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians, are Indian children
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within the meaning of the federal Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). See
25 U.S.C.S. § 1903(4) (LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 116-39); In re Child of
Radience K., 2019 ME 73, ¶ 3 n.1, 208 A.3d 380. Accordingly, the Department
was required as a matter of Maine law to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that the children were in circumstances of jeopardy as to each parent,
22 M.R.S. § 4035(2) (2018), and required as a matter of federal law to further
prove by clear and convincing evidence “that the continued custody of the
child[ren] by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious
emotional or physical damage to the child[ren],” 25 U.S.C.S. § 1912(e)
(LEXIS through Pub. L. No. 116-39). See In re Child of Radience K., 2019 ME 73,
¶ 22, 208 A.3d 380; In re Denice F., 658 A.2d 1070, 1072 (Me. 1995)
(recognizing that in a child protection case, “The state grounds . . . [are]
unaffected by the ICWA [and] provide a supplemental degree of protection to
parents facing a [child protection] petition . . . . A dual burden of proof—one
federal, one state—thus exists in cases involving . . . an Indian child.”).
[¶3] Here the District Court made all of its factual findings by the higher
standard of proof by clear and convincing evidence. Furthermore, the court
found, and the record demonstrates, that the Department and the Band worked
together in a cooperative and collaborative way throughout this case, and that
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the Band participated fully in the court proceedings. Specifically, the Band’s
ICWA director was involved in the Department’s management of the case from
the outset; the court promptly granted the Band’s motion to intervene after the
Department filed a child protection petition; the Band was represented by its
independent counsel at the jeopardy hearing; and the children were placed
with appropriate ICWA-compliant custodians. Indicative of the Band’s integral
role, we note that it joined in the Department’s written closing argument in the
trial court and has adopted the brief filed by the Department in this appeal.
B. Children’s Out-of-Court Statements
[¶4] Prior to the jeopardy hearing, the mother, joined by the father,
moved in limine to exclude from evidence any hearsay statements by the
children. The court denied the motion and the children did not testify at the
hearing. As set out in section (C) of this opinion, the court relied on their
out-of-court statements in making the factual findings that ultimately resulted
in its jeopardy determination. Each parent contends that the court’s reliance
on the children’s hearsay statements violated their fundamental constitutional
rights, including their right to due process. See In re Child of Radience K.,
2019 ME 73, ¶ 20, 208 A.3d 380.
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[¶5] In child protection cases the Legislature has abrogated the rule of
evidence that ordinarily renders hearsay inadmissible. See M.R. Evid. 802
(“Hearsay is not admissible unless any of the following provides otherwise: . . .
[a] statute.”). By statute, “The court may admit and consider oral or written
evidence of out-of-court statements made by a child, and may rely on that
evidence to the extent of its probative value.” 22 M.R.S. § 4007(2) (2018). See
In re Paige L., 2017 ME 97, ¶ 30, 162 A.3d 217 (“Title 22 allows a court to admit
child hearsay evidence in a jeopardy hearing . . . .”); In re Kayla S., 2001 ME 79,
¶¶ 7-8, 772 A.2d 858 (“Section 4007 . . . abrogates the hearsay rule as it applies
to out-of-court statements made by children . . . [and] provides for the
admissibility of a child’s statement made outside of the court without the
necessity of forcing the child to testify in the stressful environment of a
contested hearing.”).
[¶6] Contrary to the parents’ assertions, although we recognize their
“fundamental liberty interest to direct the care, custody, and control of their
children,” Banks v. Leary, 2019 ME 89, ¶ 13, 209 A.3d 109 (quotation marks
omitted), “[w]e have held that the introduction of evidence pursuant to
22 M.R.S. § 4007(2) . . . does not violate due process,” In re M.B., 2013 ME 46,
¶ 32, 65 A.3d 1260; see In re Robin T., 651 A.2d 337, 338 (Me. 1994).
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[¶7] Accordingly, whether to admit a child’s out-of-court statement lies
within the trial court’s discretion. See In re Kayla S., 2001 ME 79, ¶ 7,
772 A.2d 858; In re Morris D., 2000 ME 122, ¶ 6, 754 A.2d 993. We discern no
abuse of that discretion on this record, where the parents had a full opportunity
at the hearing to examine other witnesses concerning the children’s statements
and corroborating evidence, in addition to testifying themselves concerning the
events at issue—testimony that the court found was not credible.
C. Sufficiency
[¶8] We next consider the parents’ contention that the evidence was
insufficient to support the court’s findings by clear and convincing evidence
that “[t]he children[] are in circumstances of jeopardy with respect to each
parent,” and that “returning the children home is likely to result in serious
emotional or physical damage.” See supra section (A). We review the court’s
factual findings for clear error. In re Children of Travis G., 2019 ME 20, ¶ 5,
201 A.3d 1224. “[A] court’s finding is clearly erroneous when there is no
competent evidence in the record to support it.” McMahon v. McMahon,
2019 ME 11, ¶ 8, 200 A.3d 789 (quotation marks omitted). “Additionally, when
reviewing on appeal findings of fact that must be proved by clear and
convincing evidence, we determine whether the factfinder could reasonably
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have been persuaded that the required factual finding was or was not proved
to be highly probable.” State v. Cookson, 2019 ME 30, ¶ 8, 204 A.3d 125(quotation marks omitted).
[¶9] The trial court’s factual findings, which are supported by the record,
included the following:
[T]he children were exposed to increased threats of physical harm
and emotional maltreatment beginning in late February 2018.
Based on the evidence presented, the court finds that on or
about the evening of February 28, 2018, [the father] and [the
mother] were home with all four (4) children and got into an
argument. [The father] called his mother . . . and asked her to come
get him. When [she] arrived, [the father] did not want her to enter
the home. [She] observed a broken window in the front door and
noticed two (2) of the children crying. [She] eventually left without
her son. Later that same evening, [the mother]’s mother . . . came
to the house and took [the mother] and [the] children to her
residence. The next day, two (2) of the children reported this
incident to school officials. [The second-oldest child] told her
teacher . . . that she was not going home today because mom and
dad got into a fight and dad broke the windows in the home. [The
oldest child] told her teacher . . . that the previous evening her
parents got into a fight and her father broke windows with a
broom. [She] also said that at one point her mother was on the floor
and her father was on top choking her. [She] was very scared and
crying when she spoke to [her teacher] and thought her father
might kill her mother. [She] also said all of her siblings were
present during the incident. Later that week, [the Band’s ICWA
director] met with [the mother] . . . to talk about available services.
During the meeting, [she] observed [the mother] to be crying, red
faced and overwhelmed. [The mother] advised [the ICWA director]
she would contact . . . the Band’s domestic violence program for
assistance. [The mother] also stated she would apply for a
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protection order from the court. [The mother] failed to follow
through on any of these plans and soon thereafter reunited with
[the father]. Both parents deny the February 28th incident
involved domestic violence. . . . Based on the evidence presented
and the parents’ presentation while testifying, the court does not
find their versions credible.
The court further finds that on or about May 8, 2018, [the
oldest child] went to school with a bruise on her cheek. [She]
advised her teacher . . . that the previous day she had accidently hit
[her sister] in the cheek while they were playing near a stake for
their pool. [She] went on to say that her mother accused her of
hitting [her sister] on purpose and that her mother punched her on
the cheek with a closed fist on behalf of [her sister]. [She] said her
mother told her that if she told anyone, she would be in trouble.
[She] was later interviewed by the Department’s caseworker . . . .
This interview was recorded and in the presence of law
enforcement. [Her] statement to [the caseworker] was consistent
with her statement to [her teacher]. Based on this evidence, the
court finds [the oldest child]’s report of this incident credible. [The
mother] denied hitting the child and said [the oldest child] told her
the injury occurred when she hit her head on a pool stake. . . . [The
mother] was subsequently arrested and bailed on conditions she
have no contact with all four of the children. This bail remained in
effect until August 31, 2018[,] when the criminal matter was
resolved.
The court further finds that prior to August 22, 2018, [the
mother] had contact with [the third-oldest child] in violation of her
bail conditions. . . . On August 22, 2018, [the child] was interviewed
by [the] Department’s caseworker . . . and [the ICWA director].
During this interview, [the child] stated his parents were arguing
and his mother grabbed his father’s shirt. [The child] went on to
state that his father pushed him out of the way as mom tried to run
over his father with a 4-wheeler . . . . [The father] denied the
incident when asked by [the caseworker]. [The mother] also
denied the incident. The court does not find the parents’ version of
the incident to be credible.
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The court further finds that while the aforementioned bail
conditions were in effect, [the mother] had contact with the
children on numerous occasions with the assistance and consent of
[the father]. [The father]’s sister[, who was] the resource caregiver
for [two of the children,] testified credibly that she saw [the
mother] with the children on numerous occasions while the bail
conditions [were] in effect. [The father’s sister] testified this
occurred at both [the father]’s trailer and the residence of [the
father’s] uncle who lived a short distance from [the father’s
mother]. Furthermore, on August 22, 2018, [the ICWA director]
and [the caseworker] went to [the father’s mother]’s house to
speak with the children about the 4-wheeler incident. When they
arrived, three (3) of the children . . . were present. [The second-
oldest child] advised [the caseworker] and [the ICWA director] that
[the youngest child] was visiting with their mother at [the father’s
uncle’s residence]. [The oldest child] immediately denied such
contact was occurring and put her hand over [her sister]’s mouth.
[The father] then went to [his uncle]’s home and returned with [the
youngest child]. Both parents acknowledged the children had
incidental contact . . . while in the community, but denied any direct
contact . . . .
....
[B]ased on the credible evidence presented in this matter, the court
finds by clear and convincing evidence that returning the children
to the custody of either parent most likely would cause them
serious emotional or physical damage. The children have been
exposed to acts of violence by both parents which places them at
risk of serious injury. Furthermore, [the father] has deliberately
disregarded court orders designed to prevent [the mother] from
having contact with the children which on at least one (1) occasion
placed [the third-oldest child] in direct significant risk of serious
harm. Additionally, neither parent has worked in cooperation with
the Department or the Band to alleviate this risk and refuse to
acknowledge the potential of serious consequences of their actions
and inactions. Based upon this record, the court finds the
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Department and the Band would be unable to adequately supervise
this family if custody of the children was returned to either
parent[].
[¶10] Based on these supported findings, the court “could reasonably
have been persuaded that . . . [it] was . . . highly probable,” Cookson, 2019 ME 30,
¶ 8, 204 A.3d 125 (quotation marks omitted), that the children were subject to
“[s]erious harm or [a] threat of serious harm,” 22 M.R.S. § 4002(6)(A) (2018),
and “serious emotional or physical damage,” 25 U.S.C.S. § 1912(e), absent a
child protection order. See 22 M.R.S. § 4035(2).
D. Dispositional Order
[¶11] Based on its jeopardy determination, the court entered a
dispositional order pursuant to 22 M.R.S. § 4036 (2018) that, inter alia, granted
custody of the children to the Department of Health and Human Services;
continued the children’s ICWA-compliant kinship placements; and required the
parents to comply with substance abuse conditions. The parents’ challenge to
the section 4036 dispositional order is interlocutory and not cognizable here.
22 M.R.S. § 4006 (2018); In re Kaliyah B., 2017 ME 134, ¶ 1 & n.2, 166 A.3d 117.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
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James M. Dunleavy, Esq., Currier & Trask, P.A., Presque Isle, for appellant
mother
Michele D.L. Kenney, Esq., Bloomer Russell Beaupain, Houlton, for appellant
father
Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Hunter C. Umphrey, Asst. Atty. Gen., Office
of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee Department of Health and Human
Services
Houlton District Court docket number PC-2018-7
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY