People v. Goldman , 245 Mich. 578 ( 1929 )

Defendant and two others were charged in an information filed in the circuit court for Wayne county with robbery armed, with intent to kill or maim if resisted. The defendants were represented by counsel and counsel of their own choice, so far as this record discloses. On May 1, 1928, a jury had been impaneled, but no testimony had been taken, when all the defendants asked leave to withdraw their pleas of not guilty and plead guilty of assault with intent to rob, being armed with a dangerous weapon, etc. The trial judge conducted an examination of defendants to determine whether their pleas were voluntarily entered; that of defendant Goldman appears in this record. It was complete, full, and searching, and leaves no doubt on this record that defendant Goldman's plea was voluntarily made; it affirmatively and conclusively established, if believed, that no inducements had been held out to him by anyone. On May 19th, defendant Goldman was sentenced to the Ionia reformatory for a term of 15 to 25 years.

On May 22d, defendant Goldman, through his present counsel, filed a motion to set aside his plea of guilty and the sentence imposed and to grant him a new trial. Accompanying the motion was his affidavit that he was advised by his former attorney that if he was found guilty of the crime charged in the information his sentence would be greater than for an assault with intent to commit the crime, and that his attorney advised him "that deponent's sentence would probably not exceed five years." He also says in his affidavit that he heard the assistant prosecuting attorney say to his attorney that the sentence would probably be 5 to 15 years, or possibly 7 1/2 to 15 years. This was denied in toto in an affidavit of the assistant filed in the case.

The motion for a new trial came on to be heard June 16th, at which time defendant's counsel sought to urge as a further ground that defendant Goldman was advised by his former attorney "that the penalty was 15 years in prison," and he offered to call the former attorney, who had declined to make an affidavit, and examine him in open court. The trial court was of opinion that under section 2, chap. 10, Act No. 175, Pub. Acts 1927 (criminal code), and Nichols v. Houghton Circuit Judge,185 Mich. 654 (Ann. Cas. 1917 D, 100), it was not permissible to admit such new ground after the expiration of the time fixed for moving for a new trial. This ruling is assailed in the first assignment of error. Quite likely the court was right in so holding, but we need not so decide. The most defendant can claim for the ruling is that the court declined to permit him to amend the grounds of his motion. Such an amendment was permissible only in the discretion of the trial judge. The defendant in his affidavit had sworn to a different claim, and there was little to move the discretion of the court. But beyond all this lies the fact that a careful examination of the authorities is convincing that under the law the result would be the same whether defendant was so advised by his attorney or not.

Upon the argument in this court, counsel for the defendant most earnestly contended that it is patent from the record, and that we should conclude that all actively engaged in the case, prosecutor, trial judge, and defendants' then counsel, labored under a misapprehension that sections 15206 and 15207, 3 Comp. Laws 1915, were still in force, and that all were ignorant of the fact that both sections had been amended by Act No. 374, Pub. Acts 1927, which, among other things, increased the penalty for the assault. Unless forced to by the state of the record, we should not reach such a conclusion. No presumption to that effect arises; all presumptions are to the contrary. If such was the view of any one connected with the case, it was not justified by the record. The practice of the prosecutor's office in Wayne is to indorse on the information the name of the assistant drafting it, together with the statute claimed to have been violated. This information bore this indorsement:

"Drafted by 'Walling.' "Statute Act No. 374, P. A. 1927. "McD" It is difficult to perceive how everyone in the case could, under these circumstances, be wanting in knowledge, or notice, at least, that Act No. 374 had been enacted, and that it amended the former act.

This brings us to the meritorious question of whether the trial judge was in error in refusing leave to defendant to withdraw his plea of guilty after sentence. In some States by statute defendants may withdraw their plea of guilty at any time before sentence, and possibly this court is committed to that doctrine. People v. Utter, 209 Mich. 214,224. That case is relied upon by defendant here, but a reading of the proceedings in the court below, quoted somewhat at length in the opinion, shows that although defendant had formally entered a plea of guilty, from first to last he insisted that he was not guilty and demanded a trial by jury. People v. Merhige, 212 Mich. 601, is also relied upon, but that case was reversed on the ground that what occurred in the court below did not amount to a plea of guilty (p. 610). People v. Scofield, 142 Mich. 221, was of like purport. The record before us is much more likePeople v. Williams, 225 Mich. 133, and People v. Kobrzycki,242 Mich. 44, than any other Michigan cases that have been called to our attention.

Courts quite generally agree that, in the absence of a controlling statute, the granting of leave to withdraw a plea in a criminal case rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge, subject to review only for an abuse of such discretion. See People v. Pisoni, 233 Mich. 462;Greene v. State, 88 Ark. 290 (114 S.W. 477); State v.Stevenson, 67 W. Va. 553 (68 S.E. 286); State v. Cimini,53 Wn. 268 (101 P. 891); State v. Olson, 115 Minn. 153 (131 N.W. 1084); State v. George, 134 La. 861 (64 So. 800); Commonwealth v. Tucker, 189 Mass. 457 (76 N.E. 127, 7 L.R.A. [N. S.] 1056); Reed v. Commonwealth, 98 Va. 817 (36 S.E. 399); Pope v. State, 56 Fla. 81 (47 So. 487, 16 Ann. Cas. 972); Mounts v. Commonwealth, 89 Ky. 274 (12 S.W. 311); State v. Garrett, 78 Kan. 882 (98 P. 219). In the last cited case, it was said:

"The voluntary plea of guilty solemnly entered by the defendant while he was duly attended by his counsel was the highest evidence of guilt, and the court did well to weigh with caution the defendant's affidavit, filed after the jury had been discharged for the term, stating that he had looked further into the evidence for and against him and had found that it ought to be submitted to a jury, and that he was innocent. Very clearly the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to allow the plea of guilty to be withdrawn."

The clearest statement of the rule we have been able to find is that of the supreme court of California in People v. Miller,114 Cal. 10 (45 P. 986), where it was said:

"Appellant's contention is that the court abused its discretion in not allowing him to withdraw his plea, interpose a plea of not guilty for the second time, and go before a jury for trial. Before judgment, the court may, at any time, permit this to be done (Pen. Code, § 1018), and the discretion thus vested is one to be liberally exercised. The law seeks no unfair advantage over a defendant, but is watchful to see that the proceedings under which his life or liberty is at stake shall be fairly and impartially conducted. It holds in contemplation his natural distress, and is considerate in viewing the motives which may influence him to take one or another course. Therefore, it will permit a plea of guilty to be withdrawn if it fairly appears that defendant was in ignorance of his rights and of the consequences of his act, or was unduly and improperly influenced either by hope or fear in the making of it. But the mere fact that a defendant, knowing his rights and the consequences of his act, hoped or believed, or was led by his counsel to hope or believe, that he would receive a shorter sentence or a milder punishment by pleading guilty than that which would fall to his lot after trial and conviction by jury, presents no ground for the exercise of this liberal discretion."

See, also, Beatty v. Roberts, 125 Iowa, 619 (101 N.W. 462);State v. Wilmot, 95 Wn. 326 (163 P. 742); Mastronada v.State, 60 Miss. 86.

In the instant case there was no abuse of discretion, and the case must be affirmed.

Defendant was admitted to bail pending the hearing in this court, conditioned, among other things, that he would comply with the orders of this court. An order will, therefore, be here entered that defendant shall surrender himself to the warden of the Ionia reformatory forthwith. This is substantially the practice adopted in People v. Merhige, supra, where the charge was the same as here, and where, as here, the defendant had been admitted to bail.

FEAD, WIEST, CLARK, McDONALD, and SHARPE, JJ., concurred. NORTH, C.J., and POTTER, J., did not sit.