Derham v. Hovey , 195 Mich. 243 ( 1917 )

Ostrander, J.

The bill is filed to restrain waste .and for an accounting. It was dismissed at the hearing in the court below, and plaintiff, appealing, presents two questions for decision. The first is whether¿9 the defendant Henrietta E. Hovey is a Tenant of the premises, without impeachment of waste; the other whether, if she is dispunishable of waste, wESTshe did, or was doing, was nevertheless waste.

Henry O. Hovey and Henrietta E. Hovey, his wife, without other consideration than love and affection, executed a deed of the premises in question October 25, 1892, to the plaintiff, their daughter, in which, after the description of the premises, a farm containing 80 acres, appears the following:

“The parties of the first part hereto reserve the use, occupancy, and control of said premisesToTEom-? selves or to the survivor of either of them so long as/, they or either of them shall live, and this conveyance/ is not to take effect until the death of both of said| first parties.”

Whether this deed and another made to a son conveying other land, had been delivered was considered in Griffin v. Hovey, 179 Mich. 104 (146 N. W. 210),4 in which action a bill filed by the administrator of the estate of Henry O. Hovey to set aside the deeds was dismissed.

Upon the land conveyed to plaintiff, the daughter, there was and is 35 acres of timber land, and among others were 70 elm trees, some, perhaps one-fourth -of them, maturedT/afiidTthe others immature and growing, scattered over the timber lot. The widow, Henrietta, contracted with the other defendant to sell to it, and it cut the logs from, these 70 trees, and paid her therefor $417.55. The tips and rejected butts of the trees contain some 200 cords of stovewood, to manufacture' which would cost 70 to 80 cents a cord, and to market it some 40 cents a cord. It is worth in a nearby market $2.75 a cord. There remains in the wood lot sufficient timber for firewood, building purposes, and for repairs for the farm for many years.

As to the estate reserved to the widow, it is said by appellant that, because Henry O. Hovey owned the land and his wife had only a dower interest therein, no greater estate could be reserved to her in the whole of the land than she would have had in an undivided one-third thereof if the deed had not been made; that in law the deed reserves to her a life estate with no privileges with respect to the use and control thereof other than such as the dower tenant would have. We have held (Engel v. Ladewig, 153 Mich. 8 [116 N. W. 550]) that a husband and wife may in such a conveyance reserve to both or to the survivor the use of the land so long as either lives; the reasoning there employed being that, since the two can convey the fee, they can in conveying it impose.such limitations as they please. There is no legal objection to the reservation of a life estate in both husband and wife, dis-punishable of waste.

In Stevens v. Rose, 69 Mich. 259 (37 N. W. 205), the owner deeded land to his son, and the son executed to his father a life lease of the land, “to have and to hold, to use and control as he thinks proper, for his benefit during his natural life.” This language, it was Iield, imported a leasing without impeachment of waste and that the lessee had the right to do all acts which such a tenant might do.

In Duncombe v. Felt, 81 Mich. 332 (45 N. W. 1004), there was a conveyance of land by the owners to their son, who gave back a life lease. The lease contained the recital that the consideration for it was the conveyance to the lessor of the premises by the lessees and the provision:

“And it is expressly understood that the second parties are to have as full and complete control of saidl premises, while they or either of them shall live, as though such conveyance had not been made.”

It was held that it was a lease without impeachment of waste.

In Heliker v. Heliker, 184 Mich. 657 (151 N. W. 757), a mother devised to a son for and “during the term of his natural life, the entire use, income and profit of the following described real estate, * * *” with remainder to another son. It was held that the life tenant did not hold without impeachment of waste.

In interpreting devises and reservations in deeds, the purpose is to discern the intention of the testator, or grantor, from the words employed; the subject-matter and attending circumstances to be considered where the words have a doubtful meaning. Certain presumptions may be indulged, and often precedent judicial interpretations of the meaning .of similar words amount to establishing a rule of property which cannot be ignored. In the case at bar the beneficial use of what was granted in the deed is postponed until the death of the survivor of the grantors. The words employed in the reservation, especially those which follow it and defer the taking effect of the grant until after the death of the survivor, import, I think, that the grantors were to control the farm so long as- either lived precisily~asNhey mlghOave done if the grant hád^noTb'eénTnade, but nevertheless with reference to the grant'Which' was of the fee. .

The phrase “without impeachment' of waste” is in equity so restrained in its" meaning, that it will not permit the tenant for life to commit malicious waste soasToMéstroy fñe'éstáté, and a'cburto'f"equity, some7 times when there is no remedy" at law^~"will'lhterpdse when the tenant “without impeachment of waste” does something affecting the inheritance in an ünreá,sonable way, or seeks maliciously,, or unconscionably, to "destroy it. ’ The meritorious question here is whether what the grantor did was so unreasonable an act of control that the owner of the inheritance may complain thereof. Growing timber was at common law the property of the owner of the inheritance, and the effect of a lease without impeachment of waste was to transfer to the lessee for many purposes property in the timber.

The learned trial'judge found, upon testimony which supports the finding, that the acreage of this farm contained in the wood lot was relatively íarge and larger than that found in the neighborhood uponffarms of equal size; that some of the trees sold were partly decayed; that there wás a pínseñtTñarket~"in-"the"vicinfty for the trees; and that it was not bad husbandry to sell and remove them. To be contrasted witlr these-facts -are "others, among them the one that the timber itself, or its. proceeds, was not to be used to improve the estate; that it was a commercial transaction purely, and in making the sale of timber the purpose was. not to enlarge the area. of cultivated land and diminish the size of the woodlot. Assuming, as from the testimony it may be assumed, that the time had arrived when the trees would sell to the best advantage, the time when an owner in control would in the exercise of a fair judgment sell- them, there was. accomplished by their sale neither malicious waste nor a destruction of the estate in whole or in part. The matured trees would deteriorate if left standing. The immatured trees might for a period increase in value, but it was not necessarily bad husbandry to presently sell them together. Nor can it be certain that, if unsold, the estate devolving at the terminatioh"’of'the life estate would be- in fact more valuable. The "tenant was not stripping the estate of ffiñberNand no further act of- cutting or removing timber has been threatened.

In my opinion, the decree dismissing the bill should be affirmed, with costs to the appellees.

Kuhn, C. J., and Stone, Bird, Moore, Steere, Brooke, and Fellows, JJ., concurred.