People of Michigan v. Mauricio Lucas-Lopez ( 2018 )

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
February 15, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 337603
Kent Circuit Court
MAURICIO LUCAS-LOPEZ, LC No. 16-002357-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: MARKEY, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and CAMERON, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury convicted defendant of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL
750.520b(2)(b), and second-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-II), MCL 750.520c(2)(b). The
trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 25 to 50 years’ imprisonment for the CSC-
I conviction and 7½ to 15 years’ imprisonment for the CSC-II conviction. We affirm.
Defendant and the victim’s mother were in a relationship for approximately 14 years.
They had two children together, but the victim was not defendant’s child. The victim claimed
that defendant sexually abused her, starting when she was four to six years old and ending when
she was eight years old. At the time of trial, the victim was 15 years old and defendant was 39
years old.
The victim testified that on one occasion while defendant was babysitting her, he brought
her into a bedroom, groped her unclothed body, engaged in digital/vaginal and penile/vaginal
penetration, and performed cunnilingus on her. The victim did not disclose the abuse to anyone
until 2015. She disclosed the sexual abuse to her mother after the two of them watched a movie
wherein the main character was sexually abused as a minor.
After the victim disclosed the sexual abuse, her mother called the victim’s father and
police. After speaking with a police officer, the victim’s parents brought her to the Children’s
Assessment Center (CAC) where she was examined by a nurse and interviewed.1
1
The parties stipulated in lieu of testimony on the matter, that the victim was examined by a
sexual assault nurse examiner and that the examiner found no signs of injury and was not
otherwise able to establish or refute whether there had been sexual penetration at some time.
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Detective Jeffrey Bouma of the Grand Rapids Police Department was assigned to the
case. Bouma observed the victim’s forensic interview at the CAC from a two-way mirror. He
testified that proper protocol was used during the forensic interview. Bouma obtained
defendant’s work address, which was also his residence, and spoke to defendant at that address.
Bouma then brought defendant to the Grand Rapids Police Department for a formal interview.
Defendant indicated that he understood English and Spanish, and he chose to conduct the
interview in English. Bouma advised defendant of his Miranda2 rights, which defendant
indicated he understood. Bouma then interviewed defendant. During the interview, defendant
denied penetrating the victim.
After the jury trial was conducted, the trial court instructed the jury on the elements of
CSC-I and CSC-II. The jury found defendant guilty as charged. At sentencing, the trial court
stated:
And the evidence at the trial established that during 2006 and 2007, you
engaged in sexual contact and digital/vaginal and penile/vaginal penetration with
the victim . . . . You don’t have much of a prior record . . . . Your guidelines are
81 to 135 months, but as your attorney has mentioned, the offense of which you
were convicted carries a mandatory minimum term of 25 years, which the Court
must impose, even if that term greatly exceeds the guidelines, which it does in this
case.
Defendant first argues that he was denied a fair trial because the jury was not instructed
on CSC-II as a lesser included offense of CSC-I. We disagree. Because defendant did not object
on the record before the jury retired to consider the verdict, the issue is unpreserved for appellate
review. MCR 2.512(C); People v Young, 472 Mich. 130, 132; 693 NW2d 801 (2005). Therefore,
we review defendant’s claim for plain error affecting his substantial rights. People v Carines,
460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
“[A] requested instruction on a [lesser included offense] is proper if the charged greater
offense requires the jury to find a disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser included
offense and a rational view of the evidence would support it.” People v Cornell, 466 Mich. 335,
357; 646 NW2d 127 (2002). A lesser offense jury instruction may not be given for a cognate
lesser offense. People v Heft, 299 Mich. App. 69, 74; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). A cognate lesser
offense is an offense that contains an element not found in the greater offense. Id.
The Michigan Supreme Court discussed the applicable law for lesser included and
cognate lesser offenses in People v Lemons, 454 Mich. 234, 253; 562 NW2d 447 (1997), stating:
When reviewing the propriety of a requested lesser included offense
instruction, we first determine if the lesser offense is necessarily included in the
greater charge, or if it is a cognate lesser included offense. Necessarily included
2
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
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lesser offenses must be such that it is impossible to commit the greater without
first having committed the lesser. . . . Cognate lesser included offenses are related
and hence cognate in the sense that they share several elements, and are of the
same class or category, but may contain some elements not found in the higher
offense. [Quotation marks and citation omitted; ellipsis in original.]
Our Supreme Court in Lemons determined that CSC-II was a cognate lesser offense, not a
lesser included offense, of CSC-I, stating, “[B]ecause CSC-II requires proof of an intent not
required by CSC-I—that defendant intended to seek sexual arousal or gratification—CSC-II is a
cognate lesser offense of CSC-I.” Id. at 253-254. Because our Supreme Court has already
determined that CSC-II is not a lesser included offense of CSC-I, defendant was not entitled to a
jury instruction on the matter. Therefore, we conclude that defendant has not demonstrated plain
error affecting his substantial rights.
Defendant next argues that the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence provided under
MCL 750.520b(2)(b) unconstitutionally violates the separation of powers doctrine because it is
effectively an usurpation of the judiciary’s domain by the Legislature. We disagree. Whether a
statute violates the separation of powers doctrine is a constitutional question that we review de
novo. People v Garza, 469 Mich. 431, 433; 670 NW2d 662 (2003).
“Statutes enjoy the presumption of constitutionality. The courts have a duty to construe a
statute as constitutional unless its unconstitutionality is clearly apparent.” People v Trinity, 189
Mich. App. 19, 21; 471 NW2d 626 (1991) (citations omitted). Unlike the United States
Constitution, the Michigan Constitution expressly includes a separation of powers doctrine. The
Michigan Constitution states, “The powers of government are divided into three branches:
legislative, executive and judicial. No person exercising powers of one branch shall exercise
powers properly belonging to another branch except as expressly provided in this constitution.”
Const 1963, art 3, § 2; Garza, 469 Mich. at 433.
“The separation of powers doctrine has never been interpreted in Michigan as meaning
there can never be any overlapping of functions between branches or no control by one branch
over the acts of another. Some overlapping is permissible provided the area of one branch’s
exercise of another branch’s power is very limited and specific.” Trinity, 189 Mich. App. at 22-23
(citation omitted). “The ultimate authority to provide for penalties for criminal offenses is
constitutionally vested in the Legislature. The authority to impose sentences and to administer
the sentencing statutes enacted by the Legislature lies with the judiciary.” Garza, 469 Mich. at
434 (citations omitted); see also People v Babcock, 244 Mich. App. 64, 71; 624 NW2d 479 (2000)
(“[T]here has never been any legitimate dispute that the Legislature holds ultimate authority for
determining the appropriate sentencing scheme for our state”), rev’d on other grounds in People
v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247 (2003).
Relevant to this case, the Legislature provided a penalty for the criminal offense of a
person 17 years of age or older committing CSC-I against a person 13 years old or younger—that
the offender be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of 25 years’ imprisonment. MCL
750.520b(2)(b). Defendant was convicted of that criminal offense. The trial court, relying on
the statute enacted by the Legislature, sentenced defendant to the mandatory minimum term of
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25 years’ imprisonment. We conclude that any overlap in the Legislature’s and judiciary’s
powers was limited and specific. Trinity, 189 Mich. App. at 22-23. The overlap was limited to
sentencing, and it was specific to the crime of CSC-I by an offender over the age of 17 against a
victim under the age of 13. MCL 750.520b(2)(b). Moreover, we conclude that any alleged
unconstitutionality of the statute is not clearly apparent. Trinity, 189 Mich. App. at 21.
Accordingly, we conclude that the 25-year mandatory minimum sentence under MCL
750.520b(2)(b) is not a violation of the separation of powers doctrine.
Defendant lastly argues that the mandatory minimum sentence under MCL
750.520b(2)(b) was unconstitutionally cruel or unusual punishment. We disagree. Because
defendant did not preserve this claim by raising the issue in the trial court, we review it for plain
error affecting his substantial rights. People v Bowling, 299 Mich. App. 552, 557; 830 NW2d 800
(2013), citing People v Kimble, 470 Mich. 305, 312; 684 NW2d 669 (2004). However, the
constitutionality of a statute is a question of law that we review de novo. People v Roberts, 292
Mich. App. 492, 496; 808 NW2d 290 (2011).
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “Excessive bail shall not
be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” US
Const, Am VIII; People v Bullock, 440 Mich. 15, 27 n 8; 485 NW2d 866 (1992). The Michigan
Constitution states, “Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be imposed;
cruel or unusual punishment shall not be inflicted; nor shall witnesses be unreasonably
detained.” Const 1963, art 1, § 16; Bullock, 440 Mich. at 27 n 8.
Our Supreme Court in Bullock discussed a four-part test for determining whether a
sentence was cruel or unusual under Michigan’s Constitution: we must (1) weigh the gravity of
the offense with the harshness of the penalty; (2) compare sentences imposed on other offenders
in the same jurisdiction; (3) compare the sentences imposed for commission of the same crime in
other jurisdictions; and (4) determine whether the sentence imposed furthers the goal of
rehabilitation. Bullock, 440 Mich. at 33-34. “If a punishment passes muster under the state
constitution, then it necessarily passes muster under the federal constitution.” People v Benton,
294 Mich. App. 191, 204; 817 NW2d 599 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
In Benton, we analyzed the exact argument that defendant now raises, and we determined
that the 25-year mandatory minimum under MCL 750.520b(2)(b) was not cruel or unusual
punishment. Id. at 207. Regarding the first factor, we determined that the 25-year mandatory
minimum sentence was not overly severe compared to the gravity of committing a sexual crime
against a child. Id. at 205-206. The decision was supported by Michigan’s public policy of
protecting children from sexual exploitation. Id. at 205. Regarding the second factor, we
determined that the mandatory sentence was not unduly harsh compared to penalties for other
violent offenses in Michigan. Id. at 206. Similar to the first factor, this decision was based on
the policy that “[t]he perpetration of sexual activity by an adult with a preteen victim is an
offense that violates deeply ingrained social values of protecting children from sexual
exploitation.” Id. Regarding the third factor, we determined that at least 18 other states
(Arkansas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, North
Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Washington, West Virginia,
and Wisconsin) imposed the same penalty for the same offense. Id. at 206-207 n 1. We did not
discuss the fourth factor.
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In this case, defendant admits that Benton is controlling Michigan caselaw and that he is
only raising the argument to preserve the issue should there be a change in the law. Because we
have published caselaw on this exact issue and have determined that the 25-year mandatory
minimum sentence is not cruel or unusual punishment, we conclude that defendant has not
demonstrated plain error affecting his substantial rights or that the sentence constituted cruel or
unusual punishment.
Affirmed.
/s/ Jane E. Markey
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
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