Home-Owners Insurance Company v. Central Mutual Insurance Company ( 2019 )


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  •             If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
    revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
    STATE OF MICHIGAN
    COURT OF APPEALS
    HOME-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,                                       UNPUBLISHED
    December 12, 2019
    Plaintiff-Appellant,
    v                                                                    No. 345627
    Eaton Circuit Court
    CENTRAL MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY                                     LC No. 2017-001232-NF
    and LIBERTY MUTUAL INSURANCE
    COMPANY,
    Defendants-Appellees,
    and
    STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE
    INSURANCE COMPANY,
    Defendant.
    Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and MARKEY and REDFORD, JJ.
    PER CURIAM.
    Plaintiff Home-Owners Insurance Company (Home-Owners), appeals as of right the trial
    court’s grant of summary disposition for defendants Central Mutual Insurance Company
    (Central) and Liberty Mutual Insurance Company (Liberty Mutual) regarding the domicile of
    Brent Hannahs at the time that a motor vehicle collided with his bike causing him severe injuries
    and later death. The trial court determined that Brent domiciled with Merna Rasmussen, his
    grandmother, whom Home-Owners provided no-fault insurance. The trial court held that Home-
    Owners, as the responsible insurer, bore liability for paying all of Brent’s no-fault personal injury
    protection benefits (PIP benefits). We affirm.
    -1-
    I. FACTS
    After living with friends and acquaintances from age 17 and a half when he stopped
    living with his father, Clint Hannahs, in Eaton Rapids, Brent asked and received permission to
    move in with Rasmussen at 4712 Laurie Lane, Lansing, Michigan. Brent moved in with her so
    that he could find employment, save his money, and ultimately be able to get his own place to
    live with his girlfriend. Brent began living with Rasmussen on August 26, 2016. She helped
    him by buying him suitable clothing and drove him around Lansing so that he could apply for
    jobs. He obtained employment at Famous Dave’s, a barbeque restaurant in Holt, and he
    remained living at Rasmussen’s house until November 6, 2016, when, while riding his bike to a
    friend’s house in Lansing, a tow truck operated by Shroyer Development Corp. (Shroyer)
    collided with him at the intersection of Martin Luther King Boulevard South and West Jolly
    Road in Lansing, Michigan. Brent was 19 years old at the time of his accident and later died.
    Home-Owners sued for declaratory judgment and damages alleging that Brent lacked
    domicile at Rasmussen’s house at the time of his accident and that it had no statutory obligation
    to pay for Brent’s PIP benefits. Home-Owners alleged that Liberty Mutual, Clint’s insurer, or
    Central, Shroyer’s insurer, or State Farm Automobile Insurance Company (State Farm), Roxanna
    Hannahs, Brent’s mother’s insurer, had the obligation to pay Brent’s PIP benefits and reimburse
    Home-Owners for the benefits it paid.
    Following discovery, Home-Owners and State Farm stipulated to State Farm’s dismissal,
    and with approval of the other parties, the trial court dismissed State Farm with prejudice.
    Home-Owners, Liberty Mutual, and Central each moved for summary disposition under MCR
    2.116(C)(10). The trial court denied Home-Owners’ motion and granted Liberty Mutual’s and
    Central’s respective motions after analyzing the evidence presented by the parties and deciding
    that Brent domiciled with Rasmussen at the time of his accident. Home-Owners moved for
    reconsideration but the trial court denied the motion because Home-Owners merely presented the
    same issues that it ruled upon and failed to demonstrate a palpable error. Home-Owners now
    appeals.
    II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
    We review de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Lowrey
    v LMPS & LMPJ, Inc, 
    500 Mich. 1
    , 5-6; 890 NW2d 344 (2016). We review de novo questions
    involving statutory interpretation. Dobbelaere v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 
    275 Mich. App. 527
    , 529;
    740 NW2d 503 (2007). We also review “de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for
    summary disposition in an action for a declaratory judgment.” Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n v Lansing
    Bd of Ed (On Remand), 
    293 Mich. App. 506
    , 512-513; 810 NW2d 95 (2011). A motion for
    summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) challenges the “factual adequacy of a complaint
    on the basis of the entire record, including affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other
    documentary evidence.” Gorman v American Honda Motor Co, Inc, 
    302 Mich. App. 113
    , 115;
    839 NW2d 223 (2013). A trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) is
    proper when the evidence, “viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show[s]
    that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is therefore entitled to
    judgment as a matter of law.” 
    Lowrey, 500 Mich. at 5
    . “A genuine issue of material fact exists
    when the record, giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an
    -2-
    issue upon which reasonable minds might differ.” 
    Gorman, 302 Mich. App. at 116
    (citation
    omitted). “A domicile determination is generally a question of fact; however, where the
    underlying material facts are not in dispute, the determination of domicile is a question of law for
    the circuit court.” Grange Ins Co v Lawrence, 
    494 Mich. 475
    , 490; 835 NW2d 363 (2013)
    (citation omitted).
    III. ANALYSIS
    Michigan’s no-fault act defines the responsible insurer required to pay PIP benefits in
    accidents in which a person becomes injured in a motor vehicle accident while not an occupant
    of a motor vehicle. At the time of the adjudication of this case, MCL 500.3115 provided in
    relevant part:
    (1) Except as provided in subsection (1) of section 3114, a person
    suffering accidental bodily injury while not an occupant of a motor vehicle shall
    claim personal protection insurance benefits from insurers in the following order
    of priority:
    (a) Insurers of owners or registrants of motor vehicles involved in the
    accident.
    (b) Insurers of operators of motor vehicles involved in the accident.
    MCL 500.3114(1) provides in relevant part that a personal protection insurance policy “applies
    to accidental bodily injury to the person named in the policy, the person’s spouse, and a relative
    of either domiciled in the same household, if the injury arises from a motor vehicle accident.”
    Because Brent suffered bodily injury arising from a motor vehicle accident while not a passenger
    in a motor vehicle, the determination of which insurer bore responsibility to pay Brent’s PIP
    benefits required analyzing and deciding where Brent domiciled at the time of his accident.
    In Grange, our Supreme Court considered two cases that presented related issues under
    Michigan’s no-fault act: (1) where minor children of divorced parents were domiciled, and (2)
    whether a family court order establishing custody of minor children conclusively established the
    minor children’s domicile for purposes of determining coverage under MCL 500.3114(1).
    
    Grange, 494 Mich. at 481
    . In this context, our Supreme Court clarified the law regarding
    domicile as follows:
    For over 165 years, Michigan courts have defined “domicile” to mean “the
    place where a person has his true, fixed, permanent home, and principal
    establishment, and to which, whenever he is absent, he has the intention of
    returning.” Similarly, a person’s domicile has been defined to be “ ‘that place
    where a person has voluntarily fixed his abode not for a mere special or temporary
    purpose, but with a present intention of making it his home, either permanently or
    for an indefinite or unlimited length of time.’ ” In this regard, the Court has
    recognized that “[i]t may be laid down as a settled maxim that every man must
    have such a national domicile somewhere. It is equally well settled that no person
    can have more than one such domicile, at one and the same time.” From this
    settled principle, it follows that
    -3-
    a man retains his domicile of origin [upon his birth] until he
    changes it, by acquiring another; and so each successive domicile
    continues, until changed by acquiring another. And it is equally
    obvious that the acquisition of a new domicile does, at the same
    instant, terminate the preceding one.
    In this way, our common law has recognized that from the time of a
    person’s birth—from childhood through adulthood—a person can only have a
    single domicile at any given point in time. Indeed, there are few legal axioms as
    established as the one providing that every person has a domicile, and that a
    person may have one—and only one—domicile.
    In furtherance of this understanding of domicile, the common law has
    necessarily distinguished between the concepts of “domicile” and “residence:”
    The former, in its ordinary acceptation, was defined to be, ‘A place
    where a person lives or has his home,’ while ‘[a]ny place of abode
    or dwelling place,’ however temporary it might have been, was
    said to constitute a residence. A person’s domicile was his legal
    residence or home in contemplation of law.
    Stated more succinctly, a person may have only one domicile, but more
    than one residence. For purposes of distinguishing “domicile” from “residence,”
    this Court has explained that “domicile is acquired by the combination of
    residence and the intention to reside in a given place . . . . If the intention of
    permanently residing in a place exists, a residence in pursuance of that intention,
    however short, will establish a domicile.” The traditional common-law inquiry
    into a person’s “domicile,” then, is generally a question of intent, but also
    considers all the facts and circumstances taken together.
    Returning to the language of MCL 500.3114(1), there is no indication that
    the Legislature intended to deviate from this well established common-law
    meaning of the term “domicile.” And, because a person, from the moment of his
    birth onward, can only have one domicile within the traditional meaning of that
    term, it follows that a child, regardless of his parents’ marital status or his
    multiple legal residences, may also have only one domicile at any given point in
    time. [Id. at 493-495 (citations omitted, alteration in original).]
    Our Supreme Court held “that a child, whose parents are divorced and who has more than
    one legal residence, may have only a single domicile at any one point in time that continues until
    the child acquires a different one.” 
    Id. at 496.
    The Court explained that domicile is not the
    equivalent of residence under MCL 500.3114(1). The Court clarified that, in Workman v Detroit
    Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 
    404 Mich. 477
    , 496-497; 274 NW2d 373 (1979), it did not establish such an
    equivalency rule. For purposes of the no-fault act, “ ‘domicile’ must be understood consistent
    with its historical underpinnings.” 
    Grange, 494 Mich. at 500
    .
    -4-
    For determination whether a person is “domiciled in the same household” as described in
    MCL 500.3114(1), our Supreme Court explained that the multifactor domicile test it established
    in Workman “is analytically the same as the traditional domicile test employed for more than a
    century at common law” and “entirely consistent with our conclusion that the term ‘domicile’ is
    to be interpreted the same as its common-law meaning.” 
    Id. at 499-500.
    Our Supreme Court did
    not abandon the Workman multifactor domicile test. On the contrary, Grange clarified that the
    Workman factors should be considered and analyzed for determining an adult’s domicile, but not
    for minor children because they are persons with a legal disability who lack the capacity to
    acquire a domicile of choice. 
    Id. at 501-502.
    The Court explained that,
    for purposes of our legal system, an unemancipated child, unlike a competent
    adult, lacks the legal capacity to make legally binding determinations for him or
    herself and, therefore, a child lacks the capacity to acquire a domicile of choice.
    Thus, while intent is critical for determining the domicile of an adult, a child’s
    intent regarding domicile is simply irrelevant, and the traditional factors applied
    in determining an adult’s domicile are likewise irrelevant. [Id. at 502-503
    (emphasis in original).]
    In this case, while a minor child, in relation to Clint’s and Roxanna’s 2008 divorce, a
    court awarded Clint sole physical custody of Brent. Brent, however, left Clint’s custody at age
    17½, and never returned. The record reflects that Brent turned 18 years old while living
    separately from both of his parents. Because Brent emancipated himself from Clint and suffered
    his accident as an adult shortly after his 19th birthday, under Grange, the traditional factors for
    determining his domicile were both relevant and dispositive for determining Brent’s domicile at
    the time of his accident. Accordingly, the trial court properly considered and weighed the
    Workman factors.
    In 
    Workman, 404 Mich. at 496-497
    (citations omitted), our Supreme Court prescribed the
    following flexible nonexclusive factors for the determination of an adult’s domicile:
    In considering these factors, no one factor is, in itself, determinative; instead, each
    factor must be balanced and weighed with the others. Among the relevant factors
    are the following: (1) the subjective or declared intent of the person of remaining,
    either permanently or for an indefinite or unlimited length of time, in the place he
    contends is his “domicile” or “household”; (2) the formality or informality of the
    relationship between the person and the members of the household; (3) whether
    the place where the person lives is in the same house, within the same curtilage or
    upon the same premises; (4) the existence of another place of lodging by the
    person alleging “residence” or “domicile” in the household.
    In this case, evidence established that Brent intended to make Rasmussen’s house his
    domicile. Respecting the first Workman factor, evidence established that Brent, an adult,
    approached Rasmussen voluntarily and independently to request her permission to live with her
    in her home for an indefinite and unlimited length of time. Rasmussen testified that Brent did
    not specify the duration of his stay or set a time by which he intended to vacate the premises.
    She also testified that she set no time limit for his stay. She understood Brent’s plan for the
    future because he explained to her that he desired to live in Lansing to enable him to find
    -5-
    employment, work and earn money, save his earnings, and later, once he had saved enough
    money, find his own place to live. Clint testified that Brent shared with him his future plans that
    required an indefinite length of time to come to fruition. Rasmussen’s testimony established that
    she understood that Brent’s plan would take time and she supported him without limitation as to
    the amount of time it might take him to fulfill it. Witnesses testified that before Brent moved in
    with Rasmussen he led a transient life and stayed with friends or acquaintances but never
    established a long-term residence or domicile at any one place. The record evidence does not
    establish that, after he turned 18 years old in September 2015 until he moved in with Rasmussen
    in August 2016, he established his domicile anywhere. Nevertheless, as of August 2016, the
    record reflects that Brent moved in with Rasmussen with the intent to stay there indefinitely.
    The evidence, therefore, established that the first Workman factor favored finding that Brent
    intended to establish his domicile at Rasmussen’s house.
    Respecting the second and third Workman factors, the record establishes that Brent had a
    close familial relationship with Rasmussen, his grandmother. She opened her home to him and
    provided him his own bedroom, permitted him to move his personal belongings into her house,
    bought him clothing to enable him to obtain employment, bought him a bike so that he had
    transportation, provided him transportation by driving him around town, and permitted him to
    use her home freely without limitation. The evidence, therefore, established that these Workman
    factors favored finding that Brent made Rasmussen’s house his domicile.
    Regarding the fourth Workman factor, the evidence indicates that, from August 2016
    until the date of his accident on November 6, 2016, Brent had no other place to stay. Clint
    testified that Brent permanently left him at age 17½ and never returned to stay a single night.
    Brent’s brother took over Brent’s bedroom, disposed of his remaining belongings, remodeled the
    room, and made it his own. Roxanna testified that she had none of Brent’s personal belongings
    at her house other than some clothes he may have left there when he left her house in 2013 to
    return living with Clint. She also testified that whatever he had at the time of his death was at
    Rasmussen’s house. Although she stated that he could have stayed at her house in his former
    bedroom if he wanted to do so, she admitted that he had not resided with her since 2013 when he
    moved back in with Clint. She also admitted that he did not stay any night at her house while he
    lived at Rasmussen’s house. The record indicates that, from August 2016 until the date of his
    accident on November 6, 2016, Brent returned every night to Rasmussen’s house and slept every
    night there. The fourth Workman factor, therefore also favored finding that Brent domiciled at
    Rasmussen’s house.
    Home-Owners argues that Brent still had a room at Roxanna’s house. The record,
    however, lacks evidence that the room remained available because Brent desired that or intended
    to ever move back there. Analysis of the record indicates that Roxanna may have desired his
    return and kept a room available, but no evidence establishes that she offered Brent a room or
    even suggested that he move in with her so that he could work and save money for his future
    plan. Roxanna’s conduct does not establish Brent’s intent regarding domicile.
    In Dairyland Ins Co v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 
    123 Mich. App. 675
    , 682; 333 NW2d 322
    (1983), a panel of this Court stated that, in addition to the factors articulated in Workman:
    -6-
    Other relevant indicia of domicile include such factors as whether the claimant
    continues to use his parents’ home as his mailing address, whether he maintains
    some possessions with his parents, whether he uses his parents’ address on his
    driver’s license or other documents, whether a room is maintained for the
    claimant at the parents’ home, and whether the claimant is dependent upon the
    parents for support.
    Although Dairyland is not binding authority because it was decided before 1990,1 in Williams v
    State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 
    202 Mich. App. 491
    , 494-495; 509 NW2d 821 (1993) (citations
    omitted), this Court affirmed the propriety of using the Dairyland factors for domicile
    determination and slightly modified them as follows:
    (1) the person’s mailing address; (2) whether the person maintains possessions at
    the insured’s home; (3) whether the insured’s address appears on the person’s
    driver’s license and other documents; (4) whether a bedroom is maintained for the
    person at the insured’s home; and (5) whether the person is dependent upon the
    insured for financial support or assistance.
    The trial court considered the Dairyland factors as part of its analysis. It did not err in
    this regard. The Dairyland factors as articulated in Williams also favored finding that Brent
    made Rasmussen’s house his domicile. Regarding Brent’s mailing address, we note the record
    reflects that Brent identified Rasmussen’s house address as his home address for his employer.
    Brent’s W-2 stated Rasmussen’s address as Brent’s home address and his check stub from his
    employment with Famous Dave’s also identified Rasmussen’s address as Brent’s home address.
    When Brent sought treatment from an urgent care facility while staying at Rasmussen’s house,
    Brent gave the urgent care facility Rasmussen’s address as his home mailing address. The record
    indicates that the urgent care facility sent bills to Brent at Rasmussen’s address. Further,
    Roxanna testified in her statement that Rasmussen received a phone bill in the mail for Brent
    after his death.
    Home-Owners argued to the trial court and here on appeal that Brent’s bank account
    featured Roxanna’s home address. The record, however, contains no documentary evidence that
    supports that assertion. Roxanna stated in her statement taken by Home-Owners’ counsel that
    she thought she received a bank account statement at her address. However, during her
    deposition when interrogated in this regard, she lacked certainty. Whether Brent’s bank
    statements were mailed to her address cannot be verified on the record presented to this Court.
    The record lacks clarity regarding when Brent opened his bank account. Witnesses testified that
    he had his account at Huntington Bank and did his banking at the Meijer store branch near
    Rasmussen’s house. Home-Owners did not attach Brent’s bank records to its submissions to the
    trial court and has not supplemented the record with such evidence for its appeal. Although
    1
    Cases decided before November 1, 1990, are not binding precedent, MCR 7.215(J)(1), but they
    may be considered as persuasive authority. Aroma Wines & Equip, Inc v Columbian Dist Servs,
    Inc, 
    303 Mich. App. 441
    , 453 n 4; 844 NW2d 727 (2013), aff’d and remanded 
    497 Mich. 337
    (2014), reh den 
    498 Mich. 877
    (2015).
    -7-
    unsupported by documentary evidence, the record reflects that defendants never challenged or
    rebutted Home-Owners’ assertion. Accordingly, Home-Owners’ assertion may be true but
    merely uncorroborated by supporting documentary evidence. Because the parties did not dispute
    the evidence, under Grange, the trial court was required to consider all the evidence and
    determine Brent’s domicile as a matter of law. The trial court, therefore, could weigh and
    balance the undisputed evidence when applying the Workman and Dairyland factors for its
    determination. The record does not reflect that the trial court failed to do so and it did not err by
    according greater significance to Brent’s verified use of Rasmussen’s house address as his own
    with his employer and medical service provider while living with Rasmussen.
    Home-Owners also argues on appeal that Clint received some of Brent’s mail at his
    house. The record, however, does not support that contention. Clint testified only that he still
    got mail from bill collectors for Brent’s medical bills following his death. He did not testify that
    he routinely received Brent’s mail during Brent’s life as an adult or during his stay at
    Rasmussen’s house. Analysis of the record evidence establishes that Brent signified to two
    entities that Rasmussen’s house address served as his mailing address. The record is unclear
    whether he may not have changed his address or notified others respecting his use of
    Rasmussen’s address as his own. Nevertheless, based upon the record evidence, the trial court
    could reasonably conclude that the first Dairyland factor favored finding that Brent domiciled at
    Rasmussen’s house.
    Respecting the second Dairyland factor, the record reflects that all of Brent’s personal
    belongings were taken by him to Rasmussen’s house and maintained there. The record indicates
    that he had few belongings at the time of his move to Rasmussen’s because either his friends or
    acquaintances had taken his personal belongings or he abandoned them. This Dairyland factor,
    therefore, favored finding that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house.
    The evidence in this case indicates that the third Dairyland factor did not weigh for or
    against finding that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house. The record reflects that Brent
    obtained a driver’s license at age 16, but lost it because of unpaid tickets. Rasmussen testified
    that she assisted Brent when he turned 16 years old in getting his driver’s license but she did not
    know what address it may have had. Roxanna speculated that he had her house address on his
    license but she could not testify with certainty in that regard. Clint did not testify during his
    deposition regarding Brent’s driver’s license. Home-Owners asserts that Brent’s driver’s license
    featured Clint’s house address. Nothing in the record before the trial court or presented to this
    Court corroborates that assertion. The parties did not present any evidence, documentary or
    otherwise, that established what address his driver’s license identified as his home address.
    Regardless, the record reflects that after Rasmussen took Brent to obtain a state
    identification card, it stated Roxanna’s address as Brent’s address. The parties speculate as to
    why that happened but no witness testimony or other evidence establishes why Brent’s state
    identification card identified Roxanna’s house address as his home address. Whether Brent told
    the Secretary of State that address is unknown and one can only speculate in that regard.
    Nevertheless, Brent’s state identification card did not feature Rasmussen’s address. This fact
    weighs against finding that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house.
    -8-
    Other documentary evidence in the record, however, established that Brent identified
    Rasmussen’s house address as his home address. As mentioned previously, Brent gave
    Rasmussen’s house address as his own to his employer who featured her address on his W-2 for
    his earnings during 2016 while working at Famous Dave’s. Further, Brent’s check stub from
    that employer featured Rasmussen’s house address as Brent’s address. The urgent care medical
    records also indicated that Brent gave that facility Rasmussen’s house address as his home
    address.
    Viewing all of the evidence related to the third Dairyland factor does not permit a
    decisive determination that Brent uniformly used Rasmussen’s house address. Accordingly, one
    cannot reasonably conclude that this factor unequivocally favored finding that Brent domiciled at
    Rasmussen’s house.
    The fourth Dairyland factor, by contrast, clearly favored finding that Brent domiciled at
    Rasmussen’s house. The record reflects that Brent had his own bedroom at Rasmussen’s house
    that was maintained for his use.
    Respecting the fifth Dairyland factor, the record reflects that Brent depended on
    Rasmussen for food, shelter, and transportation. Rasmussen opened her home to Brent, gave him
    unrestricted freedom to use her appliances, and let him eat when and what he liked. She also
    supported his efforts to find employment by buying him suitable clothing and by driving him
    around town to apply for jobs. Further, she bought him a bike so that he could get to and from
    his job. Because of her financial support and assistance, Brent had a place to stay indefinitely
    and the ability to work toward achieving his goal of future independence. Neither Clint nor
    Roxanna provided Brent financial support or other substantive material assistance. This
    Dairyland factor, therefore, also favored finding that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house.
    The evidence in this case supports finding that the Workman factors all favored finding
    that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house. The evidence also supported finding that four out of
    five of the Dairyland factors favored finding that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house.
    Accordingly, the trial court did not err by ruling that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house at
    the time of his accident.
    Home-Owners argues that Brent merely resided but never domiciled at Rasmussen’s
    house. This argument lacks merit. The evidence in this case does not support Home-Owners’
    contention. Rather, the evidence establishes that Brent chose to move in with Rasmussen and
    through his actions and conversations with her indicated his intent to affix his abode at her house
    and remain with her indefinitely and for an unlimited length of time. He returned to
    Rasmussen’s house every night for the two and a half months he lived there, had all of his
    personal belongings there, and had nowhere else to go. Brent could not legitimately call Clint’s
    house home, nor did any evidence support that he ever intended to remain domiciled at that
    house since he became an adult. The trial court, therefore, did not err by ruling that, as a matter
    of law, Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house at the time of his accident and that Home-Owners
    had the obligation to pay his PIP benefits.
    Therefore, the trial court properly applied the law to the undisputed facts in this case and
    correctly determined that Brent domiciled at Rasmussen’s house at the time of his accident. The
    -9-
    trial court correctly ruled that Home-Owners was the priority no-fault insurer with the statutory
    obligation to pay Brent’s PIP benefits.
    Affirmed.      As the prevailing parties, Liberty Mutual and Central may tax costs.
    MCR 7.219.
    /s/ Brock A. Swartzle
    /s/ Jane E. Markey
    /s/ James Robert Redford
    -10-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 345627

Filed Date: 12/12/2019

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 12/13/2019