People of Michigan v. Cortez Roland Davis ( 2018 )

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
November 6, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
and
ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Intervening Appellee,
v No. 338658
Wayne Circuit Court
CORTEZ ROLAND DAVIS, LC No. 94-002089-01-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and JANSEN and O’BRIEN, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his resentencing, under MCL 769.25a, to 25 to 60 years’
imprisonment for his 1994 conviction of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316, which the trial court
ordered to run consecutive to his sentence for carrying a firearm during the commission of a
felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. We affirm defendant’s sentences. Defendant also
challenges the application of MCL 769.25a(6) to his sentencing, arguing that the provision
unconstitutionally deprives him of the application of earned disciplinary credits to his sentence.
This Court recently addressed this issue in People v Wiley, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___
(2018) (Docket No. 336898), and held that MCL 769.25a(6) was unconstitutional. Because we
are bound by Wiley under MCR 7.215(J)(1), we conclude that MCL 769.25a(6) may not be used
to prevent defendant from having his disciplinary credits deducted from his minimum and
maximum sentences to determine parole eligibility.
In 1994, the sentencing court sentenced defendant—who, at the time, was a juvenile—as
an adult to 10 to 40 years’ imprisonment for defendant’s first-degree murder conviction. The
prosecution appealed that sentence, and this Court peremptorily reversed and remanded for
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resentencing.1 On remand, the trial court resentenced defendant to mandatory life in prison
without the possibility of parole.
Some years after defendant’s resentencing, the United States Supreme Court in Miller v
Alabama, 567 US 460, 489; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012), declared that
mandatory-sentencing schemes that required “children convicted of homicide receive lifetime
incarceration without possibility of parole, regardless of their age and age-related characteristics
and the nature of their crimes” violated “the Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual
punishment.” Following Miller, our Legislature enacted MCL 769.25, “which set forth the
procedure for resentencing criminal defendants who fit Miller’s criteria, provided either that their
case was still pending in the trial court or that the applicable time periods for appellate review
had not elapsed.” Wiley, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 3. “[I]n anticipation of the possibility
that Miller might be determined to apply retroactively, our Legislature simultaneously enacted
MCL 769.25a, which set forth the procedure, in that event, for the resentencing of defendants
who fit Miller’s criteria, even if their cases were final.” Id. at ___; slip op at 3.
In Montgomery v Louisiana, ___ US ___; 136 S Ct 718; 193 L Ed 2d 599 (2016), the
United States Supreme Court declared that Miller applied retroactively, thereby triggering MCL
769.25a’s provisions. As relevant here, MCL 769.25a provides:
(4) The following procedures apply to cases described in subsections (2)
and (3):
(a) Within 30 days after the date the supreme court’s decision becomes
final, the prosecuting attorney shall provide a list of names to the chief circuit
judge of that county of all defendants who are subject to the jurisdiction of that
court and who must be resentenced under that decision.
(b) Within 180 days after the date the supreme court’s decision becomes
final, the prosecuting attorney shall file motions for resentencing in all cases in
which the prosecuting attorney will be requesting the court to impose a sentence
of imprisonment for life without the possibility of parole. A hearing on the
motion shall be conducted as provided in section 25 of this chapter.
(c) If the prosecuting attorney does not file a motion under subdivision (b),
the court shall sentence the individual to a term of imprisonment for which the
maximum term shall be 60 years and the minimum term shall be not less than 25
years or more than 40 years. Each victim shall be afforded the right under section
15 of the William Van Regenmorter crime victim’s rights act, 1985 PA 87, MCL
780.765, to appear before the court and make an oral impact statement at any
resentencing of the defendant under this subdivision.
1
People v Davis, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered November 23, 1994
(Docket No. 176985).
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(6) A defendant who is resentenced under subsection (4) shall be given
credit for time already served, but shall not receive any good time credits, special
good time credits, disciplinary credits, or any other credits that reduce the
defendant’s minimum or maximum sentence.
Following Montgomery, the prosecution in this case did not file a motion under MCL
769.25a(4)(b), so defendant was resentenced under MCL 769.25a(4)(c) to 25 to 60 years’
imprisonment for his first-degree murder conviction.
We initially address defendant’s argument on appeal that MCL 769.25a(6) is
unconstitutional. As already stated, this Court addressed this issue in Wiley and held the statute
unconstitutional. The arguments put forth by the parties in this case are the same as the
arguments addressed in Wiley, so we will not belabor this discussion. Instead, for the reasons
stated by the majority in Wiley, we conclude that MCL 769.25a(6) unconstitutionally deprives
defendant of the application of earned disciplinary credits to his sentence. See Wiley, ___ Mich
App at ___; slip op at 11-20, 23. Because Wiley is published, we are compelled under MCR
7.215(J)(1) to follow that decision, and therefore hold that MCL 769.25a(6) may not be used to
prevent defendant from having his disciplinary credits deducted from his minimum and
maximum sentences to determine parole eligibility.
Turning to defendant’s other arguments on appeal, he also challenges the constitutionality
of MCL 769.25a(4)(c). Defendant contends that the Legislature’s enactment of MCL
769.25a(4)(c) as applied to him violated the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States and
Michigan Constitutions. We disagree. This Court reviews constitutional issues and questions of
statutory interpretation de novo. People v Harris, 499 Mich 332, 342; 885 NW2d 832 (2016).
It is well settled that acts of the legislature are presumed constitutional unless their
unconstitutionality is clearly apparent. Sears v Cottrell, 5 Mich 251, 259 (1858); People v
MacLeod, 254 Mich App 222, 226; 656 NW2d 844 (2002). The party challenging the
constitutionality of a statute has the burden of proving its invalidity. People v Sadows, 283 Mich
App 65, 67; 768 NW2d 93 (2009).
As discussed in People v Tucker, 312 Mich App 645, 651; 879 NW2d 906 (2015):
The United States and Michigan Constitutions prohibit ex post facto laws. People
v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 316-317; 662 NW2d 501 (2003), citing US Const
art I, § 10; Const 1963, art 1, § 10. This Court has declined to interpret the Ex
Post Facto Clause of the Michigan Constitution as affording broader protection
than its federal counterpart. Callon, 256 Mich App at 317. All laws that violate
ex post facto protections exhibit the same two elements: “(1) they attach legal
consequences to acts before their effective date, and (2) they work to the
disadvantage of the defendant.” Id. at 318. “The critical question [for an ex post
facto violation] is whether the law changes the legal consequences of acts
completed before its effective date.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted;
alteration in original).
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The seminal case interpreting the federal Ex Post Facto Clause, Calder v Bull, 3 Dall 386; 3 US
386, 390; 1 L Ed 648 (1798), sets out the four basic categories of ex post facto violations:
1st. Every law that makes an action, done before the passing of the law, and
which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action. 2nd. Every
law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed.
3rd. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment,
than the law annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters
the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the law
required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict the
offender.
Defendant argues that MCL 769.25a(4)(c) violated the Ex Post Facto Clauses as applied
to him because it increased his punishment. According to defendant, MCL 769.25a(4)(c)
increased his punishment from 10 to 40 years’ imprisonment—the sentence originally imposed
by the trial court—to a mandatory-minimum sentence of 25 years’ imprisonment.
Resolution of this issue is straightforward. When defendant was originally sentenced, the
law required the trial court to impose a sentence of life without the possibility of parole under
MCL 750.316. It did not permit any other sentence. Miller subsequently declared
mandatory-sentencing schemes requiring “children convicted of homicide receive lifetime
incarceration without possibility of parole, regardless of their age and age-related characteristics
and the nature of their crimes” to be unconstitutional. Montgomery declared Miller retroactive,
which triggered MCL 769.25a. The prosecution in this case chose not to seek re-imposing a
sentence of life without the possibility of parole under MCL 769.25a(4)(b), so when defendant
was resentenced, the law required the trial court to sentence defendant to a minimum of 25 years
under MCL 769.25a(4)(c). The law that MCL 769.25a changed was the requirement that a
juvenile defendant convicted of first-degree murder be sentenced to life without the possibility of
parole; under the changed law, the juvenile defendant convicted of first-degree murder
previously subject to MCL 750.316 was no longer required to be sentenced to life without the
possibility of parole, but was nonetheless required to be minimally sentenced to 25 years’
imprisonment. The 25-year mandatory-minimum sentence required by MCL 769.25a decreased
the previous mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole under MCL 750.316.
Thus, MCL 769.25a as applied to defendant actually decreased the punishment he could receive
for a conviction of first-degree murder and, in so doing, did not violate the Ex Post Facto
Clauses.
Defendant urges us to ignore the Legislature’s changing the law from MCL 750.316 to
MCL 769.25a, and to focus instead on the trial court’s original sentence of 10 to 40 years’
imprisonment. But this ignores that “the focus of [an] ex post facto inquiry is not on whether a
legislative change produces some ambiguous sort of ‘disadvantage,’ . . . but on whether any such
change alters the definition of criminal conduct or increases the penalty by which a crime is
punishable.” California Dep’t of Corrections v Morales, 514 US 499, 506, n 3; 115 S Ct 1597;
131 L Ed 2d 588 (1995) (emphasis added). When the trial court first sentenced defendant in
1994, first-degree murder was not punishable by a sentence of 10 to 40 years’ imprisonment; it
was only punishable by a sentence of lifetime imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
Thus, the Legislature’s later enactment of MCL 769.25a—and, as applied here, its requirement
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that defendant receive at least a 25-year minimum sentence—did not “ ‘inflict[] a greater
punishment than the law annexed to the crime, when committed,’ ” Calder, 3 US at 390(emphasis omitted), because, when defendant committed first-degree murder in 1994, the law
required he be sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. 2
Defendant next argues that the trial court impermissibly amended his judgment of
sentence sua sponte in violation of MCR 6.429 as interpreted by our Supreme Court in People v
Comer, 500 Mich 278; 901 NW2d 553 (2017). We disagree. “This Court reviews de novo
questions of law, including the interpretation and application of our court rules.” People v
Howell, 300 Mich App 638, 644; 834 NW2d 923 (2013).
Defendant was originally resentenced on April 27, 2017. On May 30, 2017, the trial
court sua sponte amended defendant’s judgment of sentence, adding the following text to Line
13: “Juvenile sentenced as adult. [Counts] 1-3 are concurrent and run consecutive to [Count] 4.”
MCR 6.435(A) allows a trial court to correct a clerical error in a criminal judgment of
sentence, stating:
(A) Clerical Mistakes. Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders, or other
parts of the record and errors arising from oversight or omission may be corrected
by the court at any time on its own initiative or on motion of a party, and after
notice if the court orders it.
“Under this subrule, a court may correct a clerical mistake on its own initiative at any time,
including after a judgment has entered.” Comer, 500 Mich at 293.
In 1994, defendant was convicted of felony murder, armed robbery, assault with intent to
rob while armed (AWITRWA), and felony-firearm. In 1994, defendant was sentenced to
concurrent sentences of 10 to 40 years’ imprisonment for the felony-murder conviction, and 10
to 25 years’ imprisonment for the armed-robbery and AWITRWA convictions, to run
consecutively to a two-year sentence for the felony-firearm conviction. At defendant’s first
sentencing hearing, the trial court stated, “Counts I, II, and III are concurrent. But Count IV,
which is the Felony Firearm, must be done before any time is done on the others.” At
defendant’s first resentencing hearing after this Court peremptorily reversed the trial court’s first
sentence, the trial court stated, “Mandatorily, I must sentence you to natural life in prison on the
murder one, and the mandatory two years on the felony firearm. And the other sentences will
stand on the armed robbery and assault with intent to rob.” The judgment of sentence that was
2
Defendant also argues that Miller effectively rendered MCL 750.316 unconstitutional as
applied to juveniles, which in turn rendered any sentence imposed upon a juvenile under that
statute void ab initio. See Johnson v White, 261 Mich App 332, 336; 682 NW2d 505 (2004).
But this argument still ignores that, in 1994, first-degree murder was not punishable by 10 to 40
years’ imprisonment, so defendant cannot establish that MCL 769.25a “increases the penalty by
which [defendant’s] crime is punishable.” Morales, 514 US at 506, n 3.
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entered following this hearing states, “Juvenile Sentenced as an adult. Count 1-3 run
consecutively to Count 4.”
On April 27, 2017, on remand from our Supreme Court, the trial court resentenced
defendant to 25 to 60 years’ imprisonment for his felony-murder conviction. At the April 27,
2017 resentencing hearing, the trial court only mentioned defendant’s sentence for his
first-degree murder conviction, which was the only conviction vacated by our Supreme Court’s
order. See People v Davis, 499 Mich 903, 903-904 (2016). The first page of the April 27, 2017
judgment of sentence indicates that defendant was convicted of felony murder, AWITRWA, and
felony-firearm, and included a notation that his armed-robbery conviction was vacated in 1997.
In the section listing defendant’s sentences, the trial court only included the felony-murder
sentence of 25 to 60 years’ imprisonment. But the judgment of sentence also indicated that there
was “no change” to defendant’s other sentences. On May 30, 2017, the trial court, without
prompting from either party, amended the judgment of sentence to list defendant’s sentences for
the felony-firearm and AWITRWA convictions. As already stated, the trial court also added that
defendant’s felony-firearm conviction was to run consecutive to his other convictions. Based on
this record, it is clear that the errors in the April 27, 2017 judgment arose from an “oversight”
and therefore the constituted a clerical mistake. MCR 6.435(A). As the mistake was clerical, the
trial court permissibly amended the judgment of sentence on its own initiative on May 30, 2017.
Defendant contends that, based on Comer, we should conclude that the trial court’s error
was not clerical and review the trial court’s correction under MCR 6.429. But defendant ignores
that this case differs from Comer in a key respect; the parties in Comer did “not contend that the
failure to sentence [the] defendant to lifetime electronic monitoring was a clerical mistake”
because “the original sentencing judge said nothing about lifetime electronic monitoring at the
initial sentencing.” Id. at 561. Here, unlike in Comers, the original sentencing judge notified
defendant that his felony-firearm conviction would run consecutive to his other convictions. By
the time of defendant’s April 27, 2017 resentencing, the original judge had retired, and the judge
that took over made a clerical error by failing to note that defendant’s felony-firearm conviction
ran consecutive to his other convictions. Based on defendant’s original sentencing and prior
judgments of sentence, he was clearly aware that his felony-firearm conviction ran consecutive
to his other convictions, and he had no expectation that this would change; our Supreme Court’s
order only vacated his first-degree murder conviction. See Davis, 499 Mich at 903-904. For
these reasons, we decline defendant’s invitation to conclude that the error here was substantive.
We affirm defendant’s sentences and convictions, and, based on Wiley, ___ Mich App at
___; slip op at 11-20, 23, conclude that MCL 769.25a(6) may not be used to prevent defendant
from receiving disciplinary credits on his minimum and maximum sentences.
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
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