Courtney Nock v. Cecilio Miranda-Bermudez ( 2023 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
COURTNEY NOCK, FOR PUBLICATION
July 20, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellee, 9:15 a.m.
v No. 363362
Ogemaw Circuit Court
CECILIO MIRANDA-BERMUDEZ, LC No. 21-651897-DC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: CAMERON, P.J., and MURRAY and GADOLA, JJ.
CAMERON, P.J.
This case presents a conflict between two Michigan and California child-custody orders.
Defendant, Cecilio Miranda-Bermudez, appeals as of right the order granting sole legal and
physical custody of the minor children to plaintiff, Courtney Nock. Because the Michigan trial
court (the Michigan court) correctly exercised jurisdiction under the Uniform Child-Custody
Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), MCL 722.1101 et seq., we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The parties met and married in California, where they resided for their entire relationship.
They have two minor children together. In early 2020, they discussed separating and plaintiff
moved with the children to Michigan to be closer to her family. Defendant remained in California.
After the move, defendant’s contact with the children was limited. He said plaintiff refused to
allow the children to speak with him on the phone, and that plaintiff would not disclose her home
address. Plaintiff claimed that contact with defendant was traumatizing for the children. And
while she did not provide defendant her home address, defendant knew her brother’s address,
which was near her home.
On November 13, 2020, defendant filed an ex parte request for a temporary emergency
order regarding custody and parenting time in the Superior Circuit Court of California, County of
Contra Costa (the California court). He attached a UCCJEA declaration stating that the children
had moved to Michigan in April 2020. The California court found that it had jurisdiction to make
child-custody decisions because California was the children’s home state for purposes of the
UCCJEA. On March 22, 2021, the California court entered an order directing the parties (1) to
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share joint legal custody; and (2) to move the children back to California to live with defendant.
Plaintiff participated in the California proceedings, and did not appeal the California court’s order.
The children eventually moved to California and plaintiff remained in Michigan.
On August 17, 2021, after the children had moved back to California, plaintiff filed an ex
parte motion in Michigan seeking sole physical and legal custody of the children. While she
acknowledged the California court’s custody order, plaintiff argued the California court’s order
was unenforceable because the children’s home state was Michigan at the time defendant filed the
child-custody case in California and, therefore, the California court lacked “subject-matter
jurisdiction” over the case. The Michigan court determined that Michigan had home-state
jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, and it granted plaintiff temporary sole legal and physical custody
of the children. Plaintiff picked up the children and returned them to Michigan.
On December 22, 2021, the California court finalized its initial child-custody decision.
Defendant later sought registration in Michigan of the California court’s child-custody order. The
Michigan court denied defendant’s motion, concluding the California court lacked jurisdiction
over the matter. The Michigan court also later denied defendant’s motion for reconsideration, and
later entered an order granting plaintiff sole physical and legal custody of the children. This appeal
followed.
II. SUBJECT-MATTER JURISDICTION
Defendant argues that the Michigan court erred when it determined that it had jurisdiction
over the children under the UCCJEA even though the California court had previously issued an
initial child-custody determination. We disagree.
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo whether the circuit court has jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.
Cheesman v Williams, 311 Mich App 147, 150; 874 NW2d 385 (2015). Even when a court can
exercise jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, its decision to do so is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Id. The court abuses its discretion where its decision falls outside the range of
principled outcomes. Id. This Court reviews for clear legal error the trial court’s application of
the law. See id. at 150-151. The trial court has committed clear legal error if it erred in its choice,
interpretation, or application of the law. Id. at 151. This Court reviews de novo issues of statutory
construction. Id.Questions involving a court’s subject-matter jurisdiction are reviewed de novo. Elba Twp
v Gratiot Co Drain Comm’r, 493 Mich 265, 278; 831 NW2d 204 (2013). This Court also reviews
de novo issues involving the UCCJEA and the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States.
Hare v Starr Commonwealth Corp, 291 Mich App 206, 213; 813 NW2d 752 (2011); Nash v Salter,
280 Mich App 104, 119-120; 760 NW2d 612 (2008).
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B. LAW AND ANALYSIS
“The UCCJEA governs child custody proceedings involving Michigan and a proceeding
or party outside of the state.” Hernandez v Mayoral-Martinez, 329 Mich App 206, 210; 942 NW2d
80 (2019). Both Michigan and California have enacted the UCCJEA. MCL 722.1101 et seq.; Cal
Fam Code § 3400 et seq. The purpose of the UCCJEA is “to declare that custody decrees of sister
states will be recognized and enforced, to achieve greater stability in custody arrangements, and
to prevent forum-shopping.” Venesky v Sulier, 338 Mich App 539, 544; 980 NW2d 551 (2021);
see also In re RL, 4 Cal App 5th 125; 208 Cal Rptr 3d 523 (2016) (“The UCCJEA is designed to
avoid jurisdictional conflicts between states and relitigation of custody decisions, promote
cooperation between states, and facilitate enforcement of another state’s custody decrees.”). The
UCCJEA is the exclusive basis for determining whether a court has jurisdiction to make an initial
child-custody determination. MCL 722.1201(2); Cheesman, 311 Mich App at 151; In re LC, 90
Cal App 5th 728; 307 Cal Rptr 3d 463 (2023).
The California court entered the first order directing custody of the parties’ minor children,
and issues of interstate child-custody are generally driven by the “initial child-custody
determination.” MCL 722.1201; Cal Fam Code § 3421(a). An “initial determination” is “the first
child-custody determination concerning a particular child.” MCL 722.1102(h); see also Cal Fam
Code § 3402(h). But, a court may only make an initial child-custody determination if it has
subject-matter jurisdiction over the case. MCL 722.1201; Cal Fam Code § 3421(a). According to
plaintiff, the California court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to make the initial custody
determination, and therefore the Michigan court correctly disregarded the California court’s order.
Under California law, the California court could only have jurisdiction to make the initial
child-custody determination if:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 3424, a court of [California]
has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody determination only if any of the
following are true:
(1) [California] is the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within six
months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is absent from
[California] but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to live in
[California].
(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under paragraph (1),
or a court of the home state of the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the
grounds that [California] is the more appropriate forum under Section 3427 or 3428,
and both of the following are true:
(A) The child and the child’s parents, or the child and at least one parent or
a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state other than
mere physical presence.
(B) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s
care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
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(3) All courts having jurisdiction under paragraph (1) or (2) have declined
to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of [California] is the more
appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child under Section 3427 or 3428.
(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria
specified in paragraph (1), (2), or (3). [Cal Fam Code § 3421(a).]
California defines a child’s “home state” as “the state in which a child lived with a parent or a
person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately before the
commencement of a child custody proceeding.” Cal Fam Code § 3402(g).
It is undisputed plaintiff moved with the children from California to Michigan by, at the
latest, April 1, 2020. But defendant did not file the custody action in California until November
13, 2020—more than seven months after the children moved with plaintiff to Michigan. Yet the
California court determined it was the children’s home state for purposes of the UCCJEA.1 This
1
Plaintiff, who at the time was representing herself, raised the issue of interstate jurisdiction with
the California court during her appearance at the hearing on defendant’s demand for custody:
[Plaintiff]: So under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Enforcement
Act that the children live in Michigan, or they reside in a state for at least six
months, are we not—are we not adhering to that, or—
* * *
[California Court]: Home state jurisdiction is when there are two cases filed
regarding visitation, and there is a dispute between the courts or the parents on
which court should make the ruling on visitation, and home state basically is a
principle that comes into play, for example, which court should be handling the
custody and visitation orders.
Right now—That’s why I asked. This is the only court that’s doing custody
and visitation orders. If you had filed for divorce out there, then there would be a
dispute about which case is handling custody and visitation of the children.
So I’m just telling you the decision is not going to be made today, and home
state jurisdiction applies other concepts, and one of those concepts is
which . . . Court has jurisdiction when there’s a dispute between two of them in
making this decision.
The California court’s analysis of this issue was incorrect. Home-state jurisdiction is not
relevant only when there are “two cases filed regarding visitation.” Rather, the home-state
jurisdiction analysis is the dispositive issue as to whether the California court had subject-matter
jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter. To establish its subject-matter jurisdiction, the California
court should have considered whether the children lived in California in the immediately preceding
six months, Cal Fam Code § 3421(a), and it erred when it disregarded plaintiff’s argument and
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conclusion was patently incorrect because the children did not live in California in the six months
preceding the filing of the California custody action.2 Thus, the California court erred in exercising
jurisdiction over defendant’s custody demand.
The question then becomes whether the Michigan court was nevertheless obliged to
enforce the California court’s custody order despite its jurisdictional error. Resolution of this issue
involves the relationship between the UCCJEA, the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United
States Constitution, and the Parental Kidnapping Protection Act (PKPA), 28 USC 1738A. The
Full Faith and Credit Clause states: “Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public
Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.” US Const, art IV, § 1. This means
that “a judgment entered in another state is presumptively valid and subject to recognition in
Michigan under the Full Faith and Credit Clause . . . which requires that a foreign judgment be
given the same effect that it has in the state of its rendition.” Hare, 291 Mich App at 215-216
(quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted). “The purpose of the Full Faith and Credit
Clause is to prevent the litigation of issues in one state that have already been decided in another.”
LME v ARS, 261 Mich App 273, 285; 680 NW2d 902 (2004) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
A court of this state shall recognize and enforce a child-custody
determination of a court of another state if the latter court exercised jurisdiction that
was in substantial conformity with this act or the child-custody determination was
made under factual circumstances meeting the jurisdictional standards of this act
and the child-custody determination has not been modified in accordance with this
act. [MCL 722.1303(1) (emphasis added.)]
In the PKPA, a close cousin of the UCCJEA, enforcement of another state’s child-custody
order is required only when the order was “made consistently with the provisions of this section
by a court of another State.” 28 USC 1738A(a). And “[a] child custody or visitation determination
made by a court of a State is consistent with the provisions of [the PKPA] only if . . . such court
has jurisdiction under the law of such State . . . .” 28 USC 1738A(c)(1).
While we recognize that the Full Faith and Credit Clause generally requires courts to
recognize judgments of sister states, both the UCCJEA and the PKPA condition the recognition of
a sister-state’s judgment on whether the other state had subject-matter jurisdiction. In application,
this means that when presented with a jurisdictional challenge to another state’s earlier child-
custody order, the Michigan court must first consider whether the other state had subject-matter
jurisdiction to adjudicate the case under the UCCJEA. If the other state’s jurisdiction was valid,
then the Michigan court must enforce the other state’s order under the Full Faith and Credit Clause.
If, however, the other state’s court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction under the UCCJEA, then the
other state’s judgment is not entitled to full faith and credit.
failed to question where the children had lived in the six months preceding defendant’s child-
custody demand.
2
There was no evidence in the record of any of the other jurisdictional bases under § 3421(a).
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Here, the California court plainly lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over this child-custody
matter because the children did not reside in California in the six months preceding the filing of
the child-custody petition there. Thus, the California order was not subject to full faith and credit
and the Michigan court was required to disregard the order and proceed to exercise jurisdiction
over the parties.
Finally, we note that our analysis is consistent with California precedent. Like Michigan,
California courts will generally afford full faith and credit to decisions by other states and conclude
that issues fully litigated in other states are res judicata. See In re Marriage of Gruen, 191 Cal
App 4th 627; 120 Cal Rptr 3d 184 (2011) (quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted) (“If
an order is appealable, and no timely appeal is taken therefrom, the issues determined by the order
are res judicata.”). But, in matters involving child custody, California also conditions its
acceptance of the other state’s judgment on whether the other state exercised jurisdiction in
compliance with the UCCJEA. For example, in Peery v Superior Court, 174 Cal App 3d 1085;
219 Cal Rptr 882 (1985),3 the parties lived for the majority of their marriage in Louisiana, and
their child was born there. The mother moved with the minor child to California, and over nine
months later, she filed for dissolution of marriage and for custody of the child in California. Id.
The California court entered an interlocutory order granting custody to the mother. Id. Several
months later, the father filed a dissolution and child-custody petition in Louisiana. Id. He did not
inform the Louisiana court that the child was in California, or that the California court had
previously entered an order directing custody of the child. Id. The Louisiana court entered an
order awarding father custody of the child.4 Id. In determining whether California or Louisiana
had jurisdiction over the child-custody issue, the California Court of Appeal noted: “that the
California decree awarding [the mother] custody was entered first. If jurisdiction to make that
decree existed, then under the [former version of the UCCJEA], the decree was entitled to
continuing enforcement in the California court . . . .” Id. at 1092. The California court concluded
that California was the child’s home state under the former version of the UCCJEA, and because
there was no other basis indicating that California had relinquished jurisdiction, the Louisiana
court lacked jurisdiction over the child-custody matter. Id. at 1100. Thus, the California court
was not obligated to give full faith and credit to the Louisiana judgment. Id. The jurisdictional
analysis of Peery does not stand alone and California courts of appeal have made similar analyses
3
Peery references the “Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act,” or “UCCJA,” which is the
predecessor of the current UCCJEA. See In re Marriage of Nurie, 176 Cal App 4th 478; 98 Cal
Rptr 3d 200 (2009).
4
The mother challenged this determination and the Louisiana trial court concluded the matter was
res judicata in California. Peery, 174 Call App 3d at 1091. However, a Louisiana Court of Appeal
concluded that California lacked jurisdiction under the former version of the UCCJEA and
reinstated the original Louisiana order. Id.
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in other decisions. See, e.g., Souza v Superior Court, 193 Cal App 3d 1304; 238 Cal Rptr 892
(1987).
Affirmed.
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
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