People of Michigan v. Dakotah Lee Martin ( 2024 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
October 10, 2024
Plaintiff-Appellee, 3:14 PM
v No. 365861
Ingham Circuit Court
DAKOTAH LEE MARTIN, LC No. 21-000926-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and MURRAY and LETICA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
A jury found defendant, Dakotah Lee Martin, guilty of two counts of second-degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC-II), MCL 750.520c(1)(a) and (2)(b) (sexual contact by an individual
17 years of age or older against an individual less than 13 years of age). The trial court sentenced
defendant to serve 2 to 15 years’ imprisonment. Defendant appeals as of right, raising challenges
to his convictions based on the great weight of the evidence, ineffective assistance of counsel,
inadmissible hearsay, and prosecutorial misconduct. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
This case involves a sexual assault perpetrated by defendant against the minor child NCN.
The offense occurred sometime in 2017 when NCN was in the third grade. NCN lived in a house
with her parents, siblings, and various members of her extended family. Pertinent to this case was
NCN’s cousin, CF, who was the same age as NCN, NCN’s grandparents, and aunt. This aunt was
in a relationship with defendant, who moved into the house between 2014 and 2015, and shared a
room with the aunt. Both NCN and CF gave descriptions of the day of the offense. Various details
differed and CF acknowledged that he had difficulty remembering the details of that day.
According to NCN, she, her younger brother MCC, and CF decided to play a board game
called “Sorry.” This game was in defendant and the aunt’s room, and the children asked defendant
to bring down the game from the top shelf. CF did not recall where the game was kept; he only
remembered taking the game, setting it up, and playing. NCN’s mother was working, and NCN
believed no other adults were awake. NCN testified that, after defendant obtained the game from
the shelf, the three children began to play the game at the dining room table, which NCN agreed
-1-
was about as high as her chest area. In contrast, CF indicated that the game had been played at the
kitchen table, but he similarly described it as a tall table that would have been about as high as his
shoulders at the time of the offense. According to NCN, defendant, who did not play, sat next to
her; however, according to CF, NCN sat in defendant’s lap, and CF indicated that defendant did
play with them. NCN testified that the next thing she remembered was defendant beginning to
touch her. He began by touching and groping her breasts before touching and rubbing her thigh
and vagina. CF testified that he did not see defendant touch NCN’s breasts.
NCN testified that defendant stopped once CF dropped a piece of the game underneath the
table. NCN explained that CF went underneath the table and saw defendant touching NCN’s
vagina. According to NCN, she also went underneath the table, and CF acted surprised and said
he was going to disclose what he saw. NCN testified that she told CF not to tell. NCN explained
that she had been afraid of something bad happening, of ruining her relationship with her aunt and
defendant, and of defendant getting hurt. In contrast, CF testified that he had dropped his stuffed
animal on the floor. When he went down underneath the table to retrieve the item, he saw
defendant’s hand by NCN’s vaginal area and rubbing her thigh. Moreover, CF agreed that he and
NCN did not have a conversation underneath the table; it was not until after the game was over
that they had a conversation about what CF saw.
According to NCN, CF was the first to leave the table, and CF disclosed to adults in the
house what he had seen. Although NCN was unsure who CF disclosed to, NCN believed it was
her grandparents. According to CF, he and NCN spoke after the game and after defendant left.
CF repeatedly asked NCN about whether defendant touched her, and NCN initially denied it before
eventually confirming it. CF explained that he subsequently disclosed the sexual assault to the
grandmother, who in turn told NCN’s mother. NCN testified that she denied the allegations, citing
the same fears discussed previously. Defendant continued to live in the house, but NCN tried to
avoid him. Defendant was eventually kicked out of the house sometime in 2020, and NCN at this
time spoke up and disclosed to CF and another cousin. CF in turn told the other adults in the
house.
NCN’s mother testified that, before the sexual assault, NCN had enjoyed spending time
with family; however, afterward, NCN began to drift away and preferred to be by herself. NCN
began seeing a counselor and was continuing to do so at the time of the trial. Before counseling,
NCN disclosed to her mother that she tried to cut herself. NCN’s mother testified that NCN almost
did not seem like the same person anymore. Similarly, NCN’s grandmother testified that, after the
sexual assault, NCN’s behavior and demeanor changed. NCN primarily stayed in the basement,
did not like playing with the other kids, and did not want to leave the basement to eat. Furthermore,
NCN’s school contacted NCN’s mother because NCN’s laptop had been “red-flagged” for
searching for ways to commit suicide.
The prosecutor asked the grandmother about CF’s initial disclosure the day of the offense.
The grandmother explained that, when CF disclosed what he had witnessed, approximately one to
two hours had passed since the offense occurred. CF had been nervous and worried when
disclosing. After the grandmother began to testify about what CF told her, trial counsel objected
on hearsay grounds. The trial court overruled the objection, reasoning that CF’s disclosure was
excepted as both a present sense impression and an excited utterance. The grandmother
-2-
subsequently testified about CF’s disclosure in which CF described dropping an item to the floor,
picking it up, and seeing defendant with his hands between NCN’s leg and on her vaginal area.
In one particular exchange with the grandmother, the prosecutor asked, “Who was the
person who brought [the sexual assault] back up to you?” The grandmother replied, “I think that
[NCN] started talking more again to C[F] about that, and apparently there had been other times
that nobody else knew about.” Later, the prosecutor asked, “And how did you feel hearing this
information for a second time?” The grandmother replied, “I just felt, like, crushed that I had
allowed him to stay in my home and he continued to do things.” Trial counsel did not object to
these questions or answers. On the next day of trial, the trial court and parties agreed to add an
instruction for the jury to disregard any testimony about other incidents, i.e., other-acts evidence,
which seemingly referenced the grandmother’s testimony.
Detective Brittany Roberts, with the Lansing Police Department, was assigned NCN’s
case. Detective Roberts had extensive experience and training with forensic interviews, and she
testified that she had attended and observed NCN’s forensic interview. When asked how NCN
behaved in the interview, Detective Roberts replied that NCN “was calm, and she was very
cooperative. I don’t recall anything out of the ordinary happening with that . . . . [A]s the Court
saw today, not too far from what you saw earlier. But she’s very calm and confident in what she
said.” Additionally, Detective Roberts agreed that NCN had been “able to answer the questions
that were asked of her” and “able to provide detailed information as requested[.]” Detective
Roberts was asked if “there [was] anything about [NCN]’s interview that stood out to you as
strange or concerning based on your experience with all those other interviews,” and Detective
Roberts replied, “No.” Trial counsel offered no objection to these questions or answers.
On cross-examination of Detective Roberts, defense counsel highlighted various
differences between NCN’s forensic interview and her trial testimony, including NCN’s reasons
for not disclosing earlier, how defendant had moved his hand on NCN’s body, and whether
defendant had played the game with the children. On redirect, Detective Roberts agreed “that
depending on how you ask a question might dictate how an answer is given[.]” The prosecutor
asked, “If somebody was asked how the hand moved, and one time they said, ‘Upward,’ and
another time they said, ‘Up behind my back,’ are those necessarily inconsistent in your mind?”
Detective Roberts replied, “Not necessarily.” Trial counsel did not object to these questions or
answers.
During closing remarks, the prosecutor argued that NCN “keeping her secret had its own
consequences. [NCN] began struggling in school to the point that her mother decided to hold her
back a grade the year after [defendant] sexually assaulted her.” Additionally, the prosecutor argued
that NCN “started putting distance between herself and her family.” Finally, the prosecutor argued
that, because of defendant’s sexual assault, NCN was “no longer sunshine and rainbows as she
described herself as a child” and had “started seeing a counselor to help her cope with the
experience and the harm that it caused her, even to the point that she began cutting herself and
contemplating suicide.” Trial counsel did not object to any of these remarks. The jury found
defendant guilty on both counts of CSC-II. This appeal followed.
-3-
II. ANALYSIS
A. GREAT WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant argues that his convictions went against the great weight of the evidence. We
disagree.
A defendant must move for a new trial to preserve the assertion that the jury’s verdict was
against the great weight of the evidence. People v Lopez, 305 Mich App 686, 695; 854 NW2d 205(2014). Here, defendant failed to do so, thereby leaving this issue unpreserved. “Unpreserved
challenges to the great weight of the evidence are reviewed for plain error affecting the defendant’s
substantial rights.” Id. at 695. “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements
must be met: 1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
plain error affected substantial rights.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130(1999). To affect substantial rights, the error must be prejudicial. Id. An error is prejudicial if it
“affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. The defendant bears the burden of
showing prejudice. Id. Even if prejudice is shown, the reviewing court should reverse only if the
“plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant” or if the error
“seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings independent
of the defendant’s innocence.” Id. at 763-764, quoting United States v Olano, 507 US 725, 736-
737; 113 S Ct 1770; 123 L Ed 2d 508 (1993) (quotation marks omitted; alteration in original).
“The test to determine whether a verdict is against the great weight of the evidence is
whether the evidence preponderates so heavily against the verdict that it would be a miscarriage
of justice to allow the verdict to stand.” People v Anderson, 322 Mich App 622, 632; 912 NW2d
607 (2018) (quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court explained that
[c]onflicting testimony, even when impeached to some extent, is an insufficient
ground for granting a new trial. [U]nless it can be said that directly contradictory
testimony was so far impeached that it was deprived of all probative value or that
the jury could not believe it, or contradicted indisputable physical facts or defied
physical realities, the trial court must defer to the jury’s determination. [Id.
(emphasis added; citation omitted; alterations in original).]
This Court reiterated that “[i]t is the province of the jury to determine questions of fact and assess
the credibility of witnesses.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original).
Defendant’s argument is that NCN’s and CF’s respective testimony conflicted to such a
degree that both sets of testimony were deprived of all probative value, meaning that the jury could
not consider them. And without any other evidence, defendant contends his convictions should be
vacated. Defendant focuses on 10 supposed conflicts between NCN’s and CF’s respective
testimony. But, after review, these 10 supposed conflicts represent minor differences about minor
details, such as who played the game and what item CF dropped underneath the table. In fact,
many do not represent any differences at all, reflecting that defendant misinterpreted the testimony.
Both children were between 9 and 10 years old at the time of the sexual assault, and approximately
six years had passed. CF explicitly testified that his memory about the details was not good, easily
explaining the reason for the complained of differences. Despite his memory deficits regarding
-4-
the details, CF was confident in his recounting of the sexual assault he witnessed. Defendant
ignores this crucial point. Although certain details may have differed, both children were
consistent on the most critical aspect of their testimony: that defendant sexually assaulted NCN
while playing the board game Sorry. We are unpersuaded that the minor differences identified by
defendant deprived the children’s testimony of all probative value, prevented the jury from
believing their testimony, contradicted indisputable physical facts, or defied physical realities. Id.Instead, this is a case in which defendant takes issue with matters of credibility, which are left to
the jury’s determination. Id.B. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for two reasons: (1) trial counsel
failed to move for a mistrial based on the grandmother’s testimony concerning other-acts evidence,
and (2) trial counsel failed to object to Detective Roberts improperly commenting on and vouching
for NCN’s credibility. Defendant also maintains that the trial court plainly erred by not sua sponte
ordering a mistrial based on the grandmother’s testimony. We disagree.
“[A] defendant must move the trial court for a new trial or evidentiary hearing to preserve
the defendant’s claim that his or her counsel was ineffective.” People v Lane, 308 Mich App 38,
68; 862 NW2d 446 (2014). Because defendant failed to do so, “this Court’s review is limited to
those mistakes apparent on the record.” People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80; 829 NW2d 266(2012). The determination of whether a defendant has been deprived of the effective assistance of
counsel presents a mixed question of fact and constitutional law. People v Trakhtenberg, 493
Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error while questions
of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. Id. Clear error exists when “the reviewing court is
left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Lopez, 305 Mich App at
693 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
There is a strong presumption that trial counsel “ ‘rendered adequate assistance and made
all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment,’ ” People v Vaughn,
491 Mich 642, 670; 821 NW2d 288 (2012), quoting Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 690;
104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984), and a defendant has a “heavy burden” to show otherwise,
People v Seals, 285 Mich App 1, 17; 776 NW2d 314 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
For an ineffective assistance of counsel claim to be successful, a defendant must show:
(1) “counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and (2) “there is
a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Strickland, 466 US at 688, 694. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694.
Examination of counsel’s actions must be “highly deferential” and without the benefit of
hindsight, Strickland, 466 US at 689, and there is a “strong presumption” that counsel’s actions
arose from “sound trial strategy,” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52. This Court must not “substitute
[its] judgment for that of counsel on matters of trial strategy . . . .” People v Unger, 278 Mich App
210, 242-243; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). But “a court cannot insulate the review of counsel’s
performance by calling it trial strategy.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 52. Instead, “a court must
determine whether the ‘strategic choices [were] made after less than complete investigation,’ and
any choice is ‘reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support
-5-
the limitations on investigation.’ ” Id., quoting Strickland, 466 US at 690-691 (alteration in
original).
Moreover, this Court reviews an unpreserved mistrial issue for plain error affecting
substantial rights and exercises its discretion in deciding whether reversal is warranted. People v
Nash, 244 Mich App 93, 96-97; 625 NW2d 87 (2000), citing Carines, 460 Mich at 763. And “[a]
voluntary and unresponsive statement does not ordinarily constitute error.” People v Kelsey, 303
Mich 715, 717; 7 NW2d 120 (1942). See also People v Gonzales, 193 Mich App 263, 266-267;
483 NW2d 458 (1992), quoting People v Lumsden, 168 Mich App 286, 299; 423 NW2d 645 (1988)
(“ ‘[A]n unresponsive, volunteered answer to a proper question is not cause for granting a
mistrial.’ ”); People v Stegall, 102 Mich App 147, 151; 301 NW2d 473 (1980) (“A nonresponsive
volunteered answer to a proper question is not cause for granting a mistrial.”).
Apart from certain exceptions, former MRE 404(b)(1) generally prohibited the use of
“other crimes, wrongs, or acts . . . to prove the character of a person in order to show action in
conformity therewith.”1 If the prosecution intended to produce such evidence at trial, it was
required to provide written notice at least 14 days prior to trial. MRE 404(b)(2).
In this case, the complained of testimony from the grandmother was volunteered and
unresponsive to the prosecutor’s questions. The prosecutor did not attempt to elicit testimony
about other-acts evidence; rather, she merely asked who it was that had disclosed the sexual assault
to her and how this made her feel. Consequently, the prosecutor did not need to provide notice
under MRE 404(b)(2). Additionally, because the complained of testimony was volunteered and
nonresponsive, a mistrial was not warranted. Kelsey, 303 Mich at 717; Gonzales, 193 Mich App
at 266-267; Stegall, 102 Mich App at 151. Furthermore, the exchange was brief, and defendant
points to no other portions of the record in which the prosecutor highlighted the unresponsive
answers. Given this brief exchange and the witness’s nonresponsive answers, trial counsel may
have opted not to draw the jury’s attention to it by objecting. See Unger, 278 Mich App at 242(“As an experienced attorney, lead defense counsel was certainly aware that there are times when
it is better not to object and draw attention to an improper comment.”) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Moreover, the trial court provided a curative instruction to the jury about this
testimony2 and “jurors are presumed to follow [the trial court’s] instructions,” People v Graves,
458 Mich 476, 486; 581 NW2d 229 (1998).
Regarding Detective Roberts’s testimony, “[i]t is generally improper for a witness to
comment or provide an opinion on the credibility of another witness, because credibility matters
are to be determined by the jury.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 71; 732 NW2d 546 (2007).
1
The Rules of Evidence were recently amended. See, e.g., Administrative Order No. 2021-10,
___ Mich ___ (2023), effective January 1, 2024. Given that this case occurred before the effective
date of these changes, we will use the version of the rule in effect during trial.
2
Because the instructions were discussed off-the-record, it is not clear who requested the
additional instruction; however, it was prepared by the trial court and defense counsel expressed
his appreciation for the “written extra instruction.”
-6-
Similarly, “[a]n expert may not vouch for the veracity of a victim” of criminal sexual conduct. See
id.In this case, Detective Roberts did not comment on NCN’s credibility or veracity. She
merely testified about NCN’s demeanor in the forensic interview, whether anything stood out to
her during the interview, whether how a question was framed could dictate what answer was given,
and whether hypothetical statements were necessarily inconsistent with each other. Nor did
Detective Roberts directly comment on or vouch for NCN’s testimony. Compare this with People
v Hawkins, 507 Mich 949, 949; 959 NW2d 179 (2021), in which the police detective testified that
the victim’s demeanor was consistent with a child sexual assault victim; opined that, based on his
experience and training, the victim’s testimony appeared “authentic” to him; that he had been
unable to find inconsistencies in the allegations; that this created a good possibility that the
allegations were true; and that the defendant’s suggestion that the victim had fabricated the
“allegations to get her father’s attention” was untrue. Without any improper testimony, trial
counsel had no reason to object. See People v Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 245; 870 NW2d 593(2015) (“[C]ounsel is not ineffective for failing to raise meritless or futile objections.”). And we
further disagree with defendant that this case represented a one-on-one credibility contest because
CF was present and testified about the sexual assault against NCN. Cf. Hawkins, 507 Mich at 950
(highlighting no third-party witness or physical evidence).
C. HEARSAY
Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the grandmother’s
testimony about CF’s disclosure. We disagree.
A trial court’s decision to admit or preclude evidence is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
People v Mardlin, 487 Mich 609, 614; 790 NW2d 607 (2010). A court abuses its discretion when
its decision is “outside the range of principled outcomes.” People v Musser, 494 Mich 337, 348;
835 NW2d 319 (2013). But when “the decision involves a preliminary question of law, which is
whether a rule of evidence precludes admissibility, the question is reviewed de novo.” People v
McDaniel, 469 Mich 409, 412; 670 NW2d 659 (2003).
Hearsay is inadmissible unless an exception applies. MRE 802. Under MRE 801(c),
hearsay was defined to be “a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying
at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 803
contains numerous exceptions to the general rule that hearsay is inadmissible. Pertinent to this
appeal is the excited utterance exception. Under MRE 803(2), the excited utterance exception
permits admission of “[a] statement relating to a startling event or condition made while the
declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or condition.” There are two
primary requirements for an excited utterance to be admissible: “1) that there be a startling event,
and 2) that the resulting statement be made while under the excitement caused by the event.”
People v Smith, 456 Mich 543, 550; 581 NW2d 654 (1998). “[I]t is the lack of [the declarant’s]
capacity to fabricate, not the lack of time to fabricate, that is the focus of the excited utterance rule.
The question is not strictly one of time, but of the possibility for conscious reflection.” Id. at 551
(emphasis added). “There is no express time limit for excited utterances.” Id. at 551-552
(emphasis added). “Though the time that passes between the event and the statement is an
important factor to be considered in determining whether the declarant was still under the stress of
-7-
the event when the statement was made, it is not dispositive.” Id. at 551. “Physical factors, such
as shock, unconsciousness, or pain, may prolong the period in which the risk of fabrication is
reduced to an acceptable minimum,” and “[t]he trial court’s determination whether the declarant
was still under the stress of the event is given wide discretion.” Id. at 552 (quotation marks and
citation omitted). The Smith Court held that a statement made by a 16-year-old about a sexual
assault about 10 hours after it occurred was admissible as an excited utterance. Id. at 545, 547-
549.
In this case, one to two hours had passed before CF informed the grandmother about the
sexual assault. The grandmother described CF as nervous and worried. Moreover, after witnessing
the sexual assault, CF immediately spoke to NCN when they finished the game and repeatedly
asked her if defendant had been touching her. CF testified that he had felt angry and had a strong
desire to disclose because he could not “just let something like that happen.” In turn, NCN testified
that, underneath the table, CF “was acting surprised” and said, “ ‘Whoa, I gotta tell.’ ” The trial
testimony supported the trial court’s determination that there had been a startling event and that
CF’s disclosure was made while still under the excitement caused by that startling event. The
startling event was defendant’s sexual assault of NCN. CF, a child, witnessed defendant’s assault
and had strong emotional reaction to it, including anger, nervousness, and worry. Under the
circumstances, there was little time for reflection or fabrication. And we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted CF’s statement to his grandmother under the
hearsay exception for excited utterances.3
D. PROSECUTORIAL ERROR4
Finally, defendant contends that the prosecutor argued facts unsupported by the evidence
during his closing. Alternatively, defendant contends that trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to object to those remarks. Although we agree with one of defendant’s arguments, we nevertheless
conclude that he is not entitled to relief.
“In order to preserve an issue of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must
contemporaneously object and request a curative instruction.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich App
465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). Defendant failed to do so, rendering this issue unpreserved.
Unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed “for outcome-determinative, plain
error.” Seals, 285 Mich App at 21-22. This Court will reverse “only when the plain error resulted
in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness,
3
Having found no abuse of discretion regarding admission under the excited utterance exception,
we need not address defendant’s argument that CF’s disclosure constituted a present sense
impression under MRE 803(1) or the prosecution’s argument that it was a prior consistent
statement under MRE 801(d)(1).
4
This Court recognizes that a fairer label for most claims of prosecutorial misconduct is
“prosecutorial error,” meaning that only the most extreme cases rise to the level of “prosecutorial
misconduct.” People v Cooper, 309 Mich App 74, 87-88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015). To the extent
that we employ the term “prosecutorial misconduct,” we do so only a term of art used in the past.
-8-
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at 22, citing Carines, 460 Mich at 764-
767.
“The test of prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was denied a fair and
impartial trial (i.e., whether prejudice resulted).” People v Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 272; 662
NW2d 836 (2003). Prosecutorial misconduct questions are examined on a case-by-case basis. Id.This Court must review the relevant part of the record and evaluate the prosecutor’s statements in
context. Id. at 272-273. Prosecutors “are free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences
from the evidence as it relates to [their] theory of the case.” People v Bahoda, 402 Mich 261, 282;
531 NW2d 659 (1995). See also People v Thomas, 260 Mich App 450, 454; 678 NW2d 631(2004). But prosecutors are not permitted to argue facts to the jury that are not supported by the
evidence produced during trial. Unger, 278 Mich App at 241.
In this case, defendant challenges three portions of the prosecutor’s closing remarks. In
part, the prosecutor argued that, as a result of the sexual assault, NCN struggled in school; started
to distance herself from her family; and began to cut herself and contemplate suicide. Defendant
contends that during trial, NCN specifically denied that her life was different because of what
defendant had done, and, therefore, the prosecutor’s arguments were improper. But NCN’s mother
and grandmother both testified about NCN’s behavioral changes after the sexual assault and their
testimony amply supported two of the prosecutor’s remarks. More specifically, NCN’s mother
testified that, before the sexual assault, NCN was “happy-go-lucky” and enjoyed spending time
with family. But, afterward, NCN began to drift away and preferred to be by herself. NCN’s
mother described how, before counseling, NCN opened up about trying to cut herself. Moreover,
NCN’s mother described: “[J]ust seein’ how [NCN] is now compared to what she was back then,
it’s different. It’s—it almost feels like that’s not my daughter.” Similarly, NCN’s grandmother
testified that NCN’s demeanor and behavior changed: NCN preferred to stay in the basement, did
not want to come up to eat, and did not want to play with the other kids. And NCN’s school
flagged her laptop searches for ways to commit suicide. Accordingly, the prosecutor did not make
such remarks without evidentiary support, Bahoda, 402 Mich at 282, and trial counsel had no duty
to raise a futile objection, Putman, 309 Mich App at 245.
But we agree with defendant that the evidence did not support the prosecutor’s argument
that NCN’s struggles in school resulted from the sexual assault. Both NCN and her mother
testified that the reason NCN repeated the fourth grade was because of reading issues. And NCN’s
grandmother helped NCN with her reading and indicated that NCN’s academic struggles were
related to in-home schooling requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic. Even assuming the
prosecutor’s remark constituted plain error and that trial counsel’s failure to object was deficient,
reversal is not required. “Curative instructions are sufficient to cure the prejudicial effect of most
inappropriate prosecutorial statements, and jurors are presumed to follow their instructions.”
Unger, 278 Mich App at 235 (citations omitted). In this case, the trial court instructed the jury
that the attorneys’ arguments were not evidence and that the jury must make its decision only on
the evidence presented. Moreover, the prosecutor’s remarks were brief and involved a minor topic.
Moreover, as previously discussed, this case did not involve a one-on-one credibility contest. Both
NCN and CF testified about the sexual assault. NCN’s mother and grandmother testified about
CF’s initial disclosure, and NCN’s mother and grandmother testified about the drastic changes in
NCN’s behavior, including self-harm and seeking ways to commit suicide. We are unpersuaded
that the prosecutor’s singular mention of NCN’s school struggles had any meaningful effect on the
-9-
jury’s decision. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to relief under the plain-error standard nor
has he carried his dual burden of establishing that counsel performed deficiently by failing to object
to the prosecutor’s remarks and that there was a reasonable probability that the trial’s outcome
would have been different but for counsel’s deficient performance. Seals, 288 Mich App at 21-
22; Unger, 278 Mich App at 238, 242-243.
Affirmed.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ Anica Letica
-10-