Smith v. Campbell ( 2022 )

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN SOUTHERN DIVISION DWAYNE M. SMITH, Petitioner, v. Case No. 19-cv-11598 Honorable Linda V. Parker SHERMAN CAMPBELL, Respondent. ______________________________/ OPINION AND ORDER DENYING HABEAS PETITION, DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY, AND GRANTING LEAVE TO APPEAL IN FORMA PAUPERIS Petitioner Dwayne M. Smith, a state prisoner in the custody of the Michigan Department of Corrections, filed a pro se habeas corpus petition challenging his plea-based convictions and sentence for two counts of armed robbery, Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.529. Petitioner raises two claims about his trial attorney. Respondent argues in his Answer that Petitioner waived and procedurally defaulted his claims and that the Michigan Court of Appeals reasonably rejected the claims on the merits. The Court agrees that Petitioner’s claims do not warrant habeas corpus relief. Accordingly, the Court is denying the habeas petition and declining to issue a certificate of appealability. The Court, nevertheless, will allow Petitioner to appeal this decision in forma pauperis. I. Background Petitioner was charged with two counts of armed robbery. The charges arose from an incident at a Family Dollar Store in Waterford, Michigan on December 30, 2015. In state court appellate proceedings, the State described the evidence as “strongly arrayed against” Petitioner because one victim identified him as one of the robbers at a photo array and at [the] preliminary examination. The robbery was also captured on the surveillance tape. One of the victim’s phones [was] found on defendant when he was arrested for another armed robbery of a similar store in a different city one day later. Also, defendant’s cell phone was established to have been [in] the area of Family Dollar at the time of the robbery. (Br. at 13, ECF No. 12-5 at Pg ID 310 n.4 (citations omitted); see also 6/14/16 Hr’g Tr. at 5-43, ECF No. 12-2 at Pg ID 115-53 (a victim’s identification of Petitioner and testimony about the robbery).) On August 21, 2017, Petitioner pleaded no contest to the charges in Oakland County Circuit Court. In return, the prosecution agreed to dismiss a “super” habitual offender notice, which would have required Petitioner to serve a minimum sentence of twenty-five years in prison. The parties also agreed to: a minimum sentence of at least seventeen years in prison; sentencing credit for time served (one and a half to two years); and a sentence that would run concurrently with any unrelated sentences that Petitioner was serving at the time. (See 8/21/17 Plea Tr., ECF No. 12-3 at Pg ID 175-183.) On September 14, 2017, the state trial court sentenced Petitioner to two concurrent terms of seventeen to thirty years in prison with credit for 517 days. The court also ordered the sentence to run concurrently with any time that Petitioner was already serving. (See 9/14/17 Sentencing Tr., ECF No. 12-4 at Pg ID 207-208.) Petitioner applied for leave to appeal in the Michigan Court of Appeals where he argued that: (1) he lacked the assistance of counsel during a critical stage of the proceedings because his pre-plea request for counsel to withdraw from the case was denied; and (2) he was denied effective assistance of counsel during the plea-bargaining process because his attorney refused to raise a speedy trial claim. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied leave to appeal “for lack of merit in the grounds presented” to the court. See People v. Smith, No. 341552 (Mich. Ct. App. Feb. 6, 2018). Petitioner raised the same claims in the Michigan Supreme Court, which denied leave to appeal on May 29, 2018, because the Court was not persuaded to review the questions presented to the court. See People v. Smith, 911 N.W.2d 724 (Mich. 2018). On May 30, 2019, Petitioner filed his federal habeas petition. (See Pet., ECF No. 1.) Petitioner did not articulate any grounds for relief in the form he used; instead, he referred the reader to pages 4 through 7 of his state appellate brief. (See id. at Pg ID 5, 7.) Although Petitioner indicated that he was attaching his appellate brief to his habeas petition, the Court did not receive any attachments to the petition. Accordingly, the Court ordered Petitioner to file an amended petition or a short and plain statement of his grounds for relief. (See 7/25/19 Order for More Definite Statement, ECF No. 5.) Petitioner then filed a motion for a stay and for an extension of time to comply with the Court’s order for more definite statement (Mot., ECF No. 6), which the Court denied as moot because Petitioner attached his state appellate brief to the motion and he did not appear to be raising any new claims that were not raised in state court (see 2/4/20 Order Denying Mot. for a Stay and an Extension of Time, ECF No. 8). Respondent subsequently filed an Answer to the habeas petition. (See Answer in Opp’n to Pet. for Writ of Habeas Corpus, ECF No. 11.) Respondent urges the Court to deny relief because Petitioner waived or procedurally defaulted his claims and because the Michigan Court of Appeals reasonably rejected the claims on the merits. (See id. at Pg ID 60.) The Court proceeds to address Petitioner’s claims, as set forth in his state appellate brief. II. Standard of Review Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), a prisoner challenging “a matter ‘adjudicated on the merits in State court’” must “show that the relevant state court ‘decision’ (1) ‘was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,’ or (2) ‘was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.’” Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1191 (2018) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). The Supreme Court has explained that a state court decision is “contrary to [the Supreme Court’s] clearly established precedent if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or “if the state court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [Supreme Court] precedent.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73 (2003) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405-406 (2000)) (alterations added). Further, “under the ‘unreasonable application’ clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case.” Id., at 413, 120 S. Ct. 1495. The “unreasonable application” clause requires the state court decision to be more than incorrect or erroneous. Id., at 410, 412, 120 S. Ct. 1495. The state court’s application of clearly established law must be objectively unreasonable. Id., at 409, 120 S. Ct. 1495. Id. at 75 (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 413). “AEDPA thus imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for evaluating state- court rulings,’ and ‘demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt[.]’” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. 766, 773 (2010) (internal and end citations omitted). “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664 (2004)). Thus, “[o]nly an ‘objectively unreasonable’ mistake, . . . one ‘so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded disagreement,’ slips through the needle’s eye of § 2254.” Saulsberry v. Lee, 937 F.3d 644, 648 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 445 (2019) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 103). “That’s a ‘high bar’ to relief, which ‘is intentionally difficult to meet.’” Kendrick v. Parris, 989 F.3d 459, 469 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting Woods v. Donald, 575 U.S. 312, 316 (2015)). III. Discussion A. The Alleged Lack of Counsel during a Critical Stage In his first ground for relief, Petitioner alleges that he was denied the assistance of counsel during the plea proceeding because the trial court denied his pre-plea request for appointment of a different attorney. Petitioner alleges that he made a timely and good-faith request for substitution of counsel and that he established a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship. He concludes that the court’s denial of his request violated his constitutional right to counsel at a critical stage of the proceeding. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the accused in a criminal prosecution “the right to . . . have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Supreme Court’s precedents provide that, “once the adversary judicial process has been initiated, the Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to have counsel present at all ‘critical’ stages of the criminal proceedings.” Montejo v. Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 786 (2009). “A plea hearing qualifies as a ‘critical stage.’” Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 87 (2004) (citing White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59, 60 (1963)). Contrary to Petitioner’s allegation, however, he was not deprived of the assistance of counsel at his plea. He was represented by counsel throughout the proceeding, and this is not a case where defense counsel “entirely fail[ed] to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing” or provided assistance “so small that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate.” United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659-60 (1984). Furthermore, Petitioner had no right to substitution of counsel because the attorney who represented him at the plea was appointed. Although [t]he [Sixth] Amendment guarantees defendants in criminal cases the right to adequate representation, . . . those who do not have the means to hire their own lawyers have no cognizable complaint so long as they are adequately represented by attorneys appointed by the courts. “[A] defendant may not insist on representation by an attorney he cannot afford.” Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617, 624 (1989) (quoting Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988)). Stated differently, “the right to counsel of choice does not extend to defendants who require counsel to be appointed for them.” United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 151 (2006). Finally, the record reflects that Petitioner waived review of his claim. Petitioner pleaded guilty on the scheduled trial date. (See 8/21/17 Plea Tr., ECF No. 12-3.) At the beginning of the proceedings, Petitioner orally moved for substitute counsel and the trial court denied his request. (Id. at Pg ID 163-67.) There was a brief break in the proceedings shortly thereafter and when the case was recalled, defense counsel announced that Petitioner wanted to take advantage of the prosecutor’s plea offer. (Id. at Pg ID 175.) Defense counsel acknowledged that a few minutes earlier Petitioner had said he did not want defense counsel to be his lawyer, but counsel believed Petitioner understood the circumstances and had made his decision of his own accord. (Id. at Pg ID 176-77.) Petitioner then engaged in a colloquy with the trial court and indicated that he wanted to plead no contest. (Id. at Pg ID 178-83.) When the court pointed out that Petitioner had asked to have his attorney dismissed from the case earlier that morning, Petitioner stated that he was comfortable with the plea. (Id. at Pg ID 180-81.) Petitioner also stated that he had an adequate opportunity to discuss the plea with his attorney and that he wished to plead no contest. (Id. at Pg ID 178- 183.) Petitioner’s no-contest plea represented a break in the chain of events that preceded it, and he is not attacking the voluntary and intelligent nature of his plea. Therefore, his no-contest plea forecloses this Court’s review of his denial of counsel of choice claim. As explained in United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563 (1989), [a] plea of guilty and the ensuing conviction comprehend all of the factual and legal elements necessary to sustain a binding, final judgment of guilt and a lawful sentence. Accordingly, when the judgment of conviction upon a guilty plea has become final and the offender seeks to reopen the proceeding, the inquiry is ordinarily confined to whether the underlying plea was both counseled and voluntary. If the answer is in the affirmative then the conviction and the plea, as a general rule, foreclose the collateral attack. Id. at 569. This principle applies to no-contest pleas, because “[l]ike a plea of guilty, a plea of nolo contendere constitutes a waiver of all so-called ‘non-jurisdictional defects’ or, more accurately, any claims not logically inconsistent with the issue of factual guilt[.]” United States v. Freed, 688 F.2d 24, 25 (6th Cir. 1982). Petitioner’s claim lacks merit and was waived by his plea. Further, the state appellate court’s rejection of the claim for lack of merit was objectively reasonable. The Court, therefore, declines to grant relief on Petitioner’s first claim. B. Effective Assistance of Counsel During the Plea In his only other claim, Petitioner alleges that he was denied effective assistance of counsel during the plea-bargaining process because his court- appointed attorney refused to raise a speedy trial claim in his behalf. 1. Legal Framework The constitutional right to counsel and the right to effective assistance of competent counsel extends to the plea-bargaining process. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 162 (2012). But to prevail on his ineffectiveness claim, Petitioner must show “that counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). When a defendant is presented by counsel and enters a plea on the advice of counsel, the deficient-performance prong of Strickland depends on whether counsel’s advice was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 56-58 (1985). The “prejudice” requirement “focuses on whether counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance affected the outcome of the plea process.” Id. at 59. The defendant must show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial. Id. Although a defendant can waive the right to put on a defense, when a plea is challenged through an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, the availability of a defense is relevant under Hill for determining whether the defendant suffered prejudice. Dando v. Yukins, 461 F.3d 791, 798 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006). According to Petitioner, defense counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a speedy trial. The right to “a speedy trial is guaranteed the accused by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 515 (1972). Some of the factors courts should assess in determining whether a defendant’s right has been violated are: “Length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” Id at 503. 2. Application of the Law Earlier in the proceedings on the day of Petitioner’s guilty plea, he indicated to the court that his case had been pending for sixteen months and that his attorney had not filed a motion for a speedy trial. (8/21/17 Plea Tr., ECF No. 12-3 at Pg ID 163.) The prosecutor, however, pointed out that Petitioner also was prosecuted in Wayne County and that some of the delay was due to Petitioner’s request to have his former attorney replaced. (Id. at Pg ID 163-164.) Defense counsel added that it had been difficult to prepare the case because Petitioner had been in and out of Oakland County for most of the time his case was pending there. (Id. at Pg ID 164.)1 Defense counsel also stated that, to the extent there were motions that he did not file, the reason for not filing them was because he did not believe the motions were appropriate or useful. (Id. at Pg ID 165.) Petitioner stated that defense counsel and the court knew where he was and that the court could have arranged to have him brought over from Wayne County. (Id. at Pg ID 165-166.) The trial court nevertheless opined that Petitioner had not shown any prejudice as a result of the alleged delay in bringing Petitioner to trial. (Id. at Pg ID 166.) The trial court pointed out that Petitioner was incarcerated due to a one-to-fifteen-year sentence and had recently been sentenced to eleven and a half to thirty years and “[s]o he wasn’t going anywhere” and there had been difficulty getting him from other courts because of these other pending matters and sentencings. (Id.) At Petitioner’s sentencing, the trial court again opined that there was no violation of Petitioner’s speedy trial rights. (See 9/14/17 Sentencing Tr., ECF No. 12-4 at Pg ID 206.) Petitioner, moreover, initially was facing a minimum sentence of twenty-five years in prison. The plea agreement called for a minimum sentence of seventeen years, and with almost two years of jail credit, his minimum sentence was closer to 1 At the subsequent sentencing, defense counsel stated that Petitioner “was initially arrested and then whisked to another county and back to the State facility and then back to another county and back here.” (9/14/17 Sentencing Tr., ECF No. 12-4 at Pg ID 199.) fifteen years. (See 8/21/17 Plea Tr., ECF No. 12-3 at Pg ID 168.) The plea agreement also called for Petitioner’s minimum sentence to run concurrently with his recent Wayne County sentence, which was approximately eleven or eleven and a half years. This meant that Petitioner would serve only about three and a half more years on his Oakland County case after serving his Wayne County sentence. (See id. at Pg ID 168-169.) Petitioner ultimately received 517 days of credit on his sentence. (See 9/14/17 Sentencing Tr., ECF No. 12-4 at Pg ID 202.) Given the favorable plea agreement, the strength of the prosecution’s case, and the unlikelihood that Petitioner would have prevailed on a motion for speedy trial, defense counsel’s failure to file a motion for speedy trial did not prejudice Petitioner. And “there can be no finding of ineffective assistance without prejudice.” Shimel v. Warren, 838 F.3d 685, 697 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Phillips v. Bradshaw, 607 F.3d 199, 216 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691- 92)). Petitioner’s claim lacks merit, and the state appellate court’s rejection of the claim for lack of merit was objectively reasonable. Petitioner, therefore, has no right to relief on his second claim. III. Conclusion Petitioner waived review of his first claim by pleading no contest, and both of his claims lack merit. Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is DENIED. IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a certificate of appealability is denied because reasonable jurists could not disagree with the Court’s resolution of Petitioner’s claims, nor conclude that the issues deserve encouragement to proceed further. Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 327 (2003) (citing Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)). IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Petitioner may proceed in forma pauperis on appeal if he appeals this decision because he was permitted to proceed without prepayment of the fees and costs for this action, and an appeal could be taken in good faith. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3); Fed. R. App. P. 24(a)(3)(A). IT IS SO ORDERED. s/ Linda V. Parker LINDA V. PARKER U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE Dated: March 15, 2022 I hereby certify that a copy of the foregoing document was mailed to counsel of record and/or pro se parties on this date, March 15, 2022, by electronic and/or U.S. First Class mail. s/Aaron Flanigan Case Manager