Roger Lee Jackson v. State of Mississippi , 245 So. 3d 433 ( 2018 )


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  •                     IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
    NO. 2017-KA-00719-SCT
    ROGER LEE JACKSON a/k/a ROGER JACKSON
    a/k/a ROGER L. JACKSON
    v.
    STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
    DATE OF JUDGMENT:                         05/05/2017
    TRIAL JUDGE:                              HON. JEFF WEILL, SR.
    TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS:                    GREG RICHARD SPORE
    MICHELE PURVIS HARRIS
    MICHAEL ERIC BROWN
    ESEOSA GWENDLINE AGHO
    JACK BRADLEY McCULLOUCH
    COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                   OFFICE OF THE STATE PUBLIC
    DEFENDER
    BY: GEORGE T. HOLMES
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                    OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
    BY: ALICIA MARIE AINSWORTH
    DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                        ROBERT SHULER SMITH
    NATURE OF THE CASE:                       CRIMINAL - FELONY
    DISPOSITION:                              AFFIRMED - 06/14/2018
    MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
    MANDATE ISSUED:
    BEFORE KITCHENS, P.J., BEAM AND CHAMBERLIN, JJ.
    BEAM, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
    ¶1.    Roger Lee Jackson appeals from his convictions for aggravated assault and felon in
    possession of a firearm after a jury trial in Hinds County Circuit Court. The jury acquitted
    Jackson of deliberate-design murder, which was charged in the same indictment. Jackson
    claims the trial court committed reversible error by: (1) limiting defense counsel’s cross-
    examination of State’s witnesses; and (2) limiting defense counsel’s closing argument about
    reasonable doubt. Finding no reversible error, we affirm Jackson’s convictions.
    FACTS
    ¶2.    In the early morning hours on November 11, 2014, two men were shot near Roach
    Street in Jackson, Mississippi. One of the victims, Quincy McGowan, died. His body was
    discovered in a nearby vacant lot by a passerby shortly after noon on November 11. Police
    found ten 9 mm shell casings near the body, and a 9 mm projectile was recovered from
    McGowan’s body during autopsy.
    ¶3.    The other victim, Emmanuel Jones, survived after being shot five times–once in the
    face, three times in the torso, and once in the foot. Doctors retrieved a .22 caliber projectile
    from Jones’s body during treatment at a nearby hospital.
    ¶4.    Jones testified at Jackson’s trial. According to Jones, he and Jackson were riding
    around in Jackson’s vehicle looking to buy some drugs on the night of the shooting. At some
    point, Jones and Jackson encountered Jerry Lewis driving another vehicle, with two males
    riding as passengers. Jones and Jackson followed Lewis to the vicinity of Roach Street and
    Farrish Street, where they parked the vehicles in a vacant lot.
    ¶5.    Jackson and Lewis got out of their vehicles and started talking. The two then began
    to argue. Jones said he heard Jackson tell one of the other individuals riding with Lewis to
    get out of the vehicle. Jones said he heard a gunshot, and he saw Jackson shoot McGowan.
    2
    Jackson then came back to his vehicle and walked over to the passenger side where Jones
    was sitting, and began shooting Jones.
    ¶6.    Jones got out of the vehicle and ran to a nearby house, banged on the door, and
    collapsed on the porch. The home’s occupant called 911.
    ¶7.    A couple of weeks after the shooting, Jones identified Jackson from a photo lineup
    as the person who had shot him. Jones told the jury he believed Jackson had shot him (Jones)
    because Jackson did not want any witnesses.
    ¶8.    On cross-examination, Jones admitted he was a prior-convicted felon and was on
    probation at the time of the shooting. Jones said he was not allowed to own or possess a
    firearm. Jones said he did not own a gun, and was not in possession of one at the time of the
    shootings.
    ¶9.    Jones’s sister, Jerminda Myers, testified on behalf of the State. Myers said, soon after
    the shooting, she talked to Jones at the hospital about what had happened. Myers, who had
    once dated Jackson, said she had received a phone call from Jackson shortly after she talked
    to Jones at the hospital. Jackson said he heard Jones had been shot. According to Myers,
    Jackson was questioning her about Jones’s condition and trying to find out if Jones was able
    to talk. Myers said she “played along” and told Jackson Jones “was in critical condition.”
    Myers said “it wasn’t true.” Jones was not in critical condition, and she had talked to Jones
    and Jones had told her who shot him. Myers said when Jackson said to her, “Ain’t no telling
    who did it[,]” she “almost bit [her tongue] off.”
    3
    ¶10.   Myers said she received another phone call from Jackson a day later, asking if she still
    lived in the same apartment. And Jackson asked if Myers’s mother still lived in the same
    location. Myers said she responded to Jackson: “I asked him did his mom stay in the same
    spot she lived in.”
    ¶11.   Detective Rozerrio Camel of the Jackson Police Department testified on behalf of the
    State and the defense. Detective Camel investigated the scene where McGowan’s body was
    found on November 11.
    ¶12.   Detective Camel said Jackson developed as a suspect in the case during his
    investigation. And Detective Camel said he received a telephone call from an individual
    named Michael Davis, saying he had some information concerning the death of McGowan.
    ¶13.   Davis testified at trial that McGowan was his best friend, whom he had known since
    the fourth grade. When Davis learned McGowan had been killed, Davis began asking
    around trying to found out who had killed him. Davis said when he spoke to Jackson,
    Jackson had admitted killing McGowan. According to Davis, Jackson stated: “Okay. I did
    it. Now what are you going to do?”
    ¶14.   Davis thereafter spoke to Detective Camel and told him that Jackson had said he had
    killed McGowan. Detective Camel showed Davis a photograph lineup, from which Davis
    identified Jackson. Davis also identified Jackson in the courtroom as the person who had
    told him that he had killed McGowan.
    4
    ¶15.    On cross-examination, Davis testified that he had a subsequent conversation with
    Jackson in which Jackson said that Lewis also was involved, along with someone named
    “Tope.”
    ¶16.    During the defense’s case-in-chief, the defense called two witnesses: Detective Camel
    and Tommy Bishop, a firearms examiner at the Mississippi Crime Laboratory. Jackson did
    not testify.
    ¶17.    The defense first asked Detective Camel about items that were found at the crime
    scene and what, if any, forensic tests were conducted on those items. Detective Camel said
    he had turned over all the items recovered to the Mississippi Crime Lab. The defense also
    asked Detective Camel whether any DNA samples were collected from Jones, or from
    anyone else in connection with the shootings. Detective Camel said no DNA samples were
    collected from anyone.
    ¶18.    Lastly, the defense asked Detective Camel whether he had interviewed Lewis during
    the course of his investigation. Detective Camel said he had interviewed Lewis, and Lewis
    was considered a potential suspect. But according to Detective Camel, they did not have
    enough evidence linking him to the shooting(s). Detective Camel said “nobody came to me
    and told me that they saw [Lewis] shoot [anyone].” When the defense asked Detective
    Camel whether Lewis was dismissed as a potential suspect, Detective Camel said: “I never
    did dismiss him. I just didn’t have enough to make an arrest. Like I said, I did interview
    him.”
    5
    ¶19.      Bishop testified that he had examined one of the bullet projectiles recovered from
    Jones’s body. Bishop said he was positive it was “a .22-caliber[,]” and not a “nine-
    millimeter.” Based on a question asked by the defense, Bishop said the report he received
    in the case listed two suspects, “Roger Jackson and Jerry Lewis.”
    ¶20.      After the case was submitted to the jury, Jackson was found guilty of aggravated
    assault and felon in possession of a firearm. The jury acquitted Jackson of deliberate-design
    murder. This appeal followed. Additional facts will be related in the discussion of the
    issues.
    DISCUSSION
    I.     Whether the trial court erred in limiting Jackson’s cross-
    examination of the State’s witnesses.
    ¶21.      Jackson claims his defense strategy at trial was to impeach Jones and shift the blame
    for both shootings to Lewis. According to Jackson, at several key points during cross-
    examination of state witnesses, the State interrupted Jackson’s efforts to establish evidence
    in support of his defense with various objections that were sustained by the trial court.
    Jackson contends this violated his federal and state constitutional rights to confront witnesses
    against him. See U.S. Const. amends. V, VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26 (1890).
    ¶22.      First, according to Jackson, after Jones testified that Lewis and Jackson were arguing,
    defense counsel asked Jones if he had reported to the police that during the argument, Lewis
    had expressed angry remarks about Lewis’s residence being “shot up.” The State objected
    on the basis that the question was “improper,” and the trial court sustained without stating
    the basis, telling the jury to disregard the question and the answer elicited.
    6
    ¶23.   Jackson contends that, since the fact Jackson and Lewis had been arguing had been
    established, the subject of the argument was relevant and probative under Mississippi Rules
    of Evidence 401, 403, and 613. Jackson argues that the question did not call for a hearsay
    response, because what was asked was not to establish the truth of the matter asserted, but
    rather to establish that Lewis was angry. See M.R.E. 801(c). And Jackson submits that, even
    if it was hearsay, two exceptions to the rule applied, those for excited utterances and a
    present-sense impression, under Rules 803(1) and (2), because Lewis was involved in an
    argument.
    ¶24.   Jackson next argues that, during Detective Camel’s cross-examination, defense
    counsel was in the process of laying a foundation that something Jones purportedly said to
    the police gave indication that Lewis may have shot Jones and McGowan. The State
    objected and the trial court sustained, finding the question called for speculation.
    ¶25.   According to Jackson, since it was known two different calibers of ammunition were
    used in the shootings, it was reasonable to conclude there may have been two shooters.
    Therefore, the jury was entitled to know what Jones said, if anything, about Lewis firing any
    weapons.
    ¶26.   Lastly, on this issue, Jackson claims that another damaging limitation of his right to
    confrontation occurred when defense counsel “began to press” Davis on exactly what
    Jackson had said to him about Lewis’s involvement. The State objected to hearsay, and the
    trial court sustained, finding that testimony about what Jackson had told Davis about Lewis’s
    involvement was inadmissible, self-serving hearsay.
    7
    ¶27.   Jackson argues that, since he (Jackson) allegedly admitted to Davis that he had shot
    McGowan, his (Jackson’s) alleged remarks about Lewis’s involvement were not self-serving
    and were admissible. Jackson contends the entire conversation between Davis and himself
    was admissible under a defendant’s right to have his entire statement considered when
    offered by the State, including any self-serving portions. Jackson relies on Sanders v. State,
    
    237 Miss. 772
    , 
    115 So. 2d 145
    , 146-47 (1959), in which this Court held that, in regard to
    confessions: “[T]he whole of what the accused said on the subject at the time of making the
    confession should be taken together. The prosecution is entitled to show the whole
    statement, or if any part is omitted, the accused is entitled to supply it.” Further, “the accused
    is entitled to have the entire conversation including any exculpatory or self-serving
    declarations connected therewith, also admitted.” 
    Id. at 147.
    ¶28.   Jackson maintains that Mississippi long has followed the wide-open cross-
    examination codified in Rule of Evidence 611(b). And the trial court violated this rule by
    limiting Jackson’s cross-examination, which irreparably prejudiced Jackson’s attempt to
    present a defense and violated his constitutional right to confront key witnesses.
    ¶29.   Jackson claims he also was prejudiced by not being allowed to present evidence in
    support of his defense, namely, that Lewis shot McGowan and Jones. Citing Terry v. State,
    
    718 So. 2d 1115
    (Miss. 1998), and Keys v. State, 
    635 So. 2d 845
    (Miss. 1994), Jackson
    points out that this Court steadfastly has held that a “criminal defendant is entitled to present
    his defense to the finder of fact, and it is fundamentally unfair to deny the jury the
    8
    opportunity to consider the defendant’s defense where there is testimony to support the
    theory.” 
    Terry, 718 So. 2d at 1121
    .
    ¶30.   Jackson urges application of the principles that guided this Court in Terry, in which
    the defendant was charged with embezzling money from her employer. 
    Id. at 1120-21.
    In
    Terry, the defendant sought to present evidence that other people, including the business
    owners, were possible suspects, but the trial court prevented her from doing so. Reversing
    the trial court judgment, this Court held that “when an accused is being tried for a serious
    offense, the jury is entitled to hear any testimony that the [defendant] may have in the way
    of an alibi or defense.” 
    Id. at 1123.
    ¶31.   Here, we find no reversible error in any of Jackson’s claims. We will discuss each
    separately.
    ¶32.   Our standard of review regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence is abuse of
    discretion. Brown v. State, 
    965 So. 2d 1023
    , 1026 (Miss. 2007). “For a case to be reversed
    on the admission or exclusion of evidence, it must result in prejudice and harm or adversely
    affect a substantial right of a party.” Pham v. State, 
    716 So. 2d 1100
    , 1102 (Miss. 1998).
    Jones
    ¶33.   The defense sought to impeach Jones with prior, inconsistent, out-of-court statements
    that the defense contends Jones made to Detective Camel during his investigation in the case.
    The defense also sought to obtain evidence from Jones in support of its theory in the case that
    Lewis, not Jackson, may have been the shooter of both victims.
    9
    ¶34.   According to the record, after defense counsel asked Jones about his trial testimony
    regarding the three men in the other vehicle, and about Jones being able to identify only
    Lewis from the other vehicle, the following exchange took place.
    Q.     Thank you. Now, [Jackson] and Jerry Lewis, “Puppy,” were arguing
    over something for about ten or 15 minutes, right?
    A.     Yes, sir.
    Q.     They were arguing for about ten or 15 minutes?
    A.     Yes.
    Q.     Okay. And at some point during this five, ten-minute argument,
    conversation, Mr. Lewis said, “that m*****f***** had something to
    do with this,” Mr. Lewis’s, “residence being shot up,” correct?
    A.     Yes, sir.
    Q.     Okay.
    ¶35.   At that point, the State interrupted and asked to approach the bench. During the bench
    conference, the State claimed this line of questioning was improper on the ground it
    constituted hearsay. The trial court asked the defense for a response, to which defense
    counsel said there was no contemporaneous objection by the State. The trial court
    responded: “Well, the objection has been made. And do you have a response to it?” The
    defense replied, “No.” The trial court then sustained the State’s objection and told the jury
    to disregard the witness’s last comment.
    ¶36.   We find no error in the trial court’s ruling. Jackson is correct that a defendant in a
    criminal trial has a fundamental right, implicit in the Confrontation Clauses of our federal
    and state constitutions, to cross-examine the witnesses testifying against the defendant. U.S.
    10
    Const. amends. V, VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26 (1890). The right, however, is not
    unbounded. Foster v. State, 
    508 So. 2d 1111
    , 1114 (Miss. 1987), overruled on other
    grounds by Powell v. State, 
    806 So. 2d 1069
    (Miss. 2001). “Its contours are shaped so as
    to accom[m]odate other legitimate interests[]; and it is always subject to the trial court’s
    inherent power to limit cross-examination to relevant factual issues.” 
    Id. (citing Chambers
    v. Mississippi, 
    410 U.S. 284
    , 
    93 S. Ct. 1083
    , 
    35 L. Ed. 2d 297
    (1973), and Johnston v. State,
    
    376 So. 2d 1343
    (Miss. 1979)); see also Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 
    475 U.S. 673
    , 679, 
    106 S. Ct. 1431
    , 
    89 L. Ed. 2d 674
    (1986) (“[T]he Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity
    for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and
    to whatever extent, the defense might wish.”).
    ¶37.   Ultimately, determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in limiting cross-
    examination necessitates “careful reflection upon the nature and purpose of the question
    propounded.” Black v. State, 
    506 So. 2d 264
    , 267 (Miss. 1987). And this Court has held
    that “[o]ne is deprived of the right to cross-examine when the trial court fundamentally and
    substantially restricts it[,]” and the court does so through no fault of the cross-examiner.
    Culp v. State, 
    933 So. 2d 264
    , 276 (Miss. 2005) (citing Myers v. State, 
    296 So. 2d 695
    , 701
    (Miss. 1974)).
    ¶38.   Here, the trial court invited defense counsel to respond to the State’s objection that
    Lewis’s alleged statement prior to the shootings about Lewis’s “residence being shot up”
    constituted hearsay. But defense counsel had no response. Accordingly, the defense failed
    to preserve error, if any, on the trial court’s ruling.
    11
    ¶39.   This Court repeatedly has held that the trial court cannot be put in error for something
    upon which it had no opportunity to pass. Patterson v. State, 
    594 So. 2d 606
    , 609 (Miss.
    1992). Now on appeal, Jackson argues for the first time that the question did not call for a
    hearsay response because what was asked was not to establish the truth of the matter of
    asserted, but rather to establish that Lewis was angry. This argument, however, was never
    presented to the trial court and thus is barred from consideration on appeal. 
    Id. at 609.
    Detective Camel
    ¶40.   The record shows the following exchanges occurred during the defense’s cross-
    examination of Detective Camel:
    Q.     All right. Now, you further learned that [Jones] believes [Jackson] shot
    [him, Jones], correct?
    A.     I can’t answer that. I can basically answer what he told me. When I
    talked to [Jones], [Jones] told me that [Jackson] was the person that
    shot him.
    Q.     Okay.
    A.     [Jones] didn’t say he believed. [Jones] said [Jackson] was the person
    that shot him.
    Q.     Okay. But you then learned that [Jones] might have been shot
    unintentionally, correct?
    A.     I can’t answer that. I wasn’t there when that was stated.
    ¶41.   At this point, the State objected and a bench conference ensued. The State contended
    the defense was attempting to mislead the jury. The trial court then asked defense counsel,
    “what’s your good faith basis for that?” Defense counsel replied, “Everything I’ve said
    comes from the police reports.” The trial court said, “Well, if the question is he might have
    12
    been shot accidentally, doesn’t that call for speculation?” Defense counsel replied that he
    was simply asking Detective Camel “what he learned as the investigation proceeded[,]” and
    “was not asking him to state it as a matter of truth.” Defense counsel argued that Mississippi
    caselaw says that “out-of-court statements to the police as they relate to what the police did
    in their police investigation are not hearsay.” The trial court responded: “Oh. So the
    statement that you were attempting to suppress a few moments ago of this witness would –
    fit that very category, then, right?” Defense counsel replied: “No, sir, it doesn’t, because
    there’s a Confrontation clause issue with respect to Michael Davis.” The trial court then
    sustained the State’s objection, stating: “I’m going to sustain the objection. I think we’re
    getting pretty far afield. So please continue.”
    ¶42.   Defense counsel proceeded:
    Q.     Now, you learned during the course of your investigation that Jerry
    Lewis, “Puppy,” was possibly involved in the shooting of [Jones],
    correct?
    A.     I learned that he was there.
    ...
    Q.     And you further learned that Puppy . . . might have shot [Jones,]
    correct?
    ¶43.   The State objected and another bench conference ensued. The State objected to any
    mention that “Puppy” was the shooter or possible shooter in this investigation. Defense
    counsel responded: “I’m taking it all from the police reports, Your Honor, the discovery
    provided to me and narratives and all the incident reports. I’m taking this right from that, and
    I’m just building through the investigation. That’s all I’m doing.” The trial court responded:
    13
    All right. The police reports of a murder investigation contain all kinds
    of information, which may or may not be relevant, provable or salient
    ultimately. And the information you’re offering may be admissible through
    another source, but it’s not admissible through this witness just to go into his
    investigation and talk about possibilities where there’s no supporting evidence
    that’s been . . . produced.
    Feel free to do that in your case in chief, but not through various rabbit
    trails . . . that the police may have had to go on in the investigation. So I’m
    going to sustain the objection.
    ¶44.   Jackson, as mentioned, argues on appeal that, since it was known that two different
    sizes of ammunition were used in the shootings of McGowan and Jones, it was reasonable
    to conclude that there might have been two shooters. And the jury was entitled to know
    “what Jones said, if anything, about Lewis firing any weapons.”
    ¶45.   But as the State points out, Jackson failed to make a proffer of Detective Camel’s
    testimony about whether he learned Lewis might have shot Jones. “When testimony is not
    allowed at trial, a record of the proffered testimony must be made in order to preserve the
    point for appeal.” Green v. State, 
    89 So. 3d 543
    , 554 (Miss. 2012); see also Davis v. State,
    
    130 So. 3d 1141
    , 1150 (Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (refusing to find that trial court abused its
    discretion in sustaining prosecution’s hearsay objection during defense’s cross-examination
    of State’s witness when no proffer was offered by the defense and the substance of the
    evidence sought was not clear from the question(s)).
    ¶46.   Jackson is correct that this Court has held that out-of-court statements, otherwise
    inadmissible at trial as hearsay, are “admissible to the extent required to show why an officer
    acted as he did and was at a particular place at a particular time.” See Swindle v. State, 
    502 So. 2d 652
    , 658 (Miss. 1987) (“It is elemental that a police officer may show that he has
    14
    received a complaint, and what he did about the complaint without going into the details of
    it.”).
    ¶47.     But counsel, whether for the State or the defense, “must have a good faith basis for
    any question asked on cross-examination[.]” Flowers v. State, 
    773 So. 2d 309
    , 327 (Miss.
    2000); 
    Foster, 508 So. 2d at 1115
    , overruled on other grounds by Powell, 
    806 So. 2d 1069
    (citing U.S. v. Peterson, 
    808 F.2d 969
    , 977-78 (2d Cir. 1987)). Absent a good-faith basis,
    it is improper for the cross-examiner to assert in the form of a question the truth of a factual
    statement included within the question. “For example, counsel should not ask an eyewitness,
    ‘Isn’t it true that you are legally blind?’ unless counsel has a good-faith basis for asking the
    question.” 
    Foster, 508 So. 2d at 1115
    .
    ¶48.     As the State points out, no proffer was made by the defense as to the police reports
    or as to Detective Camel’s testimony with regard to the police reports. The complained-of
    questions asked by the defense during cross-examination of Detective Camel clearly assert
    factual statements as true, but without a showing to the trial court and the record as to
    whether a good-faith basis exists for the assertion. Consistent with Green, the claimed error
    is waived.
    ¶49.     Further, as the above-mentioned facts illustrate, the defense called Detective Camel
    as a witness during its case-in-chief, and no attempt was made to produce from Detective
    Camel any similar evidence the defense had attempted to produce during its cross-
    examination of the detective.
    ¶50.     Accordingly, we find no merit in this point of error.
    15
    Davis
    ¶51.   During cross-examination of Davis, defense counsel sought to admit an audio CD of
    Davis’s interview with police for the purpose of impeaching Davis’s testimony about the
    second conversation Davis had Jackson. The State objected, arguing that Jackson’s
    statements to Davis inculpating other people for McGowan’s murder were self-serving. The
    State also argued that using the audio to impeach parts of Davis’s testimony was not proper
    because it constituted self-serving hearsay from Jackson. The trial court sustained the State’s
    objection, agreeing with the State that the second conversation contained self-serving hearsay
    from Jackson.
    ¶52.   Again, hearsay is an out-of-court statement that “a party offers in evidence to prove
    the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” M.R.E. 801. An out-of-court statement
    made by a party and offered against that party is not hearsay. M.R.E. 801(d)(2)(A). Thus,
    statements made by a defendant to a witness are admissible when offered by the State against
    the criminal defendant, because they are not hearsay. 
    Id. If a
    defendant wishes to introduce
    any of his or her own out-of-court statements, however, he or she must prove the evidence
    is either not hearsay or is otherwise admissible. See M.R.E. 802.
    ¶53.   A “prior statement by a witness” offered to show inconsistency with testimony at trial
    also is not hearsay. M.R.E. 801(d)(1). This rule, however, applies only to prior inconsistent
    statements of testifying witnesses. “Whereas an inconsistent statement by a testifying
    witness can be used to impeach that witness’s credibility, an inconsistent account by another
    source is offered to show an alternative view of the truth.” U.S. v. Bao, 
    189 F.3d 860
    , 866
    (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting Bemis v. Edwards, 
    45 F.3d 1369
    , 1372 (9th Cir. 1995)). “Only the
    16
    declarant of the prior inconsistent statement, and not another witness, may be impeached with
    the statement.” 
    Id. ¶54. Here,
    the defense told the trial court it wanted to introduce the audio recording of
    Davis’s interview with the police for the purpose of impeaching Davis’s testimony, “nothing
    more.” Defense counsel stated: “Your Honor, there were several questions that I asked
    concerning details, and [Davis] simply – he either contradicted them as never happening or
    he said he does not remember. So we would like . . . to offer this . . . audio recording as
    impeachment.”
    ¶55.   The trial court responded: “And these are details that he learned from your client?”
    To which defense counsel replied, “Exactly right. And he says as much.”
    ¶56.   Defense counsel also told the trial court that the audio recording of Davis’s police
    interview was approximately “34 minutes” long. And redactions needed to be made to it.
    ¶57.   For the first time on appeal, Jackson now argues the audio recording was admissible
    under a defendant’s right to have his entire statement considered when parts of that statement
    are offered by the State, including any self-serving portions. Jackson relies on Sanders, in
    which this Court explained:
    In the proof of confessions, the whole of what the accused said on the subject
    at the time of making the confession should be taken together. The
    prosecution is entitled to show the whole statement, or if any part is omitted,
    the accused is entitled to supply it. It is also well settled that if a confession
    is made under such circumstances as to authorize its admission into evidence,
    the accused is entitled to have the entire conversation, including any
    exculpatory or self-serving declaration connected therewith, also admitted.
    Sanders, 
    237 Miss. 772
    , 115 So. 2d at 146-47.
    17
    ¶58.      This rule now is subsumed by Mississippi Rule of Evidence 106. Often referred to
    as the rule of completeness, it provides that, when a party introduces all or part of a writing,
    recorded statement, or audio recording, “the adverse party may require introduction, at that
    time, of any other part–or any other writing or recorded statement–that in fairness ought to
    be considered at the same time.” See M.R.E. 106. “Under Mississippi case law the rule of
    completeness is extended . . . even to oral statements.” M.R.E. 106 cmt. (citing Sanders,
    
    237 Miss. 772
    , 
    115 So. 2d 145
    ).
    ¶59.      Here, Jackson failed to invoke this rule or make any argument for it to the trial court.
    That should have been done, along with requesting a proffer of the audio recording on that
    basis. Because that was not done, this Court has no way of knowing what is contained in the
    audio recording. And the matter cannot be considered on direct appeal. 
    Green, 89 So. 3d at 554
    .
    ¶60.      Further, given defense counsel’s contention that portions of the audio recording would
    have to be redacted, it is presumable that defense counsel did not want to proceed under this
    rule. Otherwise, the door would have been opened for the State to have the audio recording
    played in its entirety, unredacted. See M.R.E. 106.
    ¶61.      We find no reversible error in the trial court’s ruling, and this point of error is without
    merit.
    II.    Whether the trial court erred in limiting defense counsel’s closing
    argument about reasonable doubt.
    18
    ¶62.   During closing arguments, defense counsel began to address the jury about the State’s
    burden to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. The State objected, claiming the defense
    was attempting to define reasonable doubt. The trial court overruled the objection.
    ¶63.   Defense counsel proceeded, stating:
    You can think of reasonable doubt relative to other degrees of certainty. Now,
    by example, in a criminal case, you may think the accused probably committed
    the crime. That’s not enough. You may believe the accused likely committed
    the crime. That too is not enough.
    The State again objected at that point, and the trial court sustained the objection.
    ¶64.   Jackson contends this was error. Jackson submits that, although the trial court is not
    allowed to define reasonable doubt for a jury, it has never been the case that counsel is
    forbidden from arguing what reasonable doubt is or comparing the burden to other standards
    during closing arguments.
    ¶65.   This Court has held that “a definition of reasonable doubt is not a proper instruction
    for the jury[,]” because “reasonable doubt defines itself and needs no further definition by
    the court.” Martin v. State, 
    854 So. 2d 1004
    , 1009 (Miss. 2003); Chase v. State, 
    645 So. 2d 829
    , 851 (Miss. 1994). “The meaning of these words is not obscure and it must be assumed
    that the members of the jury were . . . of ordinary intelligence and capable of understanding
    their meaning.” Cannon v. State, 
    190 So. 2d 848
    , 851 (Miss. 1966).
    ¶66.   Jackson also is correct, however, that this Court has not held it improper for counsel
    (either for the defense or the prosecution) to discuss or explain the reasonable-doubt standard
    during closing arguments, as long as counsel does so within proper bounds.
    19
    ¶67.   Here, we find that defense counsel’s comparison of “probably committed the crime”
    and “likely committed the crime” to the reasonable-doubt standard did not cross those
    bounds. And the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s objection to it.
    ¶68.   But we also find the error was harmless in this instance, beyond a reasonable doubt.
    Accordingly, we reject Jackson’s contention that the error requires reversal of his
    convictions.
    CONCLUSION
    ¶69.   Finding no reversible error in any of Jackson’s assignments of fault, we affirm
    Jackson’s convictions for aggravated assault and felon in possession of a firearm.
    ¶70.   AFFIRMED.
    WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH AND KITCHENS, P.JJ., KING, COLEMAN,
    MAXWELL, CHAMBERLIN AND ISHEE, JJ., CONCUR.
    20