Devin A. Bennett v. State of Mississippi ( 2003 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2006-DR-01516-SCT
DEVIN A. BENNETT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/28/2003
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: RANKIN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: MISSISSIPPI OFFICE OF CAPITAL POST-
CONVICTION RELIEF
BY: GLENN S. SWARTZFAGER
LOUWLYNN V. WILLIAMS
THOMAS C. LEVIDIOTIS
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: PAT McNAMARA
MARVIN L. WHITE, JR.
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: DAVID CLARK
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - DEATH PENALTY - POST
CONVICTION
DISPOSITION: PETITION FOR LEAVE TO SEEK POST-
CONVICTION RELIEF IS GRANTED IN
PART AND DENIED IN PART - 08/28/2008
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. The matter before us is Devin A. Bennett’s petition for post-conviction relief from a
capital-murder conviction and death sentence. We grant him leave to file his petition in the
trial court solely on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel during the penalty phase of
the trial. We deny the petition in all other respects.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
¶2. Yolanda Lewis took her two-month-old infant son to River Oaks Hospital in Flowood,
Mississippi. Emergency personnel observed that the child was pale, cold, and not breathing.
A team of nurses and doctors revived the child’s heartbeat and transferred him to the
pediatric unit at University Medical Center (“UMC”) in Jackson. Upon arrival, the child was
in a coma and on life support. Dr. Bonnie Woodall noted bruising to the child’s head as well
as retinal hemorrhaging. X-rays revealed a subdural hematoma and a fractured skull. The
child never awoke from the coma, and was pronounced dead on August 27, 2000.
¶3. Devin Bennett, the child’s father, gave multiple inconsistent statements when asked
what had happened to his son. At River Oaks, he told social workers that the child had been
placed in a car seat but had fallen out. While at UMC, Bennett first told police that he had
accidentally kicked his son’s car seat from the bed to the floor. He eventually admitted that
he “shook him too hard.”
¶4. Bennett was indicted for his child’s capital murder and the underlying crime of
felonious child abuse and was convicted. After the sentencing phase of the trial, the jury
imposed the death penalty. This Court affirmed both the conviction and the sentence in
Bennett v. State, 933 So. 2d 930 (Miss. 2006).
¶5. Bennett now seeks post-conviction relief on the following bases: (1) ineffective
assistance of counsel, (2) the trial judge’s failure to accept his guilty plea, (3) the trial judge’s
failure to limit the scope of cross-examination, (4) that the death penalty by lethal injection
violates the First and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, (5) that the death penalty
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is unconstitutional, (6) cumulative error, and (7) that his death sentence is disproportionate
to the crime charged.
ANALYSIS
¶6. The standard for this Court’s review of convictions for capital murder and sentences
of death is “heightened scrutiny.” Lynch v. State, 951 So. 2d 549, 555 (Miss. 2007). Under
this standard of review, all doubts are to be resolved in favor of the accused because “what
may be harmless error in a case with less at stake becomes reversible error when the penalty
is death.” Id. (quoting Irving v. State, 361 So. 2d 1360, 1363 (Miss. 1978)). See also Fisher
v. State, 481 So. 2d 203, 211 (Miss. 1985).
I.
¶7. Bennett claims his counsel was ineffective during the penalty phase of the trial. A
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires an analysis of “whether counsel’s conduct
so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied
on as having produced a just result.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685, 104 S.
Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). The heart of the issue is whether counsel’s performance
was so deficient as to prejudice the defense of the case. Id. at 687. “Unless a defendant
makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from
a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.” Stringer v. State,
454 So. 2d 468, 477 (Miss. 1984) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). The analysis of the
inquiry is on whether counsel's assistance was so deficient that it undermined the proper
functioning of the adversary process considering all the circumstances. Id.
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¶8. We must consider this argument and review additional evidence outside the direct-
appeal record which could not have been reviewed or considered on direct appeal. Thus, this
issue is not procedurally barred. See Miss. R. App. P. 22(b) (PCR issues may be raised on
direct appeal “if such issues are based on facts fully apparent from the [direct-appeal]
record.”).
Ineffective representation
¶9. In considering Bennett’s first issue, we must strongly presume that counsel’s conduct
falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance, and the challenged act or
omission “might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. In other
words, defense counsel is presumed competent. Id. at 690.
¶10. In the case sub judice, we must analyze the representation provided by Bennett’s
attorneys during the penalty phase of the trial. An attorney representing a defendant in a
death-penalty case has a duty to focus on both the guilt and penalty phases of the trial.
Moore v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 586, 612 (5 th Cir. 1999) (emphasis added) (“Mitigation
evidence concerning a particular defendant’s character or background plays a
constitutionally important role in producing an individualized sentencing determination that
the death penalty is appropriate in a given case.”).
¶11. One of Bennett’s counsel executed an affidavit used by Bennett’s present counsel in
support of his motion. The affidavit states, in part:
During my investigation, Devin Bennett admitted to me that he had abused
chemical substances in the past, but I am now informed that his substance
abuse problem was much worse than my investigation revealed . . . .
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I thought that Devin was competent to stand trial and there was not a sanity
defense available; therefore, I did not hire or request funding or mental health
experts to evaluate Devin prior to trial.
I did not hire or request funding for a mitigation investigator. I did not have
a psycho-social history prepared. Devin denied any significant mental
problems, though he did reveal to me that he had a troubled childhood because
of drug abuse by his parents . . . .
I was unaware that Devin had been diagnosed with a mood disorder at age 12,
and if I had been aware of such, I would have requested that he be
psychologically evaluated, and evaluated for chemical dependency. If an
evaluation had been done and showed that Devin suffered from a major
psychiatric illness, I would have presented it in the penalty phase.
¶12. Other affidavits filed with Bennett’s motion revealed that several witnesses would
have attested to Bennett’s traumatic childhood, mood disorders, and substance-abuse history.
Mark Webb, a licensed psychiatrist, would have testified concerning Bennett’s long history
of psychiatric and drug-related treatment, as well as mental disorders due to his traumatic
childhood. John Webb, an addiction specialist, would have testified about Bennett’s
substance-abuse history and its behavioral impact on Bennett. Bennett’s mother, Debbie
Bennett, and several of his peers would have testified about Bennett’s troubled childhood,
as well as his relationship with his son, which they claim was loving and normal. The trial
court must determine at the hearing that such testimony would have been relevant to a jury’s
consideration of whether to impose a sentence of life in prison or death.
¶13. Bennett’s mother states by affidavit that – although she traveled to Mississippi prior
to the trial to meet Bennett’s attorney – he asked her no questions during their meeting and
failed to call her to testify during the sentencing phase of the trial. Bennett’s attorney, on the
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other hand, claims she “was not available to interview.” This is one of the factual disputes
that must be resolved by the trial court.
¶14. We hold that, as to the penalty phase of his trial, Bennett has satisfied the “substantial
showing” threshold, and he is entitled to a hearing on the issue. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-
27(5) (Rev. 2007).
Prejudice
¶15. In analyzing the second prong of the test, for prejudice to the defendant, a reviewing
court must determine whether there is “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Mohr v. State,
584 So. 2d 426, 430 (Miss. 1991); Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984).
¶16. The record in this case discloses no evidence of premeditation. Nor is there evidence
that Bennett abused his son in any way prior to the incident which led to his death. This,
combined with the evidence presented of Bennett’s history of a traumatic childhood, mental
disorders, and substance abuse, presents a substantial showing that Bennett is entitled to a
hearing on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel that may have occurred during the
penalty phase of his trial. Therefore, we grant Bennett leave to file his petition in the trial
court, as provided by Section 99-39-27.
II.
¶17. Bennett also claims the trial court erred in refusing to accept his guilty plea. Prior to
trial, Bennett attempted to enter a guilty plea to the lesser-included offense of manslaughter
committed in the heat of passion. During the plea colloquy, however, Bennett balked at
agreeing to the facts as presented, and the trial judge ended the proceeding.
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¶18. Bennett previously raised this issue on direct appeal. This Court considered and
rejected his argument. Bennett, 933 So. 2d at 940-41. Thus, the matter is now procedurally
barred from collateral review under the doctrine of res judicata. Spicer v. State, 973 So. 2d
184, 196-97 (Miss. 2007).
III.
¶19. Bennett next raises as error the trial court’s failure to limit the scope of cross-
examination. The issue was capable of disposition on direct appeal and is now procedurally
barred from further consideration on collateral appeal. Branch v. State, 961 So. 2d 659, 667
(Miss. 2007) (procedural bar on direct-appeal issue).
IV.
¶20. Bennett next argues that death by lethal injection violates his First- and Eighth-
Amendment rights under the U.S. Constitution. Although Bennett failed to raise this issue
on direct appeal, we do not hold that it is procedurally barred from further review on
collateral appeal. Jordan v. State, 918 So. 2d 636, 661-62 (Miss. 2005).
¶21. On April 16, 2008, the United States Supreme Court decided Baze v. Rees, upholding
the State of Kentucky’s lethal-injection protocol as not being violative of the Eighth
Amendment. Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. __,128 S. Ct. 1520, 170 L. Ed. 2d 420 (2008). In so
doing, Chief Justice Roberts’s plurality opinion announced the standard which we must use
to determine whether our method of execution violates the Eighth Amendment. Id. The
Supreme Court’s plurality found that cruel and unusual punishment occurs where lethal
injection as an execution method presents a “substantial” or “objectively intolerable risk of
serious harm” in light of “feasible, readily implemented” alternative procedures. Id. at 1531,
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1532. However, the analysis was focused on the manner of lethal injection, and did not
question the validity of lethal injection or the constitutionality of the death penalty as such.
Id. at 1537. The Baze Court held:
Kentucky has adopted a method of execution believed to be the most humane
available, one it shares with 35 other States . . . [which] if administered as
intended . . . will result in a painless death. The risks of maladministration .
. . such as improper mixing of chemicals and improper setting of IVs by
trained and experienced personnel – cannot be remotely characterized as
“objectively intolerable.” Kentucky’s decision to adhere to its protocol despite
these asserted risks, while adopting safeguards to protect against them, cannot
be viewed as probative of the wanton infliction of pain under the Eighth
Amendment.
Baze, 128 S. Ct. at 1537.
¶22. For “the disposition of other cases uncertain,” Justice Roberts clearly stated that “[a]
State with a lethal injection protocol substantially similar to the protocol we uphold today
would not create a risk that meets [the ‘substantial risk’] standard.” Id. at 1537 (emphasis
added).1
¶23. If differences exist between Mississippi’s execution protocols and those used in
Kentucky, then, the inquiry is whether Mississippi’s lethal-injection protocol meets
Constitutional muster in light of this recent Supreme Court decision. The Fifth Circuit, when
considering inmate Dale Leo Bishop’s Eighth-Amendment challenge to Mississippi’s lethal-
injection procedures, recently announced that “Mississippi’s lethal injection protocol appears
to be substantially similar to Kentucky’s protocol that was examined in Baze.” Walker v.
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Such comparative analysis is followed by other jurisdictions as well. See Emmett v.
Johnson, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 14701, at *22-23 (4th Cir. Va. July 10, 2008) (comparing
Virginia’s protocol to Kentucky’s to prove it does not violate the Eighth Amendment); Jackson v.
Houk, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36061, at *215-217 (N.D. Ohio May 1, 2008) (declaring Ohio’s
method of execution, same as followed by Kentucky, to be constitutional).
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Epps, 2008 U.S. App. LEXIS 15547 at *3 (5 th Cir. Miss. July 21, 2008). We agree with the
Fifth Circuit’s analysis, and hold that Bennett’s Eighth Amendment challenge to the lethal
injection protocol in Mississippi is without merit.
¶24. In addition, Bennett offers the novel argument that the use of a paralyzing drug
constitutes a prior restraint on free speech in violation of the First Amendment. This
argument is unsupported by any controlling authority and amounts to nothing more than
subjective speculation. Spicer, 973 So. 2d at 207-08.
V.
¶25. Next, Bennett argues that the death penalty is unconstitutional because some studies
show that jurors are incapable of administering it fairly. A challenge to the constitutionality
of a jury’s sense of sentencing responsibility must be raised on direct appeal, absent a
showing of sufficient legal cause to excuse the failure to do so. Johnson v. State, 508 So.
2d 1126, 1128 (Miss. 1987). This issue is, therefore, without merit.
VI.
¶26. Bennett next argues cumulative error. Under our “heightened scrutiny” standard of
review, all doubts are to be resolved in favor of the accused because “what may be harmless
error in a case with less at stake becomes reversible error when the penalty is death.” Lynch
v. State, 951 So. 2d 549, 555 (Miss. 2007) (citing Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731, 739
(Miss. 1992)). In Byrom v. State, this Court held:
[U]pon appellate review of cases in which we find harmless error or any error
which is not specifically found to be reversible in and of itself, we shall have
the discretion to determine, on a case-by-case basis, as to whether such error
or errors, although not reversible when standing alone, may when considered
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cumulatively require reversal because of the resulting cumulative prejudicial
effect.
Byrom v. State, 863 So. 2d at 846-47.
¶27. Although Bennett has made a substantial showing that he is entitled to a hearing on
his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at the sentencing hearing, we find no other error
in this case which could combine to constitute cumulative error. Thus, we need not address
this issue.
VII.
¶28. Finally, Bennett argues that his death sentence is disproportionate to the crime charged
“when considering petitioner’s relative mental state and culpability.” This issue was
considered by the Court on direct appeal and found to be without merit. Bennett, 933 So. 2d
at 951. The matter is now procedurally barred from further review. Grayson v. State, 879
So. 2d 1008, 1019 (Miss. 2004).
CONCLUSION
¶29. Bennett has sufficiently demonstrated that he is entitled to seek post-conviction relief
in the trial court on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel during the penalty phase of
his trial. We find no merit in Bennett’s other arguments. We therefore grant Bennett leave
to file a post-conviction-relief petition in the trial court solely on the issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel during the penalty phase of his trial. We deny his petition in all other
respects.
¶30. PETITION FOR LEAVE TO SEEK POST-CONVICTION RELIEF IS
GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.
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WALLER AND DIAZ, P.JJ., CARLSON, RANDOLPH AND LAMAR, JJ.,
CONCUR. GRAVES, J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY. EASLEY, J., DISSENTS
W ITH O UT SEPA RA TE W RITTEN OPINION. SM ITH, C.J., N OT
PARTICIPATING.
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