Charles Sylvester Bell v. State of Mississippi ( 1996 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 96-CA-00191-SCT
CHARLES SYLVESTER BELL
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 02/06/96
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. RICHARD WAYNE McKENZIE
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: FORREST COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: PRO SE
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: JO ANN McLEOD
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: GLENN WHITE
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - POST CONVICTION RELIEF
DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 3/12/98
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 3/26/98
MANDATE ISSUED: 6/22/98
BEFORE PRATHER, P.J., ROBERTS AND MILLS, JJ.
MILLS, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Charles Sylvester Bell appealed pro se to this Court following the February 1996 denial of his
motion for post conviction relief by the Circuit Court of Forrest County, Mississippi.
¶2. The appeal presently before us is the latest in a long line of Court proceedings and cases dealing
with Charles Sylvester Bell. Mr. Bell is presently serving two consecutive life sentences for separate
capital murder convictions and one sentence of twenty-five (25) years as an habitual offender. The
known facts of Mr. Bell's life of crime are well documented. See Bell v. State, 353 So. 2d 1141
(Miss.1977); Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206 (Miss.1978); and Bell v. Watkins, 692 F.2d 999 (5th
Cir.1982), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 843, 104 S. Ct. 142, 78 L. Ed. 2d 134 (1983).
FACTS
¶3. In March of 1984, Bell was indicted as an habitual offender for unlawfully, willfully and
feloniously, with malice aforethought, killing and murdering one D. C. Haden while engaged in the
commission of the crimes of armed robbery and kidnapping in violation of Section 97-3-19 (2)(e) of
the Mississippi Code of 1972, as amended. The crime occurred on June 22, 1976. Section 99-19-81
of the Mississippi Code of 1972, providing for the sentencing of habitual criminals to maximum terms
of imprisonment, was enacted by the 1976 Legislature, effective from and after January 1, 1977.
¶4. Bell's original death sentence was overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1982. See
Bell v. Watkins, 692 F.2d 999 (5th Cir. 1982). Following the overturning of his death sentence, Bell
was re-indicted for armed robbery as an habitual offender in July of 1984. He entered a plea of guilty
to armed robbery as an habitual offender. The State recommended life imprisonment, rather than the
death penalty, for his capital murder conviction. The trial court accepted this recommendation and
sentenced Bell to life imprisonment for the capital murder and twenty-five (25) years for the armed
robbery. Bell has continuously, over the years, attempted to bring before this Court his contention
that the trial court committed reversible error in sentencing him for armed robbery, arguing that this
sentence constituted a double jeopardy violation since armed robbery was the underlying felony used
to elevate the killing to capital murder. This issue is not germane to the present proceedings.
However, our own review of the record indicates that Bell may have a valid claim that the ex post
facto provisions of the United States and Mississippi Constitutions bar his sentence for armed
robbery as an habitual offender.
ISSUE
Whether the ex-post facto provisions of Article 1, Section 10 of the United States Constitution
and Article 3, Section 16 of the Mississippi Constitution bar the sentencing of Bell as an
habitual offender?
¶5. The crimes for which Bell was indicted in the present appeal occurred on June 22, 1976. The
Mississippi Legislature enacted the "habitual criminal statute," Section 99-19-81 of the Mississippi
Code of 1972 in the 1976 session of the legislature, but effective from and after January 1, 1977. Bell
was indicted and pled guilty to armed robbery as an habitual offender in 1984. The statute was not in
existence at the time Bell committed his offense.
¶6. Article I, Section X of the U.S. Constitution prohibits States from enacting any ex post facto law.
Our Constitution likewise, in Article 3, Section 16, states as follows:
Ex post facto laws, or laws impairing the obligation of contracts, shall not be passed.
¶7. In common parlance an ex post facto law is one which creates a new offense or changes the
punishment, to the detriment of the accused, after the commission of a crime.
¶8. The United States Supreme Court established the test for determining whether criminal
enactments violate ex post facto guarantees in Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, (1990). In
Collins, the U.S. Supreme Court criticized prior jurisprudence which attempted to distinguish
between "procedural" changes as opposed to changes affecting "matters of substance". The Collins
majority dictates that the following questions be answered in determining whether a new law violates
ex post facto protections:
1) Does the act punish as a crime an act previously committed, which was innocent when done;
2) Does the act make more burdensome the punishment for a crime, after its commission; or
3) Does the act deprive one charged with crime of any defense available at the time when the
act was committed?
United States v. Brechtel, 997 F.2d 1108, 1113 (5th Cir. 1993).
¶9. Concisely stated, Bell was indicted with enhanced penalties in 1984, under a 1977 statute, for a
crime which occurred in 1976. Thus, the punishment he received as an habitual offender made more
burdensome the punishment for his crimes, after commission, thereby violating the ex post facto
provisions of our State and Federal Constitutions.
¶10. However, Bell may have waived his ex post facto claim to avoid receiving the death penalty. A
defendant may knowingly and voluntarily waive an ex post facto claim in plea negotiations. Lanier v.
State, 635 So. 2d 813 (Miss. 1994). Bell was initially convicted of capital murder committed during
armed robbery and sentenced to death. Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206 (Miss. 1978). The Fifth Circuit
reversed and remanded the case concluding that the sentencing procedure used by the jury was
"standardless and unchanneled imposition of [the death penalty] in the uncontrolled discretion of a
basically uninstructed jury." Bell v. Watkins, 692 F.2d 999, 1011 (5th Cir. 1982), cert. denied 464
U.S. 843, 1104 (1983)(quoting Jordan v. Thigpen, 688 F.2d 395, 397 (5th Cir. 1982). The Fifth
Circuit noted that on remand Bell could again be exposed to the death penalty. Id. at 1012.
¶11. Upon remand, Bell was re-indicted for armed robbery as an habitual offender. He entered a plea
of guilty and the State recommended life imprisonment, instead of the death penalty, for the murder
conviction and twenty-five years for the armed robbery. The trial court accepted the
recommendations and found that Bell was, in fact, an habitual offender. The application of the
habitual offender statute constitutes an ex post facto violation, but we must consider the plea bargain
agreement. Bell knew that the State was indicting him as an habitual offender. He was probably also
aware that the murder was committed before the enactment of the habitual offender statute. It is
therefore highly probable that the State, knowing that Bell had an ex post facto claim, agreed not to
seek the death penalty in exchange for his guilty plea to armed robbery as an habitual offender. The
record is unclear regarding these matters. We therefore remand this matter to the trial court to
determine whether Bell knowingly waived his ex post facto rights.
¶12. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
PRATHER, C.J., BANKS, ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR. McRAE, J., DISSENTS
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SULLIVAN, P.J. PITTMAN, P.J., AND
WALLER, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
McRAE, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶13. I am compelled to dissent.
¶14. While I agree with the majority that Bell was indicted and punished in violation of the ex post
facto provisions of our state and federal constitutions, I do not agree with the remand of this case for
a determination of whether Bell waived this claim. The United States and Mississippi Constitutions
forbid the enactment of any statute which increases the quantum of punishment for a crime after its
commission. Since the crime for which Bell was indicted occurred before January 1, 1977, the date
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-81 became effective, the application of the sentencing enhancement statute
constitutes an ex post facto law. See Johnston v. State, 618 So. 2d 90, 95 (Miss. 1993) (finding
violation of Ex Post Facto Clause where enhancement statute for habitual offenders was applied to
crime that occurred before statute came into existence). In effect, Bell was charged under a law that
was not in existence. As a result, the indictment against him as an habitual offender was null and void.
Accordingly, his conviction as an habitual offender should be reversed.
¶15. I also object to the majority's characterizations of what Bell "probably" knew in this case. The
majority states that Bell knew that he was being indicted as an habitual offender and that he probably
knew that the murder was committed before the enactment of the habitual offender statute. The
majority is speculating, for there is nothing in the record to substantiate what the majority claims. We
cannot read the mind of the defendant and guess what he allegedly knew at the time of his plea
bargain. Further, the majority postulates that the State, knowing that Bell had a valid ex post facto
claim, arranged for a guilty plea in exchange for a promise not to seek the death penalty. However, in
the same breath, the majority declares, "The record is unclear regarding these matters." If the record
is unclear, the majority should simply say so rather than imply that certain assumptions are fact. This
Court should be basing its decision only on what is in the record, not on probabilities. Finally, the
majority does not provide any instructions as to how the lower court should determine whether or
not Bell waived his ex post facto claim.
¶16. It is for these reasons that I dissent.
SULLIVAN, P.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.