Christopher R. Smith v. State of Mississippi ( 2003 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2003-KA-02105-SCT
CHRISTOPHER SMITH a/k/a CHRIS
SMITH/CHRISTOPHER ANDERSON
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 06/10/2003
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: DAN W. DUGGAN, JR.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: W. DANIEL HINCHCLIFF
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ELEANOR JOHNSON PETERSON
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 05/26/2005
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE SMITH, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, JJ.
DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Following a two day trial, a jury found Christopher Smith guilty of armed carjacking.
The trial judge sentenced him as a habitual offender to serve thirty (30) years, without
possibility of parole, in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections along with
a fine in the amount of $10,000. Smith appeals. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶2. On the afternoon of September 2, 2001, Glenda Craft was in her car at the intersection
of Allen and Beatty Streets in Jackson. Two men in another vehicle pulled alongside Craft,
blocking her in. The passenger got out, pulled a gun, and ordered Craft out of her vehicle. After
Craft exited her vehicle, the passenger got in, and both men sped away in the two vehicles,
leaving Craft on the roadside.
¶3. Later that afternoon Craft gave police a description of the passenger but not of the
driver, except that the driver was a black adult male. She also told the police her car was a blue
Chevrolet Caprice but did she not recall the license plate or vehicle identification number
(“VIN”).
¶4. On October 29, Jackson Police Officer Veronica Mance pulled Christopher Smith over.
He was driving a blue Chevy Caprice, and Officer Mance noticed that the VIN was not original
to the car. Upon subsequent investigation, Officer Mance discovered that the VIN plate on the
driver’s door was missing. Smith was unable to produce any proof of ownership or a valid
driver’s license, but he did produce a bill of sale for a different Chevy Caprice.
¶5. Officer Terry Dismuke later discovered inconsistent VIN numbers on the Caprice, and
the Jackson Police Department determined that the vehicle was indeed stolen.
¶6. Officer Ned Garner with the Jackson Police Department’s Auto Theft Unit went to
Craft’s house with a photograph line-up. From a group of photographs on a card, Craft
positively identified a photograph of Smith as the driver of the vehicle, and on November 13,
2001, Craft was able to identify the passenger of the vehicle in a second photograph line-up.
¶7. After Smith was arrested on November 8, he waived his Miranda rights and told the
police that he dropped “Main” (later identified as Elvin Simmons) off at a gas station on
Gallatin Street on September 2, 2001, and that he had purchased the Caprice (Craft's vehicle)
from Simmons for $700.
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¶8. At trial, Simmons testified that he and a friend were at Smith’s house on the day in
question and that Smith offered at least $50 to each man who would help him steal a car to use
to “fix up” his gray Chevrolet Caprice. The third friend, finding $50 to be insufficient
compensation, refused to participate. Simmons testified that when he and Smith went to look
for a car, they saw a woman getting into a blue Chevrolet Caprice and Smith said, “this a lick
right here. This is the car I need.” Simmons explained that “this is a lick” meant that “this was
the perfect opportunity to get a car.” Simmons further testified that Smith handed him a loaded
gun while following the woman and that Smith got out of the vehicle with him to approach the
woman. Simmons testified that after the carjacking took place, he drove the stolen vehicle
back to Smith’s house and Smith followed in his own vehicle. Once safely back at the house,
Smith switched the VIN numbers on the vehicles.
¶9. Smith, the sole defense witness, testified that he had purchased the blue Caprice from
Simmons for $700 because his gray Caprice needed a starter. He said he never ran into
Simmons nor was he ever with Simmons on the day in question. Further, he said he never
discussed committing a robbery or carjacking with Simmons, had never seen Simmons carjack
anyone, and had never driven Simmons to help with a carjacking. He testified that he dropped
Simmons off with the understanding that Simmons would steal a car. He testified that he had
seen Craft in the store but never had he seen her when he was with Simmons.
¶10. On cross-examination, Smith testified that his statement to Officer Garner, “All I know
is that shortly after Main [Simmons] got out of the vehicle with me, he was following me in the
vehicle,” concerned a different night, and he was unsure what vehicle Simmons followed him
in. He testified that he drove Simmons into North Jackson to steal the car referred to in the
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statement. Later during the cross-examination, Smith admitted that the car he purchased for
$700 “was stolen, but I didn't know nothing about no robbing and carjacking.”
¶11. At the conclusion of testimony, the trial judge held a conference with counsel to
discuss jury instructions. When the trial judge stated which instructions would be given,
neither party offered any objection.
¶12. The jury found Smith not guilty, of armed robbery but found him guilty of armed
carjacking. Smith’s contentions on appeals are:
I. The trial court committed reversible error in refusing jury instruction D-8.
II. The trial court committed reversible error in refusing jury instruction D-1.
III. The court committed reversible error in not directing the verdict; or in the
alternative a judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
¶13. When an appellant assigns as error the trial judge’s refusal to grant a requested
instruction, this Court does not consider the requested instruction in isolation, but rather
considers all jury instructions as a whole. Parks v. State, 884 So. 2d 738, 746 (Miss. 2004).
A trial judge may refus to give a requested instruction which incorrectly states the law, is
covered fairly elsewhere in the instructions, or is without foundation in the evidence. Id.
I. Did the trial court commit reversible error by not granting jury
instruction D-8?1
¶14. Jury instruction D-8, which the trial court refused to give, reads as follows:
The Court instructs the Jury that if you believe from the evidence in this
case beyond a reasonable doubt that between September 2 and October 29, 2001
1
The record reveals two jury instructions labeled as D-8. Since Smith’s brief refers only to one
of the D-8 instructions, it is the only instruction evaluated. The other D-8 instruction was a peremptory
instruction directing the jury to return a verdict of not guilty.
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that Christopher Smith did aid or abet another person to willfully and without
authority take possession of or take away a motor vehicle belonging to Glenda
Craft, then and in that event you should find Christopher Smith guilty of Taking
Possession of or Taking Away a Motor Vehicle.
¶15. This requested instruction was an attempt by Smith to have the trial court instruct the
jury on an alleged lesser-included offense of aiding and abetting in motor vehicle theft. A jury
instruction on a lesser-included offense is to be given only when a defendant “point[s] to
evidence in the record from which a jury could reasonably find him not guilty of the crime with
which he was charged and at the same time find him guilty of the lesser included offense.”
Ladnier v. State, 878 So. 2d 926, 932 (Miss. 2004) (citing Toliver v. State, 600 So. 2d 186,
192 (Miss. 1992)).
¶16. We have held that the “essential elements of a lesser-included offense are among the
elements of the superior offense.” State v. Shaw, 880 So. 2d 296, 301 (Miss. 2004) (citations
omitted). Stated differently, if an accused is guilty of the offense for which he was indicted,
the accused is also guilty of any crime considered to be a lesser-included offense. Harper v.
State, 478 So. 2d 1017, 1021 (Miss. 1985).
¶17. Thus, there also may be a separate, distinct and less serious crime which the proof at
trial shows the defendant committed, but this does not necessarily mean it is a lesser-included
offense. Smith was indicted for armed carjacking. Mississippi’s carjacking statute states in
pertinent part:
(1) Whoever shall knowingly or recklessly by force or violence, whether against
resistance or by sudden or stealthy seizure or snatching, or by putting in fear, or
attempting to do so, or by any other means shall take a motor vehicle from
another person's immediate actual possession shall be guilty of carjacking.
....
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(2) Whoever commits the offense of carjacking while armed with or having
readily available any pistol or other firearm or imitation thereof or other
dangerous or deadly weapon, including a sawed-off shotgun, shotgun, machine
gun, rifle, dirk, bowie knife, butcher knife, switchblade, razor, blackjack, billy,
or metallic or other false knuckles, or any object capable of inflicting death or
serious bodily harm, shall be guilty of armed carjacking.
....
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-117 (Rev. 2000). Thus, the statutory elements for carjacking are (1)
a taking of a motor vehicle (2) from someone’s immediate actual possession (3) by force,
stealth or violence. Force or violence includes putting the victim in fear of the same. Use of
a firearm or other deadly or dangerous weapon elevates the crime to armed carjacking.
¶18. The relevant version of the motor vehicle theft statute reads in pertinent part:
Any person who shall, willfully and without authority, take possession of or take
away a motor vehicle belonging to another, and any person who knowingly
shall aid and abet in such taking possession or taking away, shall be guilty
of a felony and shall be punished by commitment to the Department of
Corrections for not more than five (5) years.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-17-42(1) (Rev. 2000)(emphasis added).
¶19. Aiding and abetting in motor vehicle theft is a lesser-included offense of armed
carjacking only if all of the elements necessary to convict of aiding and abetting in motor
vehicle theft are included among the elements of armed carjacking. Ladnier v. State, 878
So. 2d at 932. However, the carjacking statute does not require the element of aiding and
abetting. Thus, aiding and abetting in automobile theft is not a lesser-included offense of
armed carjacking.
¶20. Smith claimed he purchased a stolen vehicle from Simmons but did not participate in
the actual taking of the vehicle. Thus, according to Smith’s version, he had no participation
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until after the vehicle was stolen. The State claimed that Smith participated in the carjacking
by using a gun to force Craft to exit her vehicle so he could take it. If the jury believed that
Smith was not the person who actually used the gun to take the car, then Smith would have been
convicted of nothing. Thus, even if aiding and abetting in motor vehicle theft was a lesser-
included offense of carjacking, Smith suffered no prejudice by the trial court’s refusal to give
the instruction.
¶21. The trial judge did not err in refusing to give jury instruction D-8.
II. Did the trial court commit reversible error by refusing jury
instruction D-1?2
¶22. Rejected jury instruction D-1 reads as follows:
The testimony of an accomplice, and the testimony of one who provides
evidence against a defendant as an informer for pay or for immunity from
punishment or for personal advantage or vindication, must always be examined
and weighed by the jury with greater care and caution than the testimony of
ordinary witnesses. You, the jury, must decide whether the witnesses’s
testimony has been affected by any of those circumstances, or by the
witnesses’s interest in the outcome of the case, or by prejudice against the
defendant, or by the benefits that the witness has received either financially or
as a result of being immunized from prosecution. You should keep in mind that
such testimony is always to be received with caution and weighed with great
care.
You should never convict any defendant upon the unsupported testimony
of such a witness unless you believe that testimony beyond a reasonable doubt.
(emphasis added).
¶23. The accomplice instruction given by the trial judge reads:
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The record reveals two jury instructions labeled D-1. Since Smith’s brief refers to only one of
the D-1 instructions, we will evaluate that instruction only. The other D-1 instruction is a peremptory
charge to the jury to find Smith not guilty of armed robbery.
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The Court instructs the jury that if you find the testimony of Elvin
Simmons, an alleged accomplice of the defendant in this case, to be
uncorroborated by other evidence, then and in that event, you should view such
testimony with great caution and suspicion and that it must be reasonable and
not improbable or self-contradictory or substantially impeached.
(emphasis added).
¶24. Smith cites Williams v. State, 729 So. 2d 1181 (Miss. 1998), as authority that the
cautionary instruction given by the trial court was insufficient. However, in Williams, this
Court found it was error to fail to give a cautionary instruction. Williams is not authority for
the proposition argued by Smith.
¶25. Next, Smith turns to Wheeler v. State, 560 So. 2d 171 (Miss. 1991), in which the
questioned instruction was: “Neal Woodard and Franklin Holmes are accomplices in this case,
and the testimony of an accomplice is to be considered and weighed with great care and
caution. You may give it such weight and credit as to which you deem it to be entitled.” Id. at
172. The Wheeler court held: “[b]ecause of the source and the nature of the evidence
presented in this case, ‘stronger words of caution’ were warranted.” Id. at 173. Further, “[t]he
trial judge, in deleting the requirement to view accomplices’ testimony with suspicion,
effectively diluted the instruction.” Id. at 174.
¶26. In the case sub judice, however, the trial judge instructed the jury to view an
accomplice’s testimony with “great caution and suspicion.” Thus, the missing element from
the Wheeler instruction was given.
¶27. This Court recently found the following cautionary instruction to be sufficient: “The
Court instructs you that the testimony of an admitted accomplice should be viewed by you
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with great care, caution and suspicion and you should give it such weight and credit as you
deem it is entitled.” Rosenthall v. State, 844 So. 2d 1156, 1160 (Miss. 2003) (emphasis
added). In Rosenthall, the phrase “great care, caution and suspicion” was sufficient, while
“great care and caution” was insufficient in Wheeler. That is to say, “caution” does not rise to
the same level as “suspicion.” Following the rationale of Wheeler, use of either “caution” or
“care” is acceptable, so long as the term “suspicion” is included. We find no error here.
¶28. Additionally, proposed jury instruction D-1 states that an accomplice’s testimony must
“always be examined and weighed by the jury with greater care and caution than the testimony
of ordinary witnesses.” This is an incorrect statement of the law. We take this opportunity to
clarify that when an accomplice instruction is required, the trial court (as was done in this
case) must inform the jury that an accomplice’s testimony which is uncorroborated by other
evidence must be viewed with great caution and suspicion. Black v. State, 336 So. 2d 1302,
1303 (Miss. 1976) (citing Hutchins v. State, 220 So. 2d 276 (Miss. 1969); Cole v. State, 217
Miss. 779, 65 So. 2d 262 (1953)). See also Brown v. State, 890 So. 2d 901, 910-911(Miss.
2004); Ellis v. State, 790 So. 2d 813, 816 (Miss. 2001) (Uncorroborated testimony of an
accomplice may be sufficient to convict an accused but a cautionary instruction is warranted
where the testimony is unreasonable, self contradictory or substantially impeached.) (quoting
Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1253 (Miss. 1995)). The testimony of an accomplice
is not required to be viewed with great caution and suspicion just because he is an accomplice,
but instead it is only that portion of an accomplice’s testimony which is uncorroborated by
other evidence which is viewed with great caution and suspicion. The jury instruction given by
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the trial court properly stated that if the jury found the testimony of the alleged accomplice
to be uncorroborated by other evidence, then the jury should view his testimony with great
caution and suspicion. This is a correct statement of the law, and the trial court did not err in
refusing the defense’s proposed instruction D-1.
III. Sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence.
¶29. Although captioned as a sufficiency of the evidence appeal, Smith briefed the issue as
a challenge to the weight of the evidence. Since the standard of review for a challenge to
weight of the evidence is quite different from a challenge to sufficiency of the evidence, we
will analyze under both standards.
Weight of the evidence
¶30. In Dunn v. State, 891 So. 2d 822, 826 (Miss. 2005), we held that
[A] new trial will not be given unless the verdict is so contrary to the
overwhelming weight of the evidence that an unconscionable injustice would
occur by allowing the verdict to stand. Groseclose v. State, 440 So. 2d 297, 300
(Miss.1983). However, if a jury verdict convicting a defendant is against the
overwhelming weight of the evidence, then the remedy is to grant a new trial.
Collier v. State, 711 So. 2d 458, 461 (Miss.1998).
¶31. Contrary to Smith’s assertions, the verdict is not against the overwhelming weight of
the evidence. It is true that Craft was unable to give a full description to the police of the
driver of the vehicle, but she was able to pick Smith out of a photograph line-up. She testified
that she got a good look at Smith when he pulled up beside her and that she was 100% sure that
Smith was the driver of the car that boxed her in.
¶32. Additionally, Smith was pulled over driving the stolen vehicle. Upon police questioning
regarding the stolen vehicle, he admitted to having dropped Simmons off at a gas station near
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the carjacking site on the night in question. 3 According to Simmons’s testimony, Smith said
he needed to find a car similar to his own in order to make repairs. Smith owned a 1987 gray
Chevrolet Caprice but was arrested driving a 1990 blue Chevrolet Caprice. Further, Smith
testified that on a separate occasion, he drove Simmons somewhere in North Jackson so that
Simmons could steal a car. With this evidence and the reasonable inferences therefrom, no
unconscionable injustice will occur by letting the verdict stand.
Sufficiency of the evidence
¶33. We recently clarified the distinction between the standard of review for challenges
concerning the weight of the evidence versus challenges concerning the sufficiency of the
evidence. See Roche v. State, __ So.2d__, 2005 WL 851347, *6 -8(Miss. 2005); Bush v.
State, 895 So. 2d 836, 842-45 (Miss. 2005). When analyzing a trial court’s verdict for
sufficiency of the evidence, we employ this standard of review:
In Carr v. State, 208 So. 2d 886, 889 (Miss. 1968), we stated that in
considering whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction in the face
of a motion for directed verdict or for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the
critical inquiry is whether the evidence shows ‘beyond a reasonable doubt that
accused committed the act charged, and that he did so under such circumstances
that every element of the offense existed; and where the evidence fails to meet
this test it is insufficient to support a conviction.’ However, this inquiry does
not require a court to
'ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial
established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.' Instead, the relevant
question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.
3
Smith denied being in the area or with Simmons on the date of the carjacking at trial but for
purposes of weight of the evidence, we must examine all evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict.
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Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979)
(citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Should the facts and inferences
considered in a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence ‘point in favor of
the defendant on any element of the offense with sufficient force that
reasonable men could not have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the
defendant was guilty,’ the proper remedy is for the appellate court to reverse and
render[, i.e. reverse and discharge]. Edwards v. Stat e, 469 So. 2d 68, 70 (Miss.
1985) (citing May v. State, 460 So. 2d 778, 781 (Miss. 1984); see also Dycus
v. State, 875 So. 2d 140, 164 (Miss. 2004). However, if a review of the
evidence reveals that it is of such quality and weight that, ‘having in mind the
beyond a reasonable doubt burden of proof standard, reasonable fair-minded
men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions on
every element of the offense,’ the evidence will be deemed to have been
sufficient.
Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d at 843.
¶34. In order for the jury to find a defendant guilty of carjacking, the State must prove the
following statutory elements: (1) a taking of a motor vehicle (2) from someone’s immediate
actual possession (3) by force, stealth or violence. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-117. Force or
violence includes putting the victim in fear of the same. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-117(1). Use
of a firearm or other deadly or dangerous weapon elevates the crime to armed carjacking.
Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-117(2).
¶35. Craft, testified that two men stole her vehicle at gunpoint while she was stopped at a
stop sign. Smith does not dispute that (1) Craft’s car was stolen (2) while it was in her
immediate possession by force (3) with a gun. Therefore, the State met its burden of
producing evidence as to every element of armed carjacking.
¶36. Finding no merit in either a weight of the evidence or a sufficiency of the evidence
challenge, we affirm the trial court’s denial of a direct verdict in favor of Smith and denial of
Smith’s motion for J.N.O.V.
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CONCLUSION
¶37. We find no error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶38. CONVICTION OF ARMED CARJACKING AND SENTENCE OF THIRTY (30)
YEARS, AS A HABITUAL OFFENDER, IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, TOGETHER WITH A PAYMENT OF A FINE OF
$10,000, AFFIRMED. SENTENCE IN THIS CAUSE SHALL RUN CONCURRENTLY
WITH THE SENTENCE IN CAUSE NUMBER 02-0-031-04.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., EASLEY AND CARLSON, JJ.,
CONCUR. GRAVES AND RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR IN RESULT ONLY. DIAZ, J.,
NOT PARTICIPATING.
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