Hamilton v. State ( 1889 )

Campbell, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

. The state sued on the bond of Hamilton and others as lessees of the penitentiary to recover the money claimed to be due for rent stipulated to be paid. A number of pleas were pleaded, and among them, one numbered 5th, in which it was averred that the defendants had been discharged from all liability on the bond sued on by an executed transfer of the penitentiary to the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad Company, in pursuance of an act of the legislature entitled, “ an act to facilitate the construction of the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad Company, and for other purposes,” approved March 13,1884. While the case was pending in the circuit court, the attorney-general and counsel for the defense applied to the judges of, the supreme court for their consent to decide the questions of law relating to the liability of the sureties on the bond in advance of a trial of the case in the circuit court, inasmuch as the case might be expected to come before the supreme court ultimately, however decided by the circuit court, and it was desirable to obtain an expression of the view of the judges of said court as soon as possible for the guidance of all concerned in the further progress of the case in the circuit court. The judges of the supreme court consented to hear the case and give their view of the law applicable, as requested by the counsel for the state and the defendants. In pursuance of what had occurred, an agreement signed by counsel was presented to the judges in which, after stating, “it is hereby agreed to submit the questions of law relating to the liability of the sureties on the bond,” etc., it proceeded in the following language: “ The questions the said judges are asked to decide are, 1.......

“2. As to whether or not a compliance with the act of 1884, authorizing the transfer of the convicts to the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad Company, in everything save the giving of the bond required by said act, released the sureties on the bond of the lessees.” A stipulation of the agreement of counsel was that the decision of the judges of the supreme court should “ be accepted by both the state and the said sureties as the law of the case, and the case is to be disposed of in the circuit court of Hinds county, in accordance with such decision,” etc.

The attorney-general, and counsel for the defendants appeared before the judges of the supreme court with the papers of the case as pending in the circuit court, and argued fully the several questions involved in it. After the argument the judges took charge of the case, for the purpose of giving their view of the law upon the questions submitted to them. In the argument, it was conceded by the. attorney-general that, if under the act of 1884, a valid transfer could be made to, and accepted by the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad Company, without its bond being first given, the sureties would be discharged. On considering the case, as submitted to them, the judges were impressed with the belief that the plain interpretation of the act of 1884, led to the conclusion that the giving a bond by the railroad company was not a condition precedent to a valid transfer of the penitentiary, but that the transfer was to precede the execution of the prescribed bond, which was a matter between the state and the railroad company.

' The following opinion was written and subscribed by the judges of the supreme court at the time, as expressive of their view of the law. It is confined to a single question, because one good plea in bar is as good as a hundred, and it was deemed unnecessary to decide any other question, as this was supposed to be decisive of the case so far as related to the liability of the sureties. This is the opinion:—

“The fifth plea presents a good defense to the action. It avers that a transfer was made by Hamilton, Allen & Co. to the Gulf & Ship Island R. R. Co., and accepted by it, and a copy of the transfer filed in the office of the secretary of state, as provided by ‘An act to facilitate the construction of the Gulf & Ship Island Railroad, and for other purposes/ approved March 13, 1884, and found in the acts of 1884, p. 971.

“ The express declaration of that act is that ‘ upon the execution of such transfer and assignment in writing, and a copy thereof filed, etc., the said Hamilton, Allen and Company, lessees, or their assigns, shall be released from all liabilities thereafter to the state of Mississippi.5 The act requires said company to execute a bond, but does not make the giving of such a bond a condition of the validity of the transfer authorized. The giving bond was a matter between the state and the railroad company with which Hamilton, Allen & Co. had nothing to do, and the transfer by them, and its legal effect, were not by the act made dependent on giving the bond required, which was to succeed the transfer. It is plain from the act that the purpose was to get a transfer of the lease from Hamilton, Allen & Co. to the G. & S. I. R. R. Co., and this was first authorized. Negotiation between these parties as to terms, and a transfer from one to the other as a complete act, evidence of which was to be filed in the office of secretary of state, were provided for to precede, therefore to be independent of, the requirement that the railroad company should give the bond. That was the condition on which the railroad company was to continue in the enjoyment of the lease, which it was empowered to obtain by assignment. The natural order contemplated was the transfer in writing, executed, and then giving bond, the necessity for which could not arise until the completion of the transfer. It was the transfer executed, and a copy filed, which was to release Hamilton, Allen & Co. The validity of such transfer did not depend on what might subsequently occur as to the bond. They were to be released by their own act, and not by what might or might not be done by the railroad company, which had first to deal with them, and then with the state as to the bond.

“The rules of law applicable to the contracts of individuals must apply here. The settled doctrine is that whether or not a condition exists, or whether it is precedent or subsequent, or whether there is dependence or independence of stipulations or requirements, is to be collected from the evident sense and meaning of the parties as they have expressed themselves. The question of precedency depends ‘ on the order of time in which the intent of the transaction requires their performance.’ ■ If a matter is to occur before another matter, or may so occur, it cannot be said to depend on the other. It must be independent in the nature of things, and so the law is declared by all the authorities.

“ It will not do to say that the requirement of a bond must be held a condition of the validity of the transfer to the railroad company as a means of protection to the state. If the state was injured, or liable to injury for want of such a condition, it was its own doing, and it cannot complain. The truth is, the legislature assumed that a bond would be given by the railroad company, and without stipulating that it should be given as a condition of the transfer, authorized the transfer to be made, and as it was made, it must be held to have had the effect declared by the act. The transfer, in compliance with the law, divested Hamilton, Allen & Co. of all right to the lease, and the giving a bond, as required of the railroad company, was the condition on which it was to hold what was transferred. Failure to give the bond gave the state the right to assume control of the penitentiary. That was a sufficient protection to the state, but, whether it was or not, it is all the legislature provided.

“We concur in holding the fifth plea good, and for the reasons above given.”

At the time of delivering that opinion, we did not have a doubt of its correctness, as an exposition of the law on the facts assumed to exist, and we do not entertain a doubt now of its accuracy as an expression of the true interpretation of the act of 1884. We adhere to the view expressed, and it must prevail as the law of the case, whatever be the consequence to any party to it.

Afterwards, in the circuit court, the attorney-general, who, since the submission of the questions of law to the judges of the supreme court, had been led to believe that the fifth plea, which he had before regarded as true, was not in fact true, obtained leave of court, and replied, traversing the plea as to the transfer to the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad Company. After this, on motion of the defendants for judgment final “ upon the award and judgment of the judges of the supreme court,” the sureties on said bond were by the judgment of the circuit court discharged from all liability. To this the state excepted, and has appealed to this court.

Upon the rendition of the judgment discharging the sureties, the attorney-general obtained leave of the court, and presented a declaration on the contract of lease of the penitentiary, and to recover of the lessees, who were principals in the bond sued on in the action, the money claimed to be due from them for the period of time for which the action on the bond was brought, viz; the year 1885. This declaration was demurred to by the defendants, and when the demurrer ivas overruled divers pleas were filed, to all of which demurrers were sustained, except the general issue, on which a trial was had resulting in a judgment in favor of the state, from which the defendants have appealed.

It was error for the circuit court to discharge the sureties, on motion, in view of the traverse of the 5th plea. All that the opinion of the judges of the supreme court settled, or ivas intended to settle, Avas the law upon a given state of facts, viz; the facts stated in the fifth plea, which Avere assumed to be true, without inquiry, by the judges, Avho undertook to declare the laAV on the question submitted to them by the attorney-general and counsel for the defendants. It did not occur to the judges that the state would be precluded from controverting the facts set up in any of the pleas, and we fail to perceive now any plausible ground for such a ruling. The judges, in considering the case, looked only to the questions presented by counsel, and did not at the time consider the application of the vieAv expressed to the pleadings. It is true that it was supposed that the effect of the opinion of the judges Avould be to discharge the sureties, but that was upon the assumption of the truth of the fifth plea. When it was proposed by the attorney-general to controvert the plea, the issue should have been tried.

There was no arbitration of the case by the judges of the supreme court, and no award by them, except as stated above. It was justly assumed that they would, when urged by counsel on both sides, give their view of the law, under a sense of their responsibility as judges, as if in court, and it was accordingly done, so that it might be known in advance what that view was.

It follows the view presented, that the judgment in favor of the sureties against the state must be reversed, and from this it results, necessarily, that the judgment in favor of the state against the principals in the bond, on the amended declaration, must be vacated. Otherwise, a curious condition of things would be presented. It may be that amending the declaration and proceeding to judgment against the principals in the bond would have amounted to an election to abandon the pursuit of the sureties, and pursue the principals instead, if the principals had acquiesced in the judgment against them, and the sureties had pleaded that in bar of the further pursuit of them. But as the whole matter is before us on appeal and cross-appeal, we are satisfied that our proper course is to reverse the judgment discharging the sureties, and, as a consequence of that, and, without inquiry into the rulings in the action as amended, to vacate the judgment in favor of the state, and restore the status quo of the case before the error discharging the sureties, on which error the subsequent proceeding was based.

Judgment will be entered accordingly.