Menzies Aviation, Inc. v. Wilcox , 978 F. Supp. 2d 983 ( 2013 )

MEMORANDUM OF LAW

MICHAEL J. DAVIS, Chief Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the Court on Plaintiffs Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order. [Docket No. 6] The Court heard oral argument on October 17, 2013. The Court denied the motion in an October 17 Order [Docket No. 40] with a memorandum of law to follow. Accordingly, the Court hereby enters the following Memorandum of Law.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

1. The Parties

Plaintiff Menzies Aviation (USA), Inc. (“Menzies”) is a non-airline-owned aviation support company • providing aviation ground handling services, such as air cargo, baggage, passenger, and ramp handling services, at multiple airports. (Verified Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶ 8.) Menzies provides ground handling services to multiple commercial aviation carriers at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (“MSP”). (Id.)

From 2006 until 2012, Menzies had only one customer at MSP, Sun Country Airlines (“Sun Country”). (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 16.) In 2012, Menzies added Spirit Airlines as its second customer. (Id.) Mid-2013, Menzies added Frontier Airlines as a customer. (Id. ¶ 17.) However, Sun Country remained, by far, Menzies’ largest customer at MSP. (Id. ¶ 18.)

In 2005, Defendant Robert Wilcox was hired as the General Manager of Ground Handling Services with Integrated Airline Services Alliance LLC (“IASA”) at MSP. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 2.) Wilcox has worked in the airline ground handling industry since 1985. (Id. ¶ 3.)

In 2006, Menzies acquired IASA. ( [Docket No. 21] Ex. A.) According to Wilcox, he continued to perform the same job but with Menzies, rather than IASA, as his employer. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 5.) According to Menzies, in September 2006, Menzies hired Wilcox as its General Manager at MSP. (Harnden Aff. ¶ 2; Compl. ¶ 13.) He was Menzies’ highest ranking employee at MSP. (Compl. ¶ 13.)

Defendant Servisair, LLC (“Servisair”) is an international provider of aviation ground services, with 119 stations in 20 countries. (R. Ward Decl. ¶ 2; Arble Deck ¶ 2.) Servisair has conducted operations at MSP since 2005. (Arble Deck ¶ 3.) Servisair and its predecessors have provided services to Sun Country for more than 20 years. (R. Ward Deck ¶ 4.) Servisair currently provides ground handling services to Sun Country at the Las Vegas, Miami, and Los Angeles airports. (Id.)

2. The Non-Compete

A few days after Wilcox began working for Menzies, he was given a large stack of documents and told to sign and return them immediately; he did so. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 6.) Included in the stack was a Confidentiality, Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement (“Non-Compete”) with Menzies dated September 13, 2006. (Compl., Ex. A.) Wilcox signed the document, but Menzies did not. (Id.) The Non-Compete provides:

In consideration of the employment of [Wilcox] and the salary and other remuneration and benefits paid by the Company to [Wilcox] while [he] is employed by the Company, and other good and valuable consideration ...

[Wilcox] agrees ... that [he] will not, during the course of [his] employment by the Company and for ten (10) years after the cessation of employment, directly or indirectly use, disclose or disseminate to any other person, organization or entity or otherwise employ any Trade Secrets. [Wilcox] further agrees, except as specifically required in the performance of [his] duties for the Company, that [he] will not, during the course of [his] employment by the Company and for two (2) years after the cessation of that employment, disclose or disseminate to any other person, organization or entity or otherwise employ any Confidential Information. The obligations set forth herein shall not apply to any Trade Secrets or Confidential Information which shall have become generally known to competitors of the Company through no act or omission of the Employee.

(Non-Compete ¶ 3.)

The contract also provides:

The Employee agrees that during [his] employment with the Company and for twelve (12) months after the cessation of [his] employment with the Company, [Wilcox] shall not, directly or indirectly, on behalf of [himself] or any person or entity other than the Company, engage in the provision of airport services, including cargo hauling, or the management of such services, at any airport where [he] worked during the last two (2) years of [his] employment with the Company.

(Non-Compete ¶ 6(c).)

Also,

The Employee agrees that for twelve (12) months after the cessation of [Wilcox’s] employment [he] will not directly or indirectly solicit or attempt to solicit any customer, former customer or prospective customer of the Company for the purpose of providing airport services, including cargo hauling. This restriction shall apply only to any customer, former customer or prospective customer of the Company with whom [Wilcox] had contact during the last two (2) years of [his] employment with the Company.

(Non-Compete ¶ 7(b).)

The contract states that it “is to be governed by and construed under Florida law, without regard to its provisions concerning choice of laws.” (Non-Compete ¶ 17.)

Wilcox asserts that no one at Menzies ever explained the terms, meaning, or significance of the Non-Compete to him. (Wilcox Aff. ¶¶ 6-7.) He further asserts that the Non-Compete did not provide him with any employment benefits; he remained an at-will employee as he had been before he signed the agreement. (Id. ¶ 5.) Throughout Wilcox’s term of employment with Menzies, Menzies never changed or increased his responsibilities, promoted him, or provided him with any specialized job training. (Id. ¶ 9.)

3. Wilcox’s Email

Wilcox used a Menzies laptop computer at work. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 10.) Menzies required Wilcox to be available at all times to address work issues and expected that he would work from home as needed. (Id. ¶ 11.) Wilcox avers that he was unable to access his office laptop from his home. (Id. ¶ 12.) Therefore, as a matter of routine, he would email documents from his work laptop to his personal computer so that he could perform work-related duties at home. (Id.; (Compl. ¶ 30 (alleging that, as early as February 2011, Wilcox sent dozens of emails containing Menzies-generated material to his personal email addresses)).) Sun Country routinely sent emails to his personal email address regarding business matters. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 12.) According to Menzies, some of the emails that Wilcox emailed to himself included attachments with Menzies’ customer contracts, financial information, and operational planning documents. (Compl. ¶ 31.)

Menzies was aware that Wilcox sent work emails to his personal computer and, Menzies, itself, sent work emails to Wilcox’s personal email address. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 13; Wilcox Aff., Exs. I, III.)

When Wilcox had completed a particular task, he would normally delete the information from his personal computer because he no longer needed it. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 15.) Wilcox avers that no Menzies employment policy prohibited him from emailing himself work documents to enable him to work at home, and no manager told him not to do so. (Id. ¶ 14.) There was no policy telling Wilcox which information was supposed to be treated as a trade secret or confidential. (Id.)

4. Sun Country’s Decision to Change Ground Handlers and Wilcox’s Relationship with Servisair

During 2012 and 2013, Sun Country repeatedly told Wilcox and other Menzies employees that Menzies was not meeting Sun Country’s expectations in terms of equipment, labor, and safety. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 19.) Spirit Airlines also complained to Wilcox about substandard service by Menzies. (Id. ¶ 20.) Wilcox repeatedly told both his manager, Kevin Brown, and Brown’s manager, John Redmond, about Sun Country’s continuing displeasure and tried to remedy the issues. (Id. ¶ 21.) Wilcox often served as a mediator between Menzies and Sun Country personnel who were complaining to him about Menzies. (Id. ¶¶ 22-23.)

Wilcox was very concerned about Sun Country’s dissatisfaction because Redmond had repeatedly told Wilcox that if Menzies lost Sun Country’s business, Wilcox would lose his job with Menzies. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 24.)

During the end of March 2013, Wilcox forwarded internal emails from his Menzies supervisors expressing concerns about his job performance to representatives of Menzies’ MSP customers. (See, e.g., Harnden Aff. ¶ 7A; Harnden Aff., Ex. 1.)

In March 2013, Wilcox told Redmond that he was frustrated over Menzies’ failure to deal with Sun Country’s complaints about labor, equipment, and safety issues. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 26.) Redmond acknowledged that Sun Country was dissatisfied and told Wilcox to go work for Servisair or some other “mom & pop.” (Id. ¶ 27.)

On April 4, Jerry Fuller, Senior Director of Ground Operations for Sun Country, told Robin Ward, Vice President of Business Development for Servisair, that Sun Country was not satisfied with the ground handling services being provided by Menzies. (R. Ward Aff. ¶ 5.) Fuller stated that Sun Country wanted a proposal from Servisair for MSP ground handling. (Id.)

In April 2013, Servisair contacted Wilcox and asked if he would be interested in looking at a position with Servisair. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 45.) On April 19, Wilcox sent his resume to Servisair. (C. Ward Aff. ¶ 4A; C. Ward Aff., Ex. 2.)

In May, Menzies’ Kevin Brown made an offer to Sun Country to extend the contract, but advised Sun Country that the new contract would involve a rate increase. (Fuller Aff. ¶ 6.) Fuller told Menzies that, if Menzies intended to increase the rate, Sun Country was soliciting Requests for Proposal (“RFPs”) from other handlers. (Id.)

Servisair’s Ward was the sole negotiator on behalf of Servisair for Sun Country’s business; Ward did not have any interaction with Wilcox until after the agreement with Sun Country at MSP was signed. (R. Ward Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.) No one ever informed Ward of the substantive terms of any bid submitted by Menzies for ground handling services such as financial terms or rates charged. (Id. ¶ 10.) Servisair avers that Wilcox did not share any confidential or proprietary information with Servisair, and that Servisair did not use any such information in obtaining the Sun Country contract. (R. Ward Decl. ¶¶ 9-10; Arble Decl. at ¶ 4; Perry Decl. ¶¶ 10-11.)

On June 6, 2013, Servisair interviewed Wilcox, in Houston, for the position of MSP General Manager with Servisair. (Perry Aff. ¶ 2.) At that time, the position only involved fueling operations at MSP. (Id.) Servisair did not hire Wilcox for that position. (Id. ¶ 5.)

On July 18, Fuller told Menzies that Sun Country had substantial concerns with Menzies’ proposal. (Fuller Aff. ¶ 8; Fuller Aff., Ex. B.)

On July 25, Wilcox emailed himself Menzies information, including MSP staffing and scheduling formulas and practices for providing service to Sun Country at MSP. (Harnden Aff. ¶ 7B; Harnden Aff., Ex. 4.)

On August 5, Fuller sent written notice to Menzies that its contract with Sun Country would be terminated effective November 5, 2013. (Fuller Aff. ¶4; Fuller Aff., Ex. A.) Sun Country informed Menzies that Servisair would be taking over and asked that Menzies work with Servisair for a smooth transition. (Fuller Aff., Ex. A.)

On August 6,' Sun Country’s Fuller emailed Wilcox, copying Brown, notifying Wilcox and Brown of the termination of the Menzies contract. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 28.) Brown then told Wilcox that his job with Menzies would end on November 5, 2013, that Menzies would transfer its business to another company on that date, and that Wilcox would be free to apply for a job with the new company without preference for any prior Menzies service. (Id. ¶ 29.) Wilcox avers that, after this conversation, he approached Servisair for possible employment. (Id. ¶ 30; see also Perry Decl. ¶ 6.)

On August 6 and 7, Servisair and Wilcox emailed to begin negotiations for him to run its MSP ground handling operation. (C. Ward Aff. ¶40; C. Ward Aff., Ex. 5.) In an email to Servisair, Wilcox stated that he would be busy working on getting Menzies’ Frontier Airlines handling service started and moving Menzies to new offices, but that he would like to move quickly over to Servisair while still giving Menzies’ 30 days’ notice so it had time to replace him. (Id.) Servisair responded and told Wilcox that “this could be a delicate situation.” (Id.)

On August 12, Wilcox emailed himself 49 attachments with files and copies of Menzies’ communications and information related to Menzies’ provision of service to Sun Country at MSP. (Harnden Aff. ¶ 7C; Harnden Aff., Ex. 6.) (The exhibit provided does not include the actual attachments.)

On August 12, John Redmond, Menzies Senior Vice President Americas, emailed Wilcox and Brown and stated, in part:

It’s a very bad day for Menzies Aviation, and none of us (and for the avoidance of doubt I include myself and yourself in this) have covered ourselves in glory in the way we have lost this business — the loss was avoidable had we listened more attentively to the customer — -from my recent conversations with Jerry and my 1 conversation with John Fredericksen [President and CEO of Sun Country] that was made very clear.

But it has gone, and now we have to plan for life without Sun Country but with Spirit & Frontier, and we have to learn from all of the mistakes that we have all made in the past.

(Marshall Deck, Ex. A.)

On August 14, Sun Country and Servisair executed the ground handling agreement with Servisair, effective November 7, 2013. (R. Ward Deck ¶¶ 6-7.) Sun Country avers that Wilcox was not involved in any of Sun Country’s bidding negotiations with Menzies; nor was he a factor in its decision to terminate Menzies or enter an agreement with Servisair. (Fuller Aff. ¶ 10.) Sun Country further avers that its reasons for terminating the Menzies’ contract involved labor, equipment, and safety issues that Sun Country had with Menzies’ performance. (Id. ¶ 5.)

On August 20 and 21, Wilcox and Servisair corresponded regarding his job offer from Servisair and compensation negotiations. (C. Ward Aff. f4D; C. Ward Aff., Ex. 7.)

On August 24, Sun Country offered the position of manager of operations on the ramp to Wilcox. (Perry Deck ¶ 7.) It offered the position of General Manager for Servisair’s MSP operations to a different candidate. (Id. ¶ 8.)

On August 26, 2013, Wilcox gave Menzies notice of his resignation, effective September 27, 2013. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 32; Brown Aff., Ex. 8.) He informed Menzies that he had obtained a job with Servisair. (Wilcox Aff. ¶¶ 34.) Also on August 26, Wilcox emailed himself additional information, including information about Menzies’ physical assets at MSP, information about servicing Frontier Airlines, and Menzies’ staffing plans. (Harnden Aff., Ex. 9.)

Around the time of Wilcox’s resignation, he had emptied everything from the Deleted Items folder in his Microsoft Outlook email program. (Compl. ¶ 32.) In examining the laptop formerly provided to Wilcox, Menzies has discovered additional encryption protections on the hard drive making it difficult to see which files were on the computer and what the computer had been used for. (Compl. ¶ 34.) It alleges, based “[o]n information and belief,” that Wilcox put the encryption on the laptop. (Id.)

On August 29, Wilcox emailed Servisair to tell it about a business opportunity with Sun Country in Phoenix. (C. Ward Aff., Ex. 10.) Throughout the day, Wilcox continued to email Servisair questions about its plans and requirements for the new MSP-Sun Country contract and he responded to a Servisair email by saying, among other things, “Bag carts need to open on both sides. Single sided don’t work well in this operation. We had a shipment of them and ended up sending them back.” and “Only 10 belt loaders? Is that what SCA wanted? I had twelve of each.” (C. Ward Aff., Ex. 11.)

On September 3, Wilcox wrote to Servisair to ask if it had developed a checklist for the Sun Country contract. (C. Ward Aff., Ex. 12.) Wilcox offered to develop a checklist if Servisair had not already done so. (Id.) A Menzies-Sun Country checklist is one of the items that Wilcox had emailed to himself at one point. (Harnden ¶ 8.)

According to Wilcox, on September 4, Menzies told Wilcox that it was terminating his employment and relieving him from any further duties. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 35.) According to Menzies, on that date, it placed Wilcox on “garden leave,” meaning that he was relieved of his duties but that he remained employed, continued to receive his salary, and continued to owe a duty of loyalty to Menzies until September 27. (Brown Aff. ¶ 5.) Up until September 4, at Menzies’ request, Wilcox had worked on transitioning Sun Country’s business from Menzies to Servisair. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 37.) On September 4, Wilcox returned all Menzies property. {Id. ¶ 38.) He showed Brown all of the emails that he had sent to his personal email address, described the files that he had deleted from his work laptop, explained that he usually deleted files that were no longer needed, and stated that he had intended to clean up the laptop for the next person who would use it. {Id.) He also told Brown that he had sent some emails to his personal address to protect himself in case Menzies tried to hurt his business reputation. {Id.) He did not ever place any encryption on his laptop and does not even know what encryption is or how to do it. (Id. ¶ 39.)

On September 5, 2013, Wilcox sent Servisair a list of the Menzies employees who were servicing Sun Country at that time. (C. Ward Aff., Ex. 13.)

Wilcox began working for Servisair on September 9. (Perry Decl. ¶ 9; Wilcox Aff. ¶ 41.)

Servisair avers that no one at the company knew that Wilcox had a contract with Menzies that included any restrictive covenants until this lawsuit was filed. (R. Ward Decl. ¶ 11; Arble Decl. ¶ 6; Perry Decl. ¶ 12.) Also, Servisair does not employ restrictive covenants with its General Managers, and Wilcox was not required to sign a non-competition agreement or confidential information agreement as a condition of his employment with Servisair. (Perry Decl. ¶ 13.)

Currently, Wilcox acts as manager for ramp operations at MSP and oversees the work necessary for Servisair to begin ground handling operations for Sun Country on November 7, 2013. (Arble Decl. ¶¶ 7, 11.) He is obtaining the necessary equipment, interviewing and hiring personnel who will perform the actual ramp work, and establishing schedules. (Id. ¶ 7.) Once Sun Country service starts, Wilcox will be responsible for ensuring safe and efficient ramp operations. (Id. ¶ 8.) Servisair asserts that losing Wilcox would stop or slow this key work until he could be replaced, which would likely be after the November 7 start date given the need for job notices, interviewing, background checks, drug testing, airport security clearance, and a Customs Seal. (Id. ¶¶ 10, 12-16.) Thus, loss of Wilcox would likely cause Servisair to breach its agreement with Sun Country. (Id. ¶ 17.) The loss would also jeopardize ramp safety because Servisair would not have an experienced ground handling manager at MSP. (Id. ¶ 18.)

Wilcox avers that he never attempted to steer Sun Country’s business from Menzies to Servisair. (Wilcox Aff. ¶ 40.)

B. Procedural History

Menzies drafted a Complaint in Hennepin County Court against Wilcox and Servisair on September 23, 2013. The Complaint alleges Count 1: Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(4) Computer Fraud and Abuse Act — Wilcox; Count 2: Breach of Contract — Wilcox; Count 3: Tortious Interference with an Agreement — Servisair; Count 4: Breach of Duty of Loyalty— Wilcox; Count 5: Conversion — Wilcox and Servisair; Count 6: Replevin — Wilcox and Servisair; Count 7: Tortious Interference with Business Relationships and Expectancies — Wilcox and Servisair; Count 8: Unjust Enrichment — Servisair; Count 9: Unfair Competition — Servisair; and Count 10: Misappropriation of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information, Minn.Stat. § 325C.01 et seq. — Wilcox and Servisair.

On October 1, 2013, Defendants removed the matter to this Court based on federal question jurisdiction. On October 3, Menzies filed the current Motion for Temporary Restraining Order.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Preliminary Injunction Standard

The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has established the standard for considering preliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders. Dataphase Sys. Inc. v. CL Sys., Inc., 640 F.2d 109, 113 (8th Cir.1981) (en banc). This Court must consider (1) the threat of irreparable harm to the moving party if an injunction is not granted, (2) the harm suffered by the moving party if injunctive relief is denied as compared to the effect on the non-moving party if the relief is granted, (3) the public interest, and (4) the probability that the moving party will succeed on the merits. Id.

B. Probability of Success on the Merits

1. Count 10: Misappropriation of Trade Secrets (Wilcox and Servisair)

a) Elements of a Misappropriation of Trade Secrets Claim

“Trade secret” means information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique, or process, that:

(i) derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use, and

(ii) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

The existence of a trade secret is not negated merely because an employee or other person has acquired the trade secret without express or specific notice that it is a trade secret if, under all the circumstances, the employee or other person knows or has reason to know that the owner intends or expects the secrecy of the type of information comprising the trade secret to be maintained.

Minn.Stat. § 325C.01, subd. 5.

As relevant in this case, a defendant is liable for misappropriation of trade secrets if it acquires the trade secret of another and knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means. Minn.Stat. § 325C.01, subd. 3(i). Alternatively, a defendant is liable for disclosing or using the trade secret of another without express or implied consent if the defendant used improper means to acquire the trade secret or, at the time of the disclosure, knew or had reason to know that 1) the trade secret derived from a person who had used improper means to acquire it; 2) the trade secret was acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use; or 3) the trade secret was derived from a person who owed a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use. Id., subd. 3(ii).

“ ‘Improper means’ includes theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic or other means.” Minn.Stat. § 325C.01, subd. 2.

b) Whether the Information at Issue Constitutes Trade Secrets

First, the Court concludes that Menzies is not likely to demonstrate that the information at issue is protectable as a true trade secret. See LaserMaster Corp. v. Sentinel Imaging, 931 F.Supp. 628, 637-38 (D.Minn.1996). Menzies has failed to specifically identify the alleged trade secrets at issue. Menzies merely generalizes that information such as marketing information, internal reports, employment matters and financial condition were confidential. These cursory descriptions do not meet Menzies’ burden of providing that legitimate trade secrets and confidential information are actually at stake. See, e.g., Coyne’s & Co., Inc. v. Enesco, LLC, Civil No. 07-4095 (MJD/SRN), 2010 WL 3269977, at *16 (D.Minn. Aug. 16, 2010). Moreover, Menzies has not shown that the allegedly confidential information is not generally known. See Universal Hospital Servs., Inc. v. Henderson, No. CTV.0295KRHK/JMM), 2002 WL 1023147, at *4 (D.Minn. May 20, 2002). For example, generally known industry standards are not protected trade secrets. And Menzies has not addressed whether some of the information that Wilcox has obtained regarding the best manner to service Sun Country was gained when he worked at MSP as a General Manager for IASA.

Second, Menzies has failed to show that it took reasonable measures to protect the information that it considers to be protected. Menzies provided the information at issue to Wilcox without informing him that it was confidential or providing a policy designating the information as confidential. Menzies knew that Wilcox used his personal email and personal computer for work, which included the allegedly confidential information, and Menzies, itself, used Wilcox’s personal email address for work matters. Wilcox presents evidence that much of the allegedly confidential information was regularly shared by Menzies with Sun Country. {See Wilcox Aff. ¶ 42; Wilcox Aff., Ex. 2.)

Third, Menzies has not shown that its claimed trade secrets have independent economic value. As Servisair points out, ground handling services provided to Sun Country at MSP must be performed according to Sun Country’s policies and procedures, so it is not apparent how Menzies’ own policies and procedures are valuable to its competitor. (Arble Aff. ¶ 9.) Also, “mere variations on widely used processes cannot be trade secrets.” Electro-Craft Corp. v. Controlled Motion, Inc., 332 N.W.2d 890, 899 (Minn.1983).

In its reply brief, Menzies asserts that the protected information includes information that Menzies provided to Servisair regarding practices for handling Sun Country and physical assets at MSP. At this point, Menzies has not demonstrated that is likely to be able to show that information that Wilcox shared with Sun Country, such as whether bag carts for Sun Country flights need to be open on both sides or whether Sun Country needs ten or twelve belt loaders, is information that is not generally known or that is subject to reasonable efforts to preserve confidentiality.

c) Whether Wilcox Took Something that He Knew or Should Have Known Was a Trade Secret

Menzies’ failure to show that the information and documents at issue are protected trade secrets is sufficient to find that it is unlikely to succeed on this claim. The Court further points out that in order to succeed, Menzies will need to show that Wilcox took something that he knew or should have known is a trade secret. Here, Menzies has not even identified the trade secrets, let alone shown that Wilcox should have known that the information was protected. An employee is entitled to fair notice of the confidential nature of the material to be kept confidential. See Jostens, Inc. v. Nat’l Computer Sys., Inc., 318 N.W.2d 691, 702 (Minn.1982). As the Court has noted, Wilcox was not told which information was confidential; no policy regarding designation of information as confidential was provided to him; and Menzies ordered Wilcox to share extensive information with Sun Country.

d) Whether Wilcox Conveyed the Alleged Trade Secrets to Servisair

Nor is there evidence that Wilcox shared any alleged trade secrets with Servisair in connection with the Sun Country RFP. The evidence currently in the record shows that Sun Country was dissatisfied with Menzies’ service and decided, on its own, to ask Servisair to submit a bid. Sun Country, itself, avers that its decision to terminate Menzies was based on Menzies’ performance, not based on anything to do with Wilcox.

Overall, the Court concludes that Menzies is not likely to succeed on its misappropriation of trade secrets claim.

2. Count 2: Breach of the Non-Compete (Wilcox)

a) Choice of Law

The Non-Compete provides that Florida law applies. However, the parties disagree whether that choice-of-law provision should be given effect.

(1)Minnesota Choice of Law Standard

“Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum state.” H & R Block Tax Services LLO v. Franklin, 691 F.3d 941, 943 (8th Cir.2012) (citation omitted). Generally, under Minnesota choice-of-law rules, “[b]efore a choice-of-law analysis can be applied, a court must determine that a conflict exists between the laws of two forums.” Nodak Mut. Ins. Co. v. American Family Mut. Ins. Co., 604 N.W.2d 91, 93-94 (Minn.2000) (footnotes omitted). “A conflict exists if the choice of one forum’s law over the other will determine the outcome of the case.” Id. at 94. The Court must next analyze whether each state’s law can be constitutionally applied. Nodak Mut. Ins. Co., 604 N.W.2d at 94 n. 2. If there is an actual conflict and both states’ laws can be constitutionally applied, then, generally Court then applies the significant contacts test. Id.

Under Minnesota law, generally, contracting parties can choose the law to govern their contract, so long as the parties are acting in good faith and without intent to evade the law. See Combined Ins. Co. of Am. v. Bode, 247 Minn. 458, 77 N.W.2d 533, 536 (1956), cited in Milliken & Co. v. Eagle Packaging Co., 295 N.W.2d 377, 380 n. 1 (Minn.1980); Hagstrom v. American Circuit Breaker Corp., 518 N.W.2d 46, 48 (Minn.Ct.App.1994).

(2)Conflict Between Florida and Minnesota Law

Florida and Minnesota law conflict in multiple significant ways. For example, Florida recognizes continued employment alone as sufficient consideration to enforce a non-compete. See Open Magnetic Imaging, Inc. v. Nieves-Garcia, 826 So.2d 415, 417 (Fla.Ct.App.2002). Minnesota does not. See Sanborn Mfg. v. Currie, 500 N.W.2d 161, 164 (Minn.Ct.App.1993).

(3)Analysis

Despite Minnesota’s general rule enforcing parties’ choice of law provisions in contracts, the Court concludes that this is likely to be one of the rare cases in which the choice of law provision does not govern.

First, the Court is doubtful whether application of Florida law is constitutional. Cf. Medtronic, Inc. v. Gibbons, 684 F.2d 565, 568 (8th Cir.1982) (upholding choice of law provision in employment contract when the court “see[s] no federal constitutional obstacle to the choice of Minnesota law; here, Minnesota clearly has the requisite significant contact or significant aggregation of contacts, creating state interests, such that choice of its law is neither arbitrary nor fundamentally unfair). Here, the record demonstrates no connection to Florida. Wilcox lives in Minnesota, received the Non-Compete while working for Menzies at a Minnesota airport, signed the contract in Minnesota, and performed his job duties in Minnesota. (Wilcox Aff. ¶¶ 4, 6-8.) Menzies is incorporated in Delaware and has its principal place of business in Texas. (Compl. ¶ 4.) In its briefs, Menzies makes no argument that Florida has any connection to the parties or case before the Court. At oral argument, Menzies pointed out that Redmond’s verification of the Verified Complaint was signed in Florida. Counsel then proceeded to argue that Redmond runs Menzies from Florida. There is no evidence in the record to support this argument, and the Court will not speculate on a connection to Florida based solely on the fact that Redmond signed the verification in Florida.

Second, the utter lack of any connection to Florida combined with the circumstances surrounding Wilcox’s signing the Non-Compete — he was ordered to “immediately” sign the Non-Compete, which was presented in a large stack of documents with no explanation, after he had already accepted the Menzies job and had begun working — indicate that Menzies did not act in good faith in creating the Florida choice of law provision.

Third, Minnesota would likely not enforce a choice of law provision in a contract of adhesion — a “ ‘take it or leave it’ form contract between parties of unequal bargaining power.” Cell v. Moore & Schley Sec. Corp., 449 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Minn.1989). Here, after already starting work for Menzies, Wilcox was ordered to sign and return a stack of documents, including the Non-Compete. The parties were in greatly unequal bargaining positions. Menzies is a sophisticated business that had just taken over Wilcox’s former employer, and Wilcox was an individual, already working for Menzies, with no experience with non-eompete agreements, ordered by his employer to immediately sign a large stack of documents.

(4) Analysis under Minnesota’s Significant Contacts Test

Having concluded that the choice of law provision is likely unenforceable, the Court then addresses Minnesota’s significant contacts test for its choice of law analysis. The Court must address the following factors:

(1) Predictability of results;

(2) Maintenance of interstate and international order;

(3) Simplification of the judicial task;

(4) Advancement of the forum’s governmental interest; and

(5) Application of the better rule of law.

Nodak Mut. Ins. Co., 604 N.W.2d at 94 (citation omitted).

Here, the factors clearly weigh in favor of Minnesota law. Normally, under the first factor, a contractual choice-of-law provision weighs in favor of choosing the law designated. Here, the Court has concluded that the choice of law provision is likely unenforceable, and the records demonstrates no connection between Florida law and the Non-Compete or the parties such that the parties would expect Florida law to apply. Instead, the application of Minnesota law furthers predictability: the Non-Compete was executed in Minnesota, by a Minnesota resident, regarding a job in Minnesota, and addressed activities in Minnesota. Applying Minnesota law will not inhibit commerce or disrespect Florida law because there are no Florida contacts with this case. Minnesota’s governmental interest is promoted by using Minnesota law for a Minnesota transaction and by carefully scrutinizing the Non-Compete.

b) Execution of the Non-Compete

Under Minnesota law, continued employment alone is insufficient consideration to support enforcement of a non-compete agreement against an already employed employee. See, e.g., Sanborn Mfg., 500 N.W.2d at 164. Here, Menzies presented the Non-Compete to Wilcox after he had already begun his employment with Menzies, without explanation, and required him to sign and return it immediately. Because he had already started his employment, Wilcox received no new benefits under the Non-Compete. He received no promotion, special training, or other benefit in return for signing the Non-Compete. Thus, it is likely that the Non-Compete is not enforceable. See, e.g., Davies & Davies Agency, Inc. v. Davies, 298 N.W.2d 127, 133 (Minn.1980).

The Court further notes that it is unlikely that Wilcox exerts the type of personal influence over Menzies’ customers or potential customers sufficient to justify a restraint on his work in his field. Menzies has offered no such evidence. Sun Country switched ground handlers because of Menzies’ performance. Sun Country avers that Wilcox did not factor into its decision in any manner. Nor is there evidence that Spirit Airlines or Frontier Airlines would be likely to leave Menzies because Wilcox has joined Servisair. Additionally, as discussed with regards to the misappropriation of trade secrets claim, Menzies has failed to identify protected information that could serve as a legitimate business interest to support the covenants. Under either Minnesota or Florida law, Menzies’ failure to identify a legitimate business interest to justify the restrictive covenant likely defeats its case. See, e.g., Passalacqua v. Naviant, Inc., 844 So.2d 792, 795-97 (Fla.Ct.App.2003).

3. Count 1: Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (Wilcox)

The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act “provides that one who suffers ‘damage or loss’ because of a violation of the Act may bring a civil action for compensatory damages and injunctive relief.” McLean v. Mortgage One & Finance Corp., No. Civ.04-1158(PAM/JSM), 2004 WL 898440, at *2 (D.Minn. Apr. 9, 2004). A civil action may be brought by a person who suffers damage or loss of at least $5,000 by reason of a person’s violation of the act by knowingly and with intent to defraud, accessing protected computers without authorization or in excess of his authorization and obtaining something of value of more than $5,000 in any 1-year period. 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(4); (c)(4)(A)(i), (g).

Menzies claims that Wilcox intentionally accessed Menzies’ protected computer database and sent himself large amounts of confidential data in order to allow Servisair to unfairly compete with Menzies. The Court holds that, based on the record before it, assuming without deciding that Wilcox did engage in unauthorized access, Menzies is unlikely to be able to show that Wilcox caused any damages, let alone $5,000 in damages. The evidence in the record is that Sun Country switched from Menzies to Servisair based on reasons wholly unrelated to Wilcox and any information he may or may not have forwarded to himself.

4. Count 3: Tortious Interference with an Existing Contract (Servisair)

A cause of action for wrongful interference with a contractual relationship requires: “(1) the existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer’s knowledge of the contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and (5) damages.” Kjesbo v. Ricks, 517 N.W.2d 585, 588 (Minn.1994) (citation omitted).

a) Interference with the Non-Compete

First, the evidence in the record shows that Servisair was not aware of the Non-Compete until it was served with this Complaint. Thus, Menzies cannot establish the second element—that Servisair had knowledge of the contract between Menzies and Wilcox. Second, Menzies is unlikely to establish that the Non-Compete was breached because, as explained with regard to Count 2, the Court holds that it is likely that the Non-Compete is not enforceable.

b) Interference with Relationship Between Menzies and Sun Country

As for the relationship between Menzies and Sun Country, Menzies has not shown that Servisair used trade secrets—or any other kind of illegal competition—to unfairly compete and take the Sun Country account. Additionally, Menzies likely cannot show damages because the evidence from Sun Country and throughout the record shows that Sun Country changed from Menzies to Servisair for reasons unrelated to Wilcox or any alleged trade secrets.

5. Count 4: Breach of the Duty of Loyalty (Wilcox)

An employee’s duty of loyalty prohibits her from soliciting the employer’s customers for herself, or from otherwise competing with her employer, while she is employed. Employees who wish to change jobs or start their own businesses, however, should not be unduly hindered from doing so. An employee has the right, therefore, while still employed, to prepare to enter into competition with her employer.

Rehabilitation Specialists, Inc. v. Koering, 404 N.W.2d 301, 304 (Minn.Ct.App.1987) (citations omitted).

The Court holds that the record does not show that Menzies is likely to succeed on this claim. The law permitted Wilcox to prepare to compete while he was still employed by Menzies. There is conflicting evidence regarding when his employment with Menzies ended. At this point, the Court finds Wilcox’s claim that his employment ended on September 4 to be more credible. Also, Sun Country had directed Menzies to smoothly transition the account to Servisair, and Wilcox avers that Menzies directed him to do so. Therefore, many of his actions before September 4 can be attributed to fulfilling his duty to Menzies to transition the Sun Country account. Furthermore, Menzies had threatened to Are Wilcox if it lost the Sun Country account and told him to go work for Servisair, which undercuts a claim that Wilcox violated a duty of loyalty by doing just that.

6. Count 5: Conversion (Wilcox and Servisair)

“Conversion is the exercise of dominion and control over goods inconsistent with, and in repudiation of, the owner’s rights in those goods. To state a cause of action for conversion, a plaintiff must establish: (1) ownership of the goods or a right to the goods; and (2) that the defendant’s actions were inconsistent with that right.” Impulse Trading, Inc. v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A., 870 F.Supp. 954, 958 (D.Minn.1994) (citations omitted).

The Court concludes that Menzies is unlikely to succeed on its claim. As explained with regard to the misappropriation of trade secrets claim, it is likely that Wilcox did not take or use Menzies’ trade secrets or confidential information. Nor is there any evidence that Servisair obtained or used any such information from Wilcox. Additionally, given the evidence regarding Sun Country’s decision to contract with Servisair over Menzies, Menzies likely cannot show injury caused by either Wilcox’s or Servisair’s actions.

7. Count 8: Unjust Enrichment (Servisair)

“A claim for unjust enrichment arises when a party gains a benefit illegally or unlawfully,” and the rights of the parties are not governed by a valid contract. Midwest Sports Marketing, Inc. v. Hillerich & Bradsby of Canada, 552 N.W.2d 254, 268 (Minn.Ct.App.1996).

Menzies argues that, by hiring Wilcox, Servisair wrongfully used his illicit information to bolster its ground handling services at MSP. As previously discussed, Menzies cannot show an injury proximately caused by Servisair’s conduct. Nor can it show that any trade secret or confidential information was obtained by Servisair.

8. Count 9: Unfair Competition (Servisair)

“[U]nder Minnesota law, [u]n-fair competition is not a tort with specific elements, but rather, it describes a general category of torts which courts recognize for the protection of commercial interests.” LensCrafters, Inc. v. Vision World, Inc., 943 F.Supp. 1481, 1490 (D.Minn.1996) (citation omitted). “[A] common law unfair competition claim must identify the underlying tort which is the basis for [the claim]. Moreover, if the underlying tort is duplicative of another Count of the Complaint, the claim for unfair competition cannot stand.” Id. (citation omitted). “An employee’s breach of his duty of loyalty may constitute unfair competition.” Rehabilitation Specialists, Inc., 404 N.W.2d at 306.

Menzies argues that Wilcox stole confidential information and gave it to Servisair, which would not have been able to build a successful ground handling operation at MSP without that information. It claims that Wilcox breached his duty of loyalty and his Non-Compete, and Servisair has engaged in unfair competition by benefiting from those violations.

Court finds that Menzies is unlikely to succeed on this claim because there is no evidence that Servisair obtained or used confidential Menzies information. Nor is it likely that Menzies can show any injury proximately caused by Servisair’s conduct.

C. Threat of Irreparable Harm

The Court holds that Menzies has failed to show a threat of irreparable harm. Menzies already lost the Sun Country contract to Servisair, and the requested injunction will not undo that transaction. There is no evidence that Servisair will be using confidential Menzies information to perform on the Sun Country account. There is no evidence that Wilcox will harm Servisair by working for Servisair and servicing that already lost Sun Country account. Moreover, if Wilcox and Servisair are eventually found liable to Menzies, monetary damages would suffice. See Packard Elevator v. ICC, 782 F.2d 112, 115 (8th Cir.1986) (noting that “economic loss does not, in and of itself, constitute irreparable harm”).

D. Balance of the Harms

The balance of the harms weighs against an injunction. If the injunction issues, Wilcox will be barred from working in the industry that he has worked in for decades unless he moves to be close to another major airport. He owns a home here and his family is here. There is no other large airport in commuting distance. Also, if the injunction issues, Servisair faces the likely proposition of breaching the Sun Country contract and suffering a loss of reputation and good will. In contrast, Menzies already suffered the harm that it fears — losing the Sun Country contract. There is no evidence that, by working for Servisair, Wilcox might induce Spirit Airlines or Frontier Airlines to leave Menzies. Thus, Menzies does not appear to face a solid harm in the absence of an injunction.

E. Public Interest

While the public interest does favor protecting confidential information and enforcing contracts, it also favors competition. Here, Menzies is unlikely to succeed on claims based on its alleged trade secrets, and the Non-Compete is likely unenforceable. Sun Country has chosen its new ground handler and the public interest favors allowing free competition by allowing Servisair to fulfill that contract. Given the serious questions about the enforceability of the Non-Compete and the existence of true trade secrets, the public interest weighs against barring an individual from earning a living in his home state.

For the foregoing reasons, the Court denied Plaintiff’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order in the Order dated October 17, 2013.