State of Missouri, ex rel. Christopher Culp v. The Honorable Dennis Rolf, Circuit Judge ( 2019 )

IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS
WESTERN DISTRICT
STATE OF MISSOURI ex rel. )
CHRISTOPHER CULP, )
Relator, )
)
v. ) WD82270
)
THE HONORABLE DENNIS ROLF, ) FILED: January 15, 2018
CIRCUIT JUDGE, )
Respondent. )
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
Before Writ Division: Alok Ahuja, P.J., and Gary D. Witt
and Thomas N. Chapman, JJ.
In October 2015 Relator Christopher Culp was convicted in the Circuit Court
of Lafayette County of one count of felony stealing, and was sentenced to a term of
seven years’ imprisonment. The circuit court suspended the imposition of Culp’s
sentence and placed him on five years’ probation. The Board of Probation and
Parole filed probation violation reports against Culp in March and April 2017.
Because the circuit court did not hold a hearing or otherwise address the alleged
probation violations, Culp filed a motion to be discharged from probation in
September 2018. In his motion, Culp contended that his probation term had
expired due to the passage of time, and due to his accrual of earned compliance
credits under § 217.703.1 The circuit court denied Culp’s motion for discharge from
1 Unless otherwise indicated, statutory citations refer to the 2016 edition of the
Revised Statutes of Missouri, updated by the 2017 Supplement.
probation, concluding that Culp’s accrual of earned compliance credits had been
suspended by the pending violation reports.
Culp then filed a Petition for Writ of Mandamus and/or Prohibition in this
Court, arguing that his probationary period had expired. Because we agree that
Culp’s probationary period had expired by the time he filed his motion for discharge
from probation, we now issue our permanent writ in mandamus directing the circuit
court to vacate its order denying Culp’s motion. The circuit court only retained the
authority to adjudicate the probation violations alleged in the March and April 2017
reports if the court satisfied the standards in § 559.036.8.
Factual Background
On August 24, 2015, Culp was charged in the Circuit Court of Lafayette
County with one count of felony stealing (Case No. 15LF-CR-00646). The charge
was based on the allegation that, on or about May 21, 2015, Culp “appropriated a
trailer and a tractor blade of a value of at least five hundred dollars.” On October
19, 2015, Culp pleaded guilty to felony stealing. On the same day, the circuit court
sentenced him to a term of seven years’ imprisonment. The court suspended the
execution of Culp’s sentence, and ordered him to serve a five-year term of
supervised probation.2
On March 16, 2017, the Department of Corrections’ Board of Probation and
Parole filed a Field Violation Report with the circuit court. The report stated that
Culp had violated the conditions of his probation by possessing prescription drugs,
2 In State v. Smith, 522 S.W.3d 221 (Mo. banc 2017), the Missouri Supreme
Court held that stealing property with a value of more than $500 did not constitute a felony
offense under § 570.030.3(1) RSMo Supp. 2014, in light of the Court’s decision in State v.
Bazell, 497 S.W.3d 263 (Mo. banc 2016); the offense was instead punishable only as a
misdemeanor. See Smith, 522 S.W.3d at 230-31. The Supreme Court later held, however,
that the Bazell and Smith decisions did not apply retroactively to offenders, like Culp,
whose convictions had become final. State ex rel. Windeknecht v. Mesmer, 530 S.W.3d 500,
503 (Mo. banc 2017).
2
methamphetamine, and marijuana, and by assaulting another person in an
altercation over drugs. The report “recommend[ed] that Culp’s probation be
revoked and he be sentenced to the Department of Corrections.” The March 2017
violation report stated that, based on earned compliance credits which had accrued
as of March 2017, Culp had an “earned discharge date” of June 26, 2019; the report
stated that “[c]ontinued supervision compliance will result in an optimal discharge
date of 5-2-2018.”
Based on the assault and drug-possession allegations contained in the Field
Violation Report, the State filed an Application for Revocation of Probation in the
circuit court on March 21, 2017. The circuit court issued a warrant for Culp’s arrest
the following day.
The Board of Probation and Parole filed a supplemental Field Violation
Report with the circuit court on April 11, 2017, providing additional details
concerning the drug possession and assault allegations contained in the March 16
report. The April 2017 report stated that Culp had an “earned discharge date” of
June 26, 2019, and an “optimal discharge date” of June 1, 2018.
Following the filing of the supplemental violation report in April 2017, no
further action took place in Culp’s case for more than seventeen months. Then, on
September 28, 2018, Culp filed a Motion to Withdraw Warrant and Discharge Mr.
Culp from Probation. The Motion noted that under § 217.703, offenders like Culp
are entitled to accrue “earned compliance credits,” which shorten the offender’s time
on probation or parole by thirty days for every full calendar month in which the
offender is in compliance with the conditions of his or her supervision. Culp’s
Motion argued that he was in “compliance” within the meaning of § 217.703 in
every month other than March and April 2017 (the months in which the Board of
Probation and Parole had filed Field Violation Reports against him). The Motion
contended that Culp had accordingly earned thirty-day compliance credits for every
3
month beginning in December 2015, excluding March and April 2017. Based on his
accrual of earned compliance credits, the Motion to Discharge asserted that Culp’s
probation had expired on June 1, 2018 (his “optimal discharge date”), and that he
was accordingly entitled to be finally discharged from probation.
The circuit court denied Culp’s Motion to Discharge on October 17, 2018. The
court concluded that Culp’s “probation has not yet expired because his receipt of
earned compliance credit has been stayed by the pending Motion for Probation
Revocation.”
Culp filed his Petition for Writ of Mandamus and/or Prohibition in this Court
on November 6, 2018. Culp’s Petition argued that his probationary period expired
on his optimal discharge date of June 1, 2018, and that the circuit court had
erroneously concluded that the State’s filing of a motion for probation revocation
had suspended Culp’s accrual of earned compliance credits. Culp’s Petition
requested that we issue “a writ of mandamus and/or prohibition . . . requiring [the
circuit court] to discharge [Culp] from probation and prohibiting [the circuit court]
from revoking [Culp]’s probation in State v. Culp, 15LF-CR00646-01.”
We requested that the Respondent file suggestions in opposition to Culp’s
Petition. The Lafayette County Prosecuting Attorney’s office filed Suggestions in
Opposition on Respondent’s behalf on November 20, 2018. The Suggestions in
Opposition noted that, after the filing of Culp’s writ petition in this Court, the
circuit court held a probation revocation hearing on November 19, 2018, at which
the circuit court found that Culp had violated the conditions of his probation.
According to the Suggestions in Opposition, the circuit court did not enter a
dispositional order at that time, however.
The Suggestions in Opposition argued that, “[i]f [probation is] revoked and
[earned compliance credits] rescinded, [Culp]’s probation violation hearing would
[have been] held within the probation term.” If, on the other hand, Culp continued
4
to accrue earned compliance credits despite the filing of the violation reports in
March and April 2017, and his probation term therefore expired on June 1, 2018,
the Suggestions in Opposition argued that a November 2018 probation revocation
hearing was nevertheless proper. The Suggestions in Opposition argued that a
post-probation hearing was authorized under § 559.036.8, because the circuit court
had manifested its intent to revoke probation during the probation period by issuing
a warrant for Culp’s arrest, and had exercised “every reasonable effort” to conduct a
revocation hearing within the probation period, but was thwarted because “the
whereabouts of [Culp] were unknown until November 5, 2018.”
Culp filed a reply memorandum to respond to the Respondent’s contention
that “every reasonable effort” had been made to conduct a probation revocation
hearing prior to June 1, 2018. Culp asserted that he had not absconded from
probation, but was instead incarcerated on other charges in the Department of
Corrections’ Western Missouri Correctional Center in Cameron. Culp’s reply
memorandum argued that his whereabouts either were known to the circuit court
and prosecuting attorney, or were easily discoverable by the court and prosecutor
through the exercise of even minimal diligence.
Although not part of the record in this writ proceeding, we have been advised
that on December 17, 2018, the circuit court held a further hearing and revoked
Culp’s probation in the underlying case, and ordered that his seven-year sentence
be executed.
We now issue our permanent writ of mandamus, ordering that the circuit
court rescind its October 17, 2018 order denying Culp’s Motion to Discharge.
Because Culp’s probationary period expired on June 1, 2018, before the circuit court
held any probation revocation hearing, the circuit court would only have authority
to revoke Culp’s probation if the conditions specified in § 559.036.8 have been
satisfied. We are unable to determine on the present record whether the conditions
5
for a post-probation revocation hearing have been met in this case; that
determination must be made by the circuit court in the first instance.3
Discussion
Resolution of Culp’s Petition depends largely on the interpretation of
§ 217.703, which establishes the “earned compliance credit” program. Section
217.703 was amended twice in 2018.4 Because Culp contends that his probationary
period expired before the 2018 amendments became effective, we apply the statute
as it existed prior to the 2018 amendments.
The pre-2018 version of § 217.703 provided in relevant part:
3. Earned compliance credits shall reduce the term of
probation, parole, or conditional release by thirty days for each full
calendar month of compliance with the terms of supervision. Credits
shall begin to accrue for eligible offenders after the first full calendar
month of supervision . . . .
4. For the purposes of this section, the term “compliance”
shall mean the absence of an initial violation report submitted by a
probation or parole officer during a calendar month, or a motion to
revoke or motion to suspend filed by a prosecuting or circuit attorney,
against the offender.
5. Credits shall not accrue during any calendar month in
which a violation report has been submitted or a motion to revoke or
motion to suspend has been filed, and shall be suspended pending the
outcome of a hearing, if a hearing is held. If no hearing is held or the
court or board finds that the violation did not occur, then the offender
shall be deemed to be in compliance and shall begin earning credits on
the first day of the next calendar month following the month in which
3 Rule 84.24 provides that, after the filing of suggestions in opposition to a writ
petition, an appellate court will ordinarily issue a preliminary writ, and the case will then
proceed with the filing of a formal answer to the petition, and briefing by the parties. Rule
84.24(i) provides, however, that “[w]henever in the judgment of the court the procedure
heretofore required would defeat the purpose of the writ, the court may dispense with such
portions of the procedure as is necessary in the interest of justice.” Because the relevant
facts and legal issues have been adequately presented by Culp’s petition and the
suggestions in opposition filed on behalf of Respondent, and given Culp’s contention that he
is presently incarcerated without statutory authority, we have determined in the interest of
justice to proceed directly to issuance of a permanent writ in mandamus.
4 See H.B. 1355, 99th Gen. Assembly, 2nd Reg. Sess. (eff. Aug. 28, 2018); and
H.B. 2, 99th Gen. Assembly, 1st Extraordinary Sess. (eff. Dec. 18, 2018).
6
the report was submitted or the motion was filed. All earned credits
shall be rescinded if the court or board revokes the probation or parole
or the court places the offender in a department program under
subsection 4 of section 559.036. Earned credits shall continue to be
suspended for a period of time during which the court or board has
suspended the term of probation, parole, or release, and shall begin to
accrue on the first day of the next calendar month following the lifting
of the suspension.
....
7. Notwithstanding subsection 2 of section 217.730 to the
contrary, once the combination of time served in custody, if applicable,
time served on probation, parole, or conditional release, and earned
compliance credits satisfy the total term of probation, parole, or
conditional release, the board or sentencing court shall order final
discharge of the offender, so long as the offender has completed at least
two years of his or her probation or parole . . . .
See generally State ex rel. Amorine v. Parker, 490 S.W.3d 372, 374–75 (Mo. banc
2016) (describing operation of earned compliance credits under § 217.703); State ex
rel. Parrott v. Martinez, 496 S.W.3d 563, 568–69 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016) (same).
Culp argues that, despite the filing of probation violation reports against him
in March and April 2017, he resumed the accrual of earned compliance credits in
May 2017. We agree.5
Section 217.703.3 provides that eligible offenders accrue earned compliance
credits “for each full calendar month of compliance with the terms of supervision.”
“[M]onthly ‘compliance’ under the earned compliance credit statute is not defined as
the strict fulfillment of each and every term of probation in a given month.”
Parrott, 496 S.W.3d at 569. Instead, “compliance” means “the absence of an initial
violation report submitted by a probation or parole officer during a calendar month,
5 We recognize that § 217.703.8 provides that “[t]he award or rescission of any
credits earned under this section shall not be subject to appeal or any motion for
postconviction relief.” That provision is not implicated here, however, because Culp’s “claim
does not present a challenge to the division [of probation and parole]’s calculation of an
award or rescission of earned compliance credits, but instead posits that the circuit court
did not apply the earned compliance credits appropriately awarded him by the division.”
Ban v. State, 554 S.W.3d 541, 546 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018).
7
or a motion to revoke or motion to suspend filed by a prosecuting or circuit attorney,
against the offender.” § 217.703.4.
Section 217.703.5 specifies two circumstances in which the accrual of earned
compliance credits will not resume in the month following the filing of a violation
report or a motion to revoke or suspend probation. First, § 217.703.5 provides that,
following the filing of a violation report or a motion to revoke or suspend, accrual of
earned compliance credits “shall be suspended pending the outcome of a hearing, if
a hearing is held.” Second, “[e]arned credits shall continue to be suspended for a
period of time during which the court or board has suspended the term of probation,
parole, or release.” These are the only two circumstances under § 217.703 in which
continued accrual of earned compliance credits is suspended, after the month in
which a violation report or motion to revoke or suspend is filed. Thus, the circuit
court misapplied the statute when it held that Culp’s “receipt of earned compliance
credit has been stayed by the pending Motion for Probation Revocation.” The filing
of a motion to revoke probation, standing alone, does not have the effect of
suspending the accrual of earned compliance credits, beyond the month in which the
motion is filed.
The two circumstances specified in § 217.703.5 for the continued suspension
of Culp’s accrual of earned compliance credits did not occur in this case. First,
neither the circuit court, nor the Board of Probation and Parole, suspended Culp’s
probation. The court’s issuance of an arrest warrant for Culp on March 22, 2017,
did not by itself have the effect of suspending his probation. See Starry v. State, 318
S.W.3d 780, 784 n.8 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010).
Second, although the circuit court apparently held probation revocation
hearings in November and December 2018 (after Culp filed his writ petition in this
Court), those hearings would not have had the effect of suspending the accrual of
earned compliance credits from March 2017 until the hearings occurred. Those
8
hearings would have taken place well after Culp was entitled to “final discharge”
from his probation on his optimal discharge date of June 1, 2018, due to the earned
compliance credits he accrued under § 217.703. Although § 217.703.5 provides that
the accrual of earned compliance credits “shall be suspended pending the outcome of
a hearing, if a hearing is held,” that provision cannot be interpreted to suspend the
accrual of earned compliance credits indefinitely, based merely on a possibility that
the court may someday hold a probation revocation hearing. Instead, § 217.703.5
must be read in conjunction with the other statutes governing earned compliance
credits and the operation of probation generally. See, e.g., State ex rel. Evans v.
Brown Builders Elec. Co., 254 S.W.3d 31, 35 (Mo. banc 2008) (“In determining the
intent and meaning of statutory language, the words must be considered in context
and sections of the statutes in pari materia, as well as cognate sections, must be
considered in order to arrive at the true meaning and scope of the words.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
The other statutory provisions addressing earned compliance credits and
probation make clear that the accrual of earned compliance credits is not suspended
indefinitely merely by the filing of a violation report, if a revocation hearing is not
held prior to the offender’s optimal discharge date. Section 217.703.4 provides that
an offender will generally be considered to be out of “compliance” with the terms of
supervision only where “an initial violation report [is] submitted by a probation or
parole officer during a calendar month.” (Emphasis added). Section 217.703.5 itself
provides that “the offender shall be deemed to be in compliance and shall begin
earning credits on the first day of the next calendar month following the month in
which the [violation] report was submitted or the motion [to revoke] was filed,”
unless a hearing is held on the report or motion. Under § 217.703.7, “the board [of
probation and parole] or sentencing court shall order final discharge of the offender”
when the offender’s time served, together with earned compliance credits, satisfy
9
the total term of the offender’s probation. (Emphasis added). Section 217.703.10
provides that, “[n]o less than sixty days before the date of final discharge,” the court
and the prosecutor must be informed of an offender’s “impending discharge” due to
the operation of earned compliance credits.6 The statute specifies that, “[i]f the
sentencing court, the board, or the circuit or prosecuting attorney upon receiving
such notice does not take any action under subsection 5 of this section, the offender
shall be discharged under subsection 7 of this section.” Finally, § 559.036.8
provides that the power of a court to revoke probation only extends for the duration
of the probationary term, “and for any further period which is reasonably necessary
for the adjudication of matters arising before its expiration, provided that some
affirmative manifestation of an intent to conduct a revocation hearing occurs prior
to the expiration of the period and that every reasonable effort is made . . . to
conduct the hearing prior to the expiration of the period.”
Considering these provisions together, an eligible offender’s entitlement to
earned compliance credits must be capable of being known as of the date on which
he or she would be eligible for “final discharge” from probation through the
operation of the earned compliance credits. If the circuit court fails to take action to
suspend or revoke the offender’s probation, or to rescind earned compliance credits,
prior to that optimal discharge date, “the offender shall be discharged” from
probation on that date. § 217.703.10 (emphasis added). Given that the State is
under a mandatory statutory duty to “final[ly] discharge” an offender on his or her
optimal discharge date, the offender’s entitlement to discharge cannot be made to
depend upon whether the court chooses to hold a probation revocation hearing at a
6 This notice requirement was satisfied in this case by the violation reports
filed in March and April 2017, both of which advised the court and the prosecution of Culp’s
“optimal discharge date” if he continued to accrue earned compliance credits. See Parrott,
496 S.W.3d at 569.
10
later date. We hold that, where (1) an offender on probation is eligible for earned
compliance credits; (2) a violation report or motion to revoke probation is filed; but
(3) the court does not suspend probation, a probation revocation hearing must be
held within the time when the offender would otherwise be eligible for discharge
based on the continued accrual of compliance credits, or else the court must satisfy
the requirements of § 559.036.8.
The Missouri Supreme Court faced a similar statutory interpretation issue in
State ex rel. Strauser v. Martinez, 416 S.W.3d 798 (Mo. banc 2014). Strauser
involved the operation of § 536.036.7, which provides that a court may suspend
probation when a motion to revoke is filed. Section 536.036.7 specifies that “[t]he
probation shall remain suspended until the court rules on the prosecutor’s or circuit
attorney’s motion, or until the court otherwise orders the probation reinstated.”
The prosecution in Strauser argued that a revocation hearing was not untimely,
even though held outside the original probation period, because the circuit court
had suspended the probationer’s probation. The Supreme Court disagreed, holding
that the power to suspend probation did not exempt the court from having to meet
the “reasonable efforts” standard where it held a revocation hearing outside the
regular probation period:
[S]uspending probation without deciding whether probation should be
revoked, as the trial court did in each of these cases, does not relieve a
court from meeting both of the conditions provided by section
559.036.8. While a court may suspend probation upon a motion to
revoke, the suspension cannot last indefinitely. Rather, probation will
remain suspended only until the court rules on the revocation motion.
This section makes it incumbent on the court to rule on a pending
revocation motion. Further, statutory provisions are not read in
isolation, but are construed together. When sections 559.036.7 and
559.036.8 are read together, it is clear that a court must rule on the
revocation motion before the probation term ends unless it meets the
two conditions outlined in the statute.
416 S.W.3d at 802 n.3 (citations omitted). We followed this aspect of Strauser in
State ex rel. Boswell v. Harman, 550 S.W.3d 551, 556 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018). In the
11
present case, consistent with Strauser, we hold that the circuit court must hold a
probation revocation hearing within the probationary term as shortened by an
offender’s earned compliance credits, or else satisfy the conditions described in
§ 559.036.8.
We therefore conclude that any probation revocation hearing held after June
1, 2018, occurred outside of Culp’s probationary period. This does not end the
inquiry, however. Although generally “the circuit court’s authority to revoke
probation ends when the probationary period expires,” section 559.036.8 “provides
for the extension of the circuit court’s authority over a probationer ‘for any further
period which is reasonably necessary for the adjudication of matters arising before
[the probationary period’s] expiration.’” State ex rel. Zimmerman v. Dolan, 514
S.W.3d 603, 608 (Mo. banc 2017) (quoting § 559.036.8). To be entitled to this
extension of authority, “the circuit court must show [(1)] ‘some affirmative
manifestation of an intent to conduct a revocation hearing . . . prior to the
expiration of the period and [(2)] that every reasonable effort is made to notify the
probationer and to conduct the hearing prior to the expiration of the period.” Id.
(quoting § 559.036.8); see also, e.g., Boswell, 550 S.W.3d at 555.
The parties dispute whether the conditions of § 559.036.8 were satisfied in
this case, and in particular whether the circuit court exercised “every reasonable
effort” to conduct a probation revocation hearing prior to June 1, 2018. The State
argues that Culp’s whereabouts were not reasonably known, or knowable, to the
circuit court at the time the March and April 2017 violation reports were filed, and
that the circuit court made reasonable efforts to locate Culp by issuing a warrant
for his arrest. For his part, Culp argues that his incarceration in a Department of
Corrections facility was either known to the prosecutor and circuit court, or was
easily determinable. We do not believe it is appropriate to resolve this factual issue
in the context of this writ proceeding, where the circuit court did not address the
12
issue. Therefore, while we issue a permanent writ of mandamus ordering that the
circuit court vacate its order denying Culp’s motion for discharge from probation,
the circuit court must determine in the first instance whether any probation
revocation hearing held after June 1, 2018 satisfied the conditions of § 559.036.8.
Conclusion
We issue our permanent writ in mandamus directing the circuit court to
vacate its order denying Culp’s motion for discharge from probation. The circuit
court is directed to determine whether any probation revocation hearing held after
June 1, 2018, satisfied the standards in § 559.036.8.
Alok Ahuja, Judge
All concur.
13