Jason D. Generaux v. State of Missouri ( 2014 )

In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Western District
JASON D. GENERAUX, )
Appellant, )
v. ) WD76917
)
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) FILED: November 12, 2014
Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF BUCHANAN COUNTY
THE HONORABLE KEITH B. MARQUART, JUDGE
BEFORE DIVISION ONE: THOMAS H. NEWTON, PRESIDING JUDGE,
LISA WHITE HARDWICK AND ANTHONY REX GABBERT, JUDGES
Jason Generaux appeals the circuit court's denial of his Rule 24.035 motion,
following his guilty plea to a felony charge of criminal nonsupport. Generaux argues
that his guilty plea was entered unknowingly and involuntarily because the State failed
to establish that his child support arrearages accrued within the applicable three-year
statute of limitations. Because we find that a sufficient factual basis existed to support
Generaux's guilty plea, we affirm the denial of post-conviction relief.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The State charged Jason Generaux with criminal nonsupport, "in that during the
month of September 2009… [he] knowingly failed to provide, without good cause,
adequate food, clothing, lodging and medical attention," for A.G., his minor son. §
568.040, RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2009).1 The State further alleged that Generaux's crime
was elevated to a class D felony because the total arrearage was "in excess of an
aggregate of twelve monthly payments due under the order." § 568.040.5.2
Generaux agreed to plead guilty to the charged offense. During the plea
proceeding, the court read the charge and Generaux responded that he understood the
charge. In further response to the court's questioning, Generaux admitted that during
September 2009: (1) he knew that A.G. was his biological, minor son; (2) he was aware
of an existing court order requiring him to support A.G.; and (3) he failed to provide
adequate food, clothing, lodging and medical attention for A.G. The court then asked
Generaux whether the arrearage was greater than twelve monthly payments due under
the order. Generaux stated, “I think there's 12, but not -- maybe not all in a row, but I
think there was 12 payments that was missed together." Generaux's attorney provided
the court with an estimated arrearage amount of $15,687.85, which the court noted
exceeded twelve times Generaux's monthly support obligation of $488.00 "by quite a
bit."
The court asked Generaux if there were any reasons why he had not made the
required monthly payments. Generaux replied that he had been unemployed and was
incarcerated for a period of time. The court informed Generaux that both
unemployment and incarceration could be a defense to the charge and that if he
pleaded guilty, he would not get the opportunity to present his defense at trial.
Generaux responded, "I'm coherent to what you're saying. I just want to go ahead and
1
All statutory citations are to RSMo (Cum. Supp. 2009) unless otherwise indicated.
2
Section 568.040.5 provides that "Criminal nonsupport is a class A misdemeanor, unless the total
arrearage is in excess of an aggregate of twelve monthly payments due under any order of support… in
which case it is a class D felony."
2
get this over with. I'm going to plead guilty, and I feel that I am guilty, just to get this
over with so I can just move on." Generaux's attorney further stated, "Mr. Generaux
and I had a discussion about the possible defenses, specifically good cause defenses,
but all the defenses to the charge… and it was my understanding that Mr. Generaux
wanted to waive any defense that he might have."
The court found that Generaux knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his
right to trial as well as the rights he would have at trial. The court further found that
there was an adequate factual basis for Generaux's guilty plea and accepted the plea.
The court suspended the imposition of Generaux's sentence and placed him on
probation for four years. After Generaux violated the probation conditions, the court
revoked the probation and sentenced him to the maximum, four-year term of
imprisonment.
Generaux timely filed a pro se Rule 24.035 motion. Appointed counsel amended
the motion to allege, among other things, that Generaux's guilty plea was unknowing
and involuntary because the factual basis was insufficient to show an essential element
of felony nonsupport: that the total arrearage amount was in excess of an aggregate of
twelve monthly payments. Specifically, Generaux argued that nothing in the record
showed that the arrearage had not been accrued outside of the three-year limitations
period that is generally applicable to felonies. See § 556.036.2(1).
The motion court rejected Generaux's contention that there was no factual basis
for the plea. The court concluded that Section 568.040.5, by its plain language,
indicates that "the legislature intended the total arrearage due under the order of
support to be the determining factor in deciding whether the offense is a felony." Thus,
3
because Generaux's total arrearage exceeded twelve monthly payments, the court
denied Generaux's Rule 24.035 motion. Generaux appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate review of the trial court's action on a Rule 24.035 motion shall be
limited to a determination of whether the findings and conclusions of the trial court are
clearly erroneous. Rule 24.035(k). Such findings and conclusions are deemed clearly
erroneous only if, after a review of the entire record, the appellate court is left with the
definite and firm impression that a mistake has been made. Sanders v. State, 738
S.W.2d 856, 857 (Mo. banc 1987).
ANALYSIS
In his sole point on appeal, Generaux argues that the motion court clearly erred
in denying his Rule 24.035 motion because his plea was made unknowingly and
involuntarily. Generaux claims that, because the record does not show that the
arrearage accrued during the three-year limitations period, there was an insufficient
factual basis to establish that his crime could be elevated to a class D felony.
Rule 24.02(e) states that the court "shall not enter a judgment upon a plea of
guilty unless it determines that there is a factual basis for the plea." Before accepting a
guilty plea, the court must "determine facts which defendant admits by his plea and that
those facts would result in defendant['s] being guilty of the offense charged." Brown v.
State, 45 S.W.3d 506, 508 (Mo. App. 2001) (citation omitted). If the facts presented do
not establish the commission of the offense, the court should reject the guilty plea. Id.
A factual basis exists if the defendant understands the facts recited by the court and
expresses an awareness of the nature and elements of the charge. Id. "When an
4
accused admits in open court facts which constitute the offense for which he is charged,
he cannot thereafter withdraw his plea on the assertion that he did not understand the
nature of [the] charge to which he plead [sic] guilty." Saffold v. State, 982 S.W.2d 749,
753 (Mo. App. 1998) (citation omitted).
The version of Section 568.040 under which Generaux was charged states that
“a parent commits the crime of nonsupport if such parent knowingly fails to provide,
without good cause, adequate support which such parent is legally obligated to provide
for his or her child or stepchild who is not otherwise emancipated by operation of law."
The crime is elevated to a class D felony if "the total arrearage is in excess of an
aggregate of twelve monthly payments due under any order of support." § 568.040.5.
Thus, by the plain language of the statute, the essential elements of the class D felony
of criminal nonsupport are: (1) the parent knowingly fails to provide adequate support,
(2) without good cause, (3) which the parent is legally obligated to provide an
unemanicipated child, and (4) the total arrearage exceeds an aggregate of twelve
monthly payments. The statute does not include any reference to the statute of
limitations.
Despite the plain language of the statute, Generaux argues that the State must
also establish, in addition to these essential elements, that the arrearages accrued
within the limitations period. Generaux first points to Calvin v. State, 204 S.W.3d 220
(Mo. App. 2006) to support his contention. In Calvin, the defendant pled guilty to a
felony charge of criminal nonsupport. 204 S.W.3d at 221. The version of Section
568.040 in effect at the time justified a felony conviction if either: (1) the defendant
committed the crime in each of six individual months within a twelve-month period; or
5
(2) the total arrearage for one child exceeded $5,000. The defendant in Calvin was
charged under the first ground for felony conviction. Although the second ground for
felony conviction was not at issue, the court noted, in dicta, that the defendant could
arguably have been convicted under the second ground and stated "however, he would
also have had to admit additional facts for his plea to be knowing and voluntary, i.e.,
that the arrearages were in excess of $5,000 as to each child and that the…total
arrearages did not include arrearages outside the three-year statute-of-limitations period
for a felony." Id. at 227 n.12.
Generaux also relies on State v. Sellers, 77 S.W.3d 2 (Mo. App. 2002), which
was cited as part of the footnoted dicta in Calvin. In Sellers, the defendant was charged
with a class D felony under the prior version of the statute based on the fact that her
total arrearages exceeded $5,000. 77 S.W.3d at 6. The defendant had argued that the
total arrearage included amounts incurred outside of the limitations period. Id. at 5 n.2.
Notably, the court explicitly refused to address that argument because defendant's
conviction was reversed on other grounds. Id.
Finally, Generaux points to State v. Williams, 119 S.W.3d 674 (Mo. App. 2003).
In Williams, the defendant appealed his felony conviction for criminal nonsupport under
the prior version of the statute on the grounds that the State failed to show that the
arrearages accrued within the limitations period. 119 S.W.3d at 675. The court did not
address the issue because the State conceded the point. However, Generaux relies on
the court's statement that "[t]he State candidly and correctly" conceded the essence of
the defendant's argument. Id.
6
Generaux claims that Calvin, Sellers, and Williams all stand for the proposition
that the arrearages must be shown to have accrued within the limitations period in order
for a guilty plea to be made knowingly and voluntarily. Upon careful review, we
conclude that our court never decisively addressed the issues of the statute of
limitations in those cases. In Calvin, the reversal was based on the State's failure to
show a lack of good cause and not whether the arrearages accrued within the
limitations period. 204 S.W.2d at 227. In Sellers, the court explicitly declined to
address the statute of limitations argument raised by the defendant and, instead,
reversed because the State failed to establish an essential element of the offense: that
the total child support arrearage was in excess of $5,000. 77 S.W.3d at 5-6. Finally,
Williams did not involve the sufficiency of the factual basis for a guilty plea because the
defendant had been convicted of criminal nonsupport after a jury trial. 119 S.W.3d at
675. Moreover, the court never addressed any argument regarding arrearages accrued
outside of the limitations period and ultimately reversed the defendant's conviction
based on the circuit court's error in excluding evidence and in allowing improper
argument at trial. Id. at 676. Contrary to Generaux’s argument on appeal, these cases
do not hold that arrearages must be shown to have accrued within the limitations period
in order to establish a factual basis for a guilty plea under Section 568.040.
Generaux also argues that the State must show that the arrearages accrued
within the limitations period in order to allow him to plead an acquittal or conviction in
bar of future prosecutions for the same offense. State v. Miller, 372 S.W.3d 455, 466
(Mo. banc 2012). Generaux asserts that because the charge never specified the
months for which he was being charged, "the same arrearages could be used as a
7
basis to charge [him] with numerous future counts of felony nonsupport." As a result, he
claims that the State must be required to show that the arrearages for which he is
charged accrued within the statute of limitations period.
Generaux fails to acknowledge that he explicitly waived the opportunity to
present these arguments when he entered his guilty plea. A voluntary guilty plea
waives all non-jurisdictional defects in the proceeding, including one based on the
statute of limitations. Longhibler v. State, 832 S.W.2d 908, 911 (Mo. banc 1992). Here,
the plea court methodically questioned Generaux in an effort to establish an adequate
factual basis for his guilty plea and to ensure that the plea was voluntarily made. When
Generaux expressed some confusion as to which defenses might have been available
to him, the judge explained that Generaux's unemployment and periods of incarceration
could be a defense to the charge. Generaux indicated that he understood and that he
did not want to present any defenses. The following exchange between the plea court
and Generaux took place:
Q. Did you want to have the opportunity to present your defense?
A. No.
Q. Do you understand if you do not take advantage of the opportunity
to present your defense at trial, you'll not be given an opportunity to
present your defense?
A. I understand.
Q. Do you understand if you do not present your defense, you will give
up the right to present your defense?
A. Yes, I understand.
8
Q. Is giving up the right to present your defense what you have
decided to do?
A. Yeah. Yes, I did, Your Honor.
Moreover, Generaux's trial counsel went on record stating that he had fully discussed all
possible defenses with Generaux, and that Generaux desired to waive all defenses.
We can logically presume that this includes the basic statute of limitations defense to
the charge.
As a result of Generaux’s admission to all of the essential elements of the class
D felony, as well as his decision to forego the opportunity to present any defense to the
charge, the motion court found that Generaux knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
waived his right to trial and his right to present any defenses to the charge. We cannot
say that this finding is clearly erroneous. Generaux clearly admitted that his total
arrearage was in excess of twelve monthly payments under the order, which is all that
the plain language of Section 568.040.5 requires in order for a charge to be elevated to
a class D felony. Generaux should not, therefore, be entitled to withdraw his voluntary
guilty plea in an effort to get a "second bite of the apple" or the opportunity to "cast his
luck with a jury." Simmons v. State, 429 S.W.3d 464, 471 (Mo. App. 2014). The point is
denied.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the motion court's denial of Generaux's Rule 24.035 motion for post-
conviction relief.
___________________________________
_
LISA W HITE HARDWICK, JUDGE
9
ALL CONCUR.
10