In the Interest of R.R.S., S.C.S., J.B.S., R.H.S., and C.M.S. D.A.W. v. DENT COUNTY JUVENILE OFFICE , 573 S.W.3d 717 ( 2019 )

Missouri Court of Appeals
Southern District
Division One
In the Interest of R.R.S., S.C.S., J.B.S., )
R.H.S., and C.M.S. )
)
D.A.W., )
)
Appellant, )
)
vs. ) Nos. SD35707, SD35858,
) SD35859, SD35860 and
DENT COUNTY JUVENILE OFFICE, ) SD35861 (Consolidated)
)
Respondent. ) Filed April 24, 2019
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF DENT COUNTY
Honorable Benjamin Thompson
AFFIRMED
In these consolidated appeals, D.A.W. (“Mother”) appeals the trial court’s August 8,
2018 judgment (“TPR judgment”) terminating her parental rights to five of her children: R.R.S.,
S.C.S., J.B.S., R.H.S., and C.M.S. (collectively “the children”). 1 After giving a procedural
background, we will address and discuss Mother’s three points relied on asserted in her brief in
1
The trial court executed a single judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights to the children and entered it in
each child’s individual TPR case. Mother appropriately filed a Notice of Appeal of the trial court’s judgment in
each child’s individual TPR case, accordingly resulting in an appeal case for each child. By written order, this court
consolidated those five appeals “for all purposes.”
1
the order she presented them. Determining that Mother has failed to demonstrate the TPR
judgment is incorrect, we affirm.
Procedural Background
The Children’s Division of the Missouri Department of Social Services (“Children’s
Division”) initiated these termination of parental rights (“TPR”) actions by petitions filed during
September 2017. Before trial, the children’s individual TPR cases were consolidated by the trial
court “for the purpose of hearing[.]” A consolidated trial was held on those petitions on May 9,
2018. No party made a Rule 73.01(c) request for the trial court to make any findings of fact. 2
During that trial, eight witnesses provided live in-court testimony, and seven documentary
exhibits were admitted into evidence.
In addition to the testimony and exhibits, the Children’s Division requested that the trial
court take judicial notice of “the underlying juvenile files” in each child’s then-pending child
abuse and neglect (“CAN”) case. The five CAN cases were initiated by petitions filed by the
Juvenile Officer on January 22, 2014. 3 Mother objected on the ground that “those files contain a
tremendous number of records that are hearsay” and stated to the trial court that “[t]he matters in
those five cases below should not be considered.” The trial court ruled that
at this point I will take judicial notice of this Court’s orders contained within
those juvenile matters, but I will not take judicial notice and consider as evidence
the entire file in each of those proceedings. But I will take judicial [sic] of the
orders that are therein. If at a later time you wish to make some further request
with regards to notice of those, I'll address those individually.
2
All rule references are to Missouri Court Rules (2018).
3
Mother’s legal file only includes a docket sheet and selected court documents from one child’s CAN case. Mother
represents to this court in her reply brief that the records in all five CAN cases are “virtually identical.” We have no
reason to doubt Mother’s representation and rely upon it in this opinion in discussing the CAN cases.
2
The trial court also took judicial notice of the investigation and social summary filed by the
Children’s Division in the TPR cases on March 5, 2018, to “consider that as evidence for the
Court’s best interest determination.” The trial court admitted no other evidence during the trial.
After the taking of evidence concluded and all parties had rested, the trial court called for
closing arguments. Mother immediately inquired of the trial court, “could we do closing
arguments in writing?” The trial court responded, “I will take closing arguments orally at this
time, and if you wish to have an opportunity to submit some writing to the Court before I make a
decision and judgment, I will give you that opportunity.” Mother chose to forego any oral
closing argument, as invited by the trial court. The trial court thereafter gave Mother until May
21, 2018, to file “any post-trial argument or memorandum” and gave the other parties three days
thereafter within which to file a reply thereto, if any, so that the trial court would “be able to
make a decision by May 25th.” On May 21, Mother filed a document she titled and internally
referred to as her “Closing Argument.” The first paragraph of that document states,
In addition to the Court taking judicial notice of the Findings and Order of the
Court, [Mother] would agree to the request of the attorney for [Children’s
Division] to take judicial notice of the entire file, but only to the extent of the
Court Reports filed by [Children’s Division] through December 31, 2015.
[Mother] believes there is substantive information in these Court Reports to which
this Court should be privy and be able to take judicial notice.
Mother, however, made no request in her “Closing Argument” or by separate motion for the trial
court to reopen the evidence for the purpose of considering admission of the referenced “Court
Reports” into evidence. No party filed a reply to Mother’s “Closing Argument.” Nothing in the
record before us supports that the trial court ever admitted any “Court Reports” from the
children’s CAN cases into evidence. Nor has Mother directed us to anything in the record
supporting that the trial court considered or relied upon any such “Court Reports” in entering the
TPR judgment.
3
On August 8, 2018, the trial court entered the TPR judgment terminating Mother’s
parental rights to the children on three grounds: “the children have been abused or neglected[,]”
see section 211.447.5(2) (“abuse or neglect ground”);
the children have been under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court for a period
exceeding one year and the Court finds that the conditions which led to the
assumption of jurisdiction still persist and that there is little likelihood that those
conditions will be remedied at an early date so that the children can be returned to
the parent in the near future[,]
see section 211.447.5(3) (“failure to rectify ground”); and
[Mother] is unfit to be a party to the parent and child relationship because of a
consistent pattern of committing a specific abuse including, but not limited to,
specific conditions directly relating to the parent and child relationship which
renders [Mother] unable to care appropriately for the ongoing physical, mental, or
emotional needs of the minor child for the reasonably foreseeable future[,]
see section 211.447.5(6)(a) (“parental unfitness ground”). 4 After finding the existence of the
abuse and neglect ground, the trial court made statutorily required findings of fact related to each
of the four statutory factors listed in section 211.447.5(2)(a)-(d) (“abuse or neglect statutory
factors”). Similarly, after finding the existence of the failure to rectify ground, the trial court
made statutorily required findings of fact related to each of the four statutory factors listed in
section 211.447.5(3)(a)-(d) (“failure to rectify statutory factors”). The trial court also found that
termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interests of the children. Related to that
finding, the trial court made statutorily required findings of fact for each of the seven statutory
factors listed in section 211.447.7(1)-(7) (“best-interest statutory factors”).
Discussion
Point 1 – Appeal of Order Denying Visitation is not Timely
Mother’s first point relied on contends:
4
All statutory references are to RSMo 2016.
4
The trial Court erred in terminating [Mother’s] rights of visitation and
contact with her children on December 8, 2015 because such termination
constituted an abuse of discretion resulting in a de facto termination of parental
rights of Appellant in violation of the Appellant’s due process rights under Article
I, Section 10 of the Missouri Constitution.
Almost two years before the TPR actions were initiated in the trial court by the
Children’s Division, the trial court in the children’s CAN cases entered an order on December 8,
2015, that “[a]ll visitation and contact by [Mother] shall cease.” No notice of appeal from that
order or any other matter appears in the CAN case records before us in these appeals. The only
notices of appeal before us now are those Mother filed in the TPR actions on September 14,
2018. The initial threshold issue on this point, therefore, is whether the notices of appeal in these
TPR actions are timely filed for an appeal of the December 8, 2015 order in the CAN actions. 5
We determine they are not timely filed for such an appeal.
Under the provisions of Section 211.181, a “Finding of Jurisdiction, Judgment and Order
of Disposition” was entered by the trial court in the CAN cases on March 5, 2014. That order
directed that Mother’s visitation with the children “shall be arranged and supervised by the
Children’s Division or its designee.” Thereafter, as required by section 211.032.4, the trial court
in the CAN cases held periodic review hearings. Following a December 8, 2015 review hearing,
the trial court in the CAN cases entered on that date an “Order of Court Following Permanency
Hearing” that, among other things, terminated Mother’s visitation and contact with the children.
This modification of Mother’s visitation as allowed in the March 5, 2014 Order of Disposition
was made under section 211.251.1, which provides, in relevant part, “A decree of the juvenile
5
We do not address or consider, but merely assume without deciding for the purpose of our notice of appeal
timeliness analysis, that the CAN proceeding and the TPR proceeding for each child are within the same juvenile
case even though they are administratively assigned separate case numbers.
5
court made under the provisions of section 211.181 may be modified at any time on the court’s
own motion.”
Section 211.261.1 provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]n appeal shall be allowed to a
parent from any final judgment, order or decree made under the provisions of this chapter which
adversely affects him.” 6 “[T]he court’s continuing jurisdiction over the child does not defeat the
right to appeal.” In re L.E.C., 94 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Mo.App. 2003). “There is no connection
between the issues in the denial of visitation and the petition for termination of parental rights
sufficient to require that they be combined in a single appeal.” In Interest of N.D., 857 S.W.2d
835, 842 (Mo.App. 1993). As discussed in the preceding paragraph, the December 8, 2015 order
was entered in the CAN cases under the provisions of chapter 211 and more particularly under
section 211.251.1. That order’s denial of Mother’s parental visitation and contact with the
children adversely affected her. See id. (denial of a parent’s petition for custody or visitation
adversely affects the parent). Section 211.261.1, therefore, afforded Mother a statutory right to
appeal the December 8, 2015 order.
Section 211.261.1 further provides, however, that “Notice of appeal shall be filed within
thirty days after the final judgment, order or decree has been entered[.]” Section 211.261.1.
That time period is extended by ten days by the application of Rule 81.04 (“notice of appeal shall
be filed not later than ten days after the judgment, decree, or order appealed from becomes
final”) and Rule 81.05(a) (“A judgment becomes final at the expiration of thirty days after its
entry if no timely authorized after-trial motion is filed.”). In Interest of D.J.B., 704 S.W.2d 217,
218 (Mo. banc 1986) (Rules 81.04 and 81.05(a) apply and supersede any part of section 211.261
6
“[T]he denomination requirement of Rule 74.01(a) is inconsistent with, and inapplicable to, dispositional orders of
juvenile courts, and such orders are appealable pursuant to Rule 120.01 and § 211.261.” In re C.A.D., 995 S.W.2d
21, 27–28 (Mo.App. 1999).
6
inconsistent with those rules). The order Mother challenges in this point was entered by the trial
court in the CAN cases on December 8, 2015. No timely authorized after-trial motion was filed.
Mother’s notices of appeal in the TPR cases currently before us were filed on September 14,
2018, which is more than forty days after December 8, 2015. The TPR notices of appeal,
therefore, are not timely filed under section 211.261.1 and Rule 81.04 for an appeal of the
December 8, 2015 order entered in the CAN cases. In the absence of a timely filed notice of
appeal, we have no legal authority to entertain an appeal. Lenz v. Lenz, 412 S.W.3d 487, 489
(Mo.App. 2013); In Interest of P. J. M., 536 S.W.2d 519 (Mo.App. 1976); see Rule 81.04(a)
(“No such appeal shall be effective unless the notice of appeal shall be filed not later than ten
days after the judgment, decree, or order appealed from becomes final.”). Mother’s first point is
denied.
Points 2 and 3 – Neither Point Demonstrates the TPR Judgment is Incorrect
Mother’s second and third points respectively contend:
The trial court erred in its findings (paragraphs 8., 9., and 10.) of the
factors allowing it to terminate the parental rights of [Mother] because none of the
factors which it considered are supported by clear, cogent, and convincing
evidence as required by Section 211.447.5(2), RSMo, Section 211.447.5(3),
RSMo, and Section 211.447.5(6)(a), RSMo, to make a finding for termination of
parental rights. [AB 20].
and
The trial court erred in its findings (paragraph 12) that termination of the
parental rights of Appellant was in the best interest of the children because the
factors which it considered are not supported by a preponderance of evidence as
required by Section 211.447.7, RSMo., to make a finding that termination of
parental rights is in the best interest of the children.
Both points challenge certain trial court findings in the TPR judgment as being not supported by
substantial evidence. We address both points together because they fail for the same reasons.
7
Standard of Review
“In reviewing termination of parental rights cases, like all types of bench-tried cases, this
Court is mindful ‘that circuit courts are better positioned to determine witness credibility and
weigh evidence in the context of the whole record than an appellate court.’” In Interest of
J.P.B., 509 S.W.3d 84, 89–90 (Mo. banc 2017) (quoting J.A.R. v. D.G.R., 426 S.W.3d 624, 626
(Mo. banc 2014)).
This Court reviews whether clear, cogent, and convincing evidence was
presented to support a statutory ground for terminating parental rights under
Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30 (Mo. banc 1976). Therefore, the trial court’s
judgment will be affirmed unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, it
is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or applies the law.
The judgment will be reversed only if we are left with a firm belief that the order
is wrong.
Conflicting evidence will be reviewed in the light most favorable to the
trial court’s judgment. Appellate courts will defer to the trial court’s credibility
assessments. When the evidence poses two reasonable but different inferences,
this Court is obligated to defer to the trial court’s assessment of the evidence.
After this Court determines that one or more statutory ground has been
proven by clear, convincing, and cogent evidence, this Court must ask whether
termination of parental rights was in the best interest of the child. At the trial
level, the standard of proof for this best interest inquiry is a preponderance of the
evidence; on appeal, the standard of review is abuse of discretion. This Court has
laid to rest any argument that the clear, cogent, and convincing burden of proof
requires this Court to consider any contrary evidence when reviewing whether the
judgment is supported by substantial evidence.
In reviewing questions of fact, the reviewing court is to recognize that the
circuit court is free to disbelieve any, all, or none of the evidence, and it is not the
reviewing appellate court’s role to re-evaluate the evidence through its own
perspective. The trial court receives deference on factual issues because it is in a
better position not only to judge the credibility of the witnesses and the persons
directly, but also their sincerity and character and other trial intangibles which
may not be completely revealed by the record.
J.P.B., 509 S.W.3d at 90 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
8
Mother’s Brief Omits the Applicable Standard of Review
Rule 84.04(e) requires that “[f]or each claim of error, the argument shall also include a
concise statement describing . . . the applicable standard of review.” Rule 84.04(e). “The
standard of review is an essential portion of all appellate arguments; it outlines this court’s role
in disposing of the matter before us.” Waller v. Shippey, 251 S.W.3d 403, 406 (Mo.App. 2008).
Mother’s brief omits any recitation, concise or otherwise, of the applicable standard of review in
the arguments under either point. “Although it may sometimes be possible to reach the merits of
a claim of error that does not comply with Rule 84.04(e), noncompliance with this rule justifies
dismissal of the point.” Anglin Family Invs. v. Hobbs, 375 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Mo.App. 2012)
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). While this omission and briefing deficiency,
viewed in isolation, may not be fatal to our review of an appellant’s claims of error, it
nevertheless paved the way here for Mother to construct her entire brief unanchored and
unmoored to the applicable standard of review, and most importantly, unrestrained by it. 7
Indeed, Mother’s statement of facts, points relied on, and supporting arguments are all fatally
7
Mother’s misapprehension as to the applicable standard of review was pointed out extensively by the Children’s
Division in its responding brief. Nevertheless, in her reply brief, Mother chides the Children’s Division by stating:
Throughout its Brief, the [Children’s Division] fails to distinguish between evidence, including
testimony and/or opinion, and facts. That someone testifies to something does not make it a fact.
Accordingly, [Mother] will be referring to many items in [Children’s Division’s] Statement of
Facts and presenting contradictory evidence believed by [Mother] to be the fact.
Similarly, in response to the appropriate standard of review posited by Children’s Division in its brief, Mother states
only that she “takes issue with the [Children’s Division’s] opinion [p. 15] that ‘[t]his means that the appellate court
ignores all evidence contrary to the trial court’s decision’, citing In re: P.L.O., 131 S.W.3d 782, 788-789 (Banc,
2004)[.]” Even though taking issue with that proposition, Mother nevertheless fails to cite any legal authority
supporting her extensive and almost total reliance on evidence contrary to the trial court’s judgment in purported
support of her substantial evidence challenges. Moreover, Mother fails to acknowledge or attempt to distinguish our
supreme court’s observation in J.P.B., 509 S.W.3d at 90, that “[t]his Court has laid to rest any argument that the
clear, cogent, and convincing burden of proof requires this Court to consider any contrary evidence when reviewing
whether the judgment is supported by substantial evidence.”
9
deficient because they are not constructed within the context of the appropriate standard of
review, as set forth supra.
Mother’s Statement of Facts is Deficient
Rule 84.04(c) requires that an appellant’s brief contain “a fair and concise statement of
the facts relevant to the questions presented for determination without argument.” Rule 84.04(c).
These requirements “serve to define the scope of the controversy and afford the appellate court
an immediate, accurate, complete, and unbiased understanding of the facts of the case.” Murphy
v. City Utilities of Springfield, 283 S.W.3d 767, 768 (Mo.App. 2009) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted). Where an appellant challenges factual propositions necessary to support
the trial court’s judgment as not being supported by substantial evidence, the appellant is
“required to provide a statement of the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment.” In
re Marriage of Smith, 283 S.W.3d 271, 273 (Mo.App. 2009). Mother’s statement of facts fails
in this regard in at least three respects.
First, a large portion of Mother’s statement of facts consists of quotations favorable to
Mother and contrary to the TPR judgment taken from twelve court reports in the CAN cases
(seven dated before December 31, 2015, and five dated after that date) that were never admitted
into evidence by the trial court at the TPR trial or considered by the trial court in entering the
TPR judgment. As previously noted, Mother objected at trial to the Children’s Division’s
request for the trial court to take judicial notice of everything in the CAN case files. While the
trial court took judicial notice of the court orders in those files, it expressly ruled that it would
not take judicial notice or consider as evidence anything else in those files. Mother directs us to
nothing in the record on appeal where the trial court reconsidered that ruling and admitted into
10
evidence any of the court reports she relies upon in her statement of facts or that the trial court in
any manner otherwise considered them as evidence in entering the TPR judgment. 8
Second, Mother’s statement of facts omits any mention of or reference to the testimony
of the eight witnesses who testified at trial. Mother’s only citation to the 115-page trial transcript
in her statement of facts is to support that the trial court took judicial notice of the court orders in
the CAN cases and the March 5, 2018 investigation and social summary filed in the TPR cases.
Mother then proceeds to repeatedly set out quotations from those court orders and the social
summary that are favorable to her but contrary to the TPR judgment, while at the same time
omitting anything in those documents favorable to the TPR judgment.
Third, Mother’s statement of facts also omits any mention of or reference to six of the
seven documentary exhibits offered by the Children’s Division and admitted into evidence by the
trial court. The only trial exhibit cited by Mother in her statement of facts is Exhibit 3, which
consists of 110 pages of police reports and which was admitted into evidence without any
limitation and with “no objection” by Mother. In her statement of facts, Mother recites eight
brief quotations (78 words in total) from those police reports in a light favorable to Mother and
contrary to the TPR judgment, but ignores all of the substantial evidence in the rest of those 110
pages that is favorable to the TPR judgment.
According to the trial transcript, six other documentary exhibits were admitted into
evidence at trial: Exhibit 1, referenced as Mother’s “Response to First Request of Admissions”;
Exhibit 2, referenced as Mother’s “Response to First Interrogatories”; Exhibit 4, referenced as
8
Mother’s statement in the first paragraph of her “Closing Argument” memorandum filed in the trial court over ten
days after the trial had concluded was nothing more than an offer to stipulate that the trial court could and should
take judicial notice of the court reports in the CAN case files dated before December 31, 2015, and consider them as
evidence in the case. Nothing in the record on appeal supports that any of the other parties in the TPR case accepted
Mother’s offer limited only to that limited class of court reports in the files. Moreover, nothing in the record
supports that the trial court, either upon Mother’s motion or its own motion, reopened the evidence, took judicial
notice of these court reports, or otherwise considered them as evidence in entering the TPR judgment.
11
“Female Anatomical Picture”; Exhibit 5, referenced as “Male Anatomical Picture”; Exhibit 6,
referenced as “Parental Home Visit Checklist”; and, Exhibit 7, referenced as “Child Support
Payment Records.” Mother omits any reference to any of these six exhibits in her statement of
facts.
In summary, Mother’s inclusion in her statement of facts quotations from court reports in
the CAN cases that were not in evidence, that were not considered by the trial court, and that
cannot be considered by this court in our review of the trial court’s TPR judgment renders her
statement of facts not concise. See Smith, 283 S.W.3d at 273 (statement of facts containing an
extensive discussion of matters not relevant to the issues raised on appeal is not concise). While
we can simply strike and ignore the extraneous and irrelevant matters and quotations taken from
those court reports, the remaining balance of Mother’s statement of facts is reduced to merely
procedural matters and, contrary to our standard of review, recitals of selected quotations from
court orders in the CAN cases, the social summary, and Exhibit 3, all in a light favorable to
Mother and contrary to the trial court’s TPR judgment. Mother’s near total reliance upon such
evidence contrary to the judgment renders her statement of facts neither concise nor fair.
Likewise, Mother’s omission of all trial testimony, all trial exhibits save one, and essentially all
evidence in the record favorable to the TPR judgment renders her statement of facts unfair.
Because Mother’s statement of facts is neither concise nor fair, it does not comply with Rule
84.04(c).
Mother’s Record on Appeal is Materially Incomplete
Compounding the omission of the six trial exhibits from her statement of facts, supra,
Mother also has failed to deposit these exhibits with our court as provided by Rule 81.16(a) and
12
this Court’s Special Rule 4. 9 “If original exhibits are necessary to the determination of any point
relied on, they shall be deposited in the appellate court by the appellant.” Rule 81.16(a). Other
than the referential foundational testimony in the transcript, Mother has provided us no record
basis upon which to ascertain the contents of these omitted and non-deposited exhibits. The
omission of a part of the trial record from the record on appeal where we cannot ascertain the
substance of the omitted evidence that was properly before the trial court for consideration in
entering its judgment makes it impossible for us to draw a rational conclusion that a particular
factual finding in that judgment is not supported by substantial evidence. For example, any
conclusion based upon our assumption that both Exhibit 1 (Mother’s responses to request for
admissions) and Exhibit 2 (Mother’s responses to interrogatories) contained no substantial
evidence supporting a particular challenged factual finding in the TPR judgment would require
us to engage in rank speculation as to the contents of those exhibits.
“Where exhibits are not made a part of the record on appeal, such evidentiary omissions
will be taken as favorable to the trial court’s ruling and unfavorable to the appeal.” City of
Kansas City v. Cosic, 540 S.W.3d 461, 464 (Mo.App. 2018) (internal quotations and citations
omitted). If the record on appeal, as here, provides no reasonable and rational basis to exclude
the possibility that an omitted trial exhibit provides substantial evidence supporting a challenged
factual proposition, such unfavorable treatment is necessarily fatal to any claim that the
challenged factual proposition is not supported by substantial evidence.
Both Points Relied On are Deficient
A Rule 84.04(d)(1)-compliant point relied on must “(A) Identify the trial court ruling or
action that the appellant challenges; (B) State concisely the legal reasons for the appellant’s
9
Mother’s deposit of Exhibit 3 with our court in accordance with these rules indicates that her failure to deposit the
remaining trial exhibits was intentional and strategic, rather than inadvertent.
13
claim of reversible error; and (C) Explain in summary fashion why, in the context of the case,
those legal reasons support the claim of reversible error.” Rule 84.04(d)(1). Here, Mother’s
second point does not comply with Rule 84.04(d)(1)(A), and Mother’s second and third points do
not comply with Rule 84.04(d)(1)(C).
Mother’s second point does not identify “the trial court ruling or action” (emphasis
added) that she challenges as required by Rule 84.04(d)(1)(A). Rather, Mother’s point identifies
multiple trial court rulings and actions described by her as the trial court’s “findings (paragraphs
8., 9., and 10.) of the factors allowing it to terminate the parental rights of [Mother][.]”
(Emphasis added). While it is unclear whether Mother is challenging the trial court’s findings of
fact on the four abuse or neglect statutory factors and the four failure to rectify statutory factors,
the trial court’s findings of the existence of the three statutory grounds for termination, or some
combination of both statutory factors and grounds, it is abundantly clear that in any of those
scenarios she is challenging multiple independent trial court rulings or actions in a single point.
Such a multifarious point is “noncompliant with Rule 84.04(d) and preserve[s] nothing for
review.” Kirk v. State, 520 S.W.3d 443, 450 n.3 (Mo. banc 2017).
Neither Mother’s second point nor her third point explain in any fashion why, in the
context of the case, her asserted legal reason—not supported by substantial evidence—supports
the claim of reversible error, as required by Rule 84.04(d)(1)(C). This rule requirement is
closely tied to the applicable standard of review and, in the context of this case, obligated Mother
to explain in summary fashion why the record evidence favorable to the challenged trial court
ruling or action was not substantial evidence supporting that ruling. This omission is not only a
violation of Rule 84.04(d), but it also precludes us from any meaningful comprehension of
Mother’s factual challenges within the context of the record evidence in this case. “‘A point
14
relied on written contrary to the mandatory requirements of Rule 84.04(d), which cannot be
comprehended without resorting to other portions of the brief, preserves nothing for appellate
review.’” Storey v. State, 175 S.W.3d 116, 126 (Mo. banc 2005) (quoting State v. Dodd, 10
S.W.3d 546, 556 (Mo.App.1999)). 10
Mother’s Arguments have no Analytical or Persuasive Value
Mother’s arguments under both points eschew any attempt to identify any, much less all,
of the favorable evidence in the record supporting the existence of any of her challenged factual
propositions, as is analytically required to demonstrate that a challenged factual proposition is
not supported by substantial evidence. In Interest of N.L.W., 534 S.W.3d 887, 900 (Mo.App.
2017) (citing Houston v. Crider, 317 S.W.3d 178, 187 (Mo.App. 2010)). Rather, in both
arguments, Mother almost exclusively and entirely asserts and relies upon evidence in the record,
matters outside the record, see statement of facts discussion on Court Reports, supra, and
inferences drawn therefrom that are contrary to the existence of the challenged proposition and
the TPR judgment. We are required under our standard of review, however, to disregard all
evidence and inferences contrary to the judgment. Houston, 317 at 186. Because of this
requirement,
any citation to or reliance upon evidence and inferences contrary to the judgment
is irrelevant and immaterial to an appellant’s point and argument challenging a
factual proposition necessary to sustain the judgment as being not supported by
substantial evidence. Such contrary facts and inferences provide no assistance to
this Court in determining whether the evidence and inferences favorable to the
challenged proposition have probative force upon it, and are, therefore, evidence
from which the trier of fact can reasonably decide that the proposition is true.
10
In our desire to reach the merits of Mother’s claims, however, and as explained infra, even our resort to her
arguments provided no comprehension or clarity as to the particular nature of her not-supported-by-substantial-
evidence claims raised in these two points within the context of the record evidence in the case viewed in
accordance with the applicable standard of review.
15
Id. When Mother’s arguments are stripped of her asserted evidence, matters outside the record,
and inferences contrary to the judgment, virtually nothing remains for us to consider in deciding
whether any particular challenged factual proposition is not supported by substantial evidence.
From our perspective, it is as if she made no arguments at all.
In the next to the last paragraph of both arguments, Mother apparently seeks to justify her
reliance upon evidence and inferences contrary to the TPR judgment. Mother asserts in those
paragraphs that the trial court here “should not be provided the deference on factual issues as is
normally provided a trial court judge.” Mother fails, however, to cite to any legal authority
supporting her claim that the trial court here should not be provided deference on factual issues.
Rather, the only legal authority she cites related to this proposition is J.A.R. v. D.G.R., 426
S.W.3d 624 (Mo. banc 2014). Presumably, she relies upon J.A.R. as support for the deference
“normally provided a trial court judge[,]” because our supreme court there stated that
“[a]ppellate courts will defer to the trial court's credibility assessments. When the evidence
poses two reasonable but different inferences, this Court is obligated to defer to the trial court’s
assessment of the evidence.” Id. at 626 (emphasis added). 11
Moreover, our supreme court in J.A.R. found that
Father’s argument that the circuit court’s findings of neglect are not supported by
sufficient evidence fails to recognize the favorable testimony and evidence in the
record, glosses over key facts in the record, and focuses on contrary evidence that
the circuit court may not have believed. . . . Not only does Father’s argument
ignore our standard of review,[] it ignores the law that the circuit court can
believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any witness.
11
Citation to J.A.R. in this context indicates to this court that Mother’s counsel, when drafting Mother’s brief, was
well aware of the applicable standard of review as recited therein, J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 626. This awareness raises
a substantial question as to whether counsel’s omission from Mother’s brief of that well-established applicable
standard of review, even though required to be included by Rule 84.04(e), as explained supra, was intentional and
not merely inadvertent. Counsel’s choice, nevertheless, to prepare Mother’s brief based upon a legally unsupported
position contrary to that standard of review tends to support the former rather than the latter.
16
Id. at 631. In reference to the father ignoring the standard of review, our supreme court noted
that
[a]lthough Father identifies a challenged proposition—the finding of neglect—he
fails to identify favorable evidence in the record or explain why that evidence and
its reasonable inferences are such that the court could not reasonably decide that
Father neglected the Children. Without any of this analysis, Father’s argument
lacks any analytical or persuasive value.
Id. at n.12. Similarly, in response to the father’s abuse of discretion challenge to the trial court’s
best-interest determination, our supreme court found that
Father’s argument on this point ignores the testimony and evidence favorable to
the circuit court's findings and conclusions and merely recites evidence and
purported inferences favorable to his position. Father’s failure to consider our
standard of review, as with his previous “not-supported-by-substantial-evidence”
argument, makes his challenge to the circuit court’s best interest findings of no
analytical or persuasive value.
Id. at 632.
For the same reasons articulated in J.A.R., Mother’s arguments here under her second
and third points have no analytical or persuasive value.
Conclusion
The decisions of the Supreme Court of Missouri are controlling upon this court. Mo.
Const. art. V, § 2. Since Murphy v. Carron in 1976, our supreme court has required that in a
court-tried civil case, the “judgment of the trial court will be sustained by the appellate court
unless there is no substantial evidence to support it, unless it is against the weight of the
evidence, unless it erroneously declares the law, or unless it erroneously applies the law.” 536
S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976) (emphasis added). From this requirement, it logically follows
that “[t]he trial court’s judgment is presumed valid, and the burden is on the appellant to
demonstrate that it is incorrect.” Interest of C.E.B., 565 S.W.3d 207, 211 (Mo.App. 2018).
17
Rule 84.04, mandating and prescribing the contents of an appellant’s brief, is designed by
our supreme court as the vehicle by which an appellant may attempt to demonstrate to an
appellate court that a trial court’s judgment is incorrect. Because that rule anticipates and
requires reliance upon the applicable standard of review in its application, the construction of an
appellant’s brief in compliance with Rule 84.04 is necessarily dependent upon and interwoven
with that standard of review. An appellant’s brief, as here, that omits, ignores, and contravenes
the applicable standard of review in the construction of its statement of facts, points relied on,
and arguments fails by any measure to substantially or materially comply with Rule 84.04.
Mother’s non-compliance here is not merely a grouping of several technical rule violations that
may be ignored or overlooked by this court. Rather, Mother’s Rule 84.04 non-compliant brief
provides nothing for us to review within the confines of the applicable standard of review,
thereby failing to provide us with any possible legal basis upon which to consider and determine
whether she has met her burden to demonstrate that the trial court’s judgment is incorrect. 12
Mother’s second and third points are denied.
A general observation is in order about substantial evidence factual challenges to a trial
court’s judgment. An appellant’s mere assertion of a substantial evidence challenge to a factual
proposition does not satisfy the appellant’s burden to demonstrate that the trial court’s judgment
is incorrect or in any manner shift the burden to a respondent or an appellate court to
demonstrate that the challenged factual proposition is so supported and the judgment is therefore
correct. In some instances, in response to such challenges and rather than focusing entirely on
12
Although not required because the TPR judgment is presumed correct and it is Mother’s burden to demonstrate
otherwise, we have, nevertheless, satisfied ourselves ex gratia that at least one of the three grounds for termination
found by the trial court in that judgment and the best-interest determination therein are supported by substantial
evidence in the partial trial record before us, even in the absence of all but one of the documentary exhibits admitted
at trial. See J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 630 (trial court’s judgment will be affirmed if the record supports at least one
ground and supports that termination is in the best interest of the children).
18
the appellant’s purported demonstration that the judgment is incorrect based upon that challenge,
an appellate court has voluntarily assumed appellant’s duty of ferreting out all evidence and
inferences in the record favorable to the challenged factual proposition, and then demonstrated
that the challenged proposition is supported by the record and the trial court’s judgment is
correct, sometimes with lengthy or extended factual statements. See, e.g., J.P.B., 509 S.W.3d at
92; Ivie v. Smith, 439 S.W.3d 189, 200 (Mo. banc 2014); J.A.R., 426 S.W.3d at 630. While that
approach is entirely appropriate and serves as a helpful teaching tool for litigants and their
counsel, it is not required nor should be expected in response to every such challenge. To be
clear, an appellant and his or her counsel should expect and anticipate that appellant’s burden to
demonstrate that the challenged proposition is not supported by substantial evidence and thereby
the judgment is incorrect will fail if the appellant’s purported not-supported-by-substantial-
evidence demonstration omits material evidence or inferences favorable to the existence of the
challenged factual proposition, Houston, 317 S.W.3d at 188, or includes and relies upon
significant evidence or inferences contrary to the existence of that proposition, id. at 186.
Decision
The TPR judgment is affirmed.
GARY W. LYNCH, J. – OPINION AUTHOR
DON E. BURRELL, P.J. – concurs
NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – concurs
19