All Star Painting v. D. Jones ( 2021 )

05/25/2021
DA 20-0359
Case Number: DA 20-0359
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2021 MT 131N
ALL STAR PAINTING, INC.,
Petitioner, Appellee, and Cross-Appellant,
v.
DANIELLE JONES,
Respondent, Appellant, and Cross-Appellee.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DV-19-697
Honorable Rod Souza, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Ryan Shaffer, Robert L. Stepans, James C. Murnion, Meyer, Shaffer &
Stepans, PLLP, Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
T. Thomas Singer, Axilon Law Group, PLLC, Billings, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: February 17, 2021
Decided: May 25, 2021
Filed:
cir-641.—if
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Dirk Sandefur delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 We decide this case by memorandum opinion pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c),
Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating Rules. It shall not be cited and does not serve
as precedent. The case title, cause number, and disposition will be included in our quarterly
list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Danielle Jones (Jones) appeals the April 2020 judgment of the Montana Thirteenth
Judicial District Court, Yellowstone County, partially reversing the November 2018
decision of the Montana Human Rights Bureau (HRB) on remand from Jones v. All Star
Painting Inc. (Jones I), 2018 MT 70, 391 Mont. 120, 415 P.3d 986. All Star Painting, Inc.
(All Star) cross-appeals the District Court’s April 2020 judgment partially affirming the
2018 HRB decision. We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand to the District Court
for entry of a corresponding judgment.
¶3 In 2014, Jones filed an HRB complaint against her former employer (All Star)
alleging that it subjected her to unlawful gender discrimination by way of hostile work
environment sexual harassment in violation of § 49-2-303(1)(a), MCA (Montana Human
Rights Act). She alleged that while she was working for All Star as a house painter, All
Star principal Norman Hodges (Hodges) subjected her to multiple incidents of unwelcome
and harassing sexual comments, behavior, and touching.1 Following an HRB investigation,
the complaint proceeded to a contested case hearing before an agency hearings examiner.
1
Jones I, ¶¶ 4-5.
2
At hearing, the case boiled-down to a he-said/she-said matter, turning on assessment of the
relative weight and credibility of the starkly contrasting accounts of Jones and Hodges.2
The hearings examiner subsequently issued written findings of fact, conclusions of law,
and decision in favor of All Star. Based largely on the testimony of a number of
customer-homeowners called by Hodges that they did not observe any of the alleged
harassment, and which thus contradicted Jones’s assertion that two of them had, the
hearings examiner concluded that Jones’s “uncorroborated testimony . . . was not sufficient
to prove a prima facie case” of unlawful sexual harassment.3 The Human Rights
Commission (HRC) affirmed and Jones petitioned for judicial review.
¶4 On judicial review, the District Court affirmed the final agency decision, dismissed
Hodges from the action personally, and denied All Star’s motion for attorney fees. On
appeal, we reversed, holding that the hearings examiner erroneously failed to consider the
non-hearsay corroborative testimony of Jones’s witnesses (husband Ryan, father-in-law
Jeffrey, and roommate Dustin) as to their personal observations of her contemporary
demeanor and reaction to the alleged sexual harassment, e.g., that she “complained
constantly,” and “was upset” and distraught, “about things at work during the time of the
alleged [harassment].”4 We thus remanded to HRB with direction for the hearings
2
See Jones I, ¶¶ 5-12.
3
Jones I, ¶ 12.
4
Jones I, ¶¶ 21-27. Jones also presented the similar testimony of her insurance agent, Stacey
Hemming, over All Star’s hearsay objections. The hearings examiner did not address Hemming’s
testimony in her 2016 decision.
3
examiner to accordingly “consider” the non-hearsay testimony of Ryan, Jeffrey, and
Dustin, and to enter appropriate findings of fact as to its effect, if any, on the examiner’s
ultimate determination of the claim.5
¶5 On remand, the hearings examiner found that the previously unconsidered testimony
of Ryan, Jeffrey, and Dustin regarding their observations of Jones’s contemporary
demeanor and reaction to events at work was indeed corroborative of her account of the
alleged sexual harassment by Hodges. Based on that corroboration, and the relative lack
of evidence corroborating Hodges’s account, the hearings examiner found Jones’s account
more credible, and that she had thus proven that Hodges had subjected her to unlawful
sexual harassment as alleged. Based on additional findings and conclusions regarding
causation and damages, the hearings examiner awarded Jones $25,894.76 in compensatory
damages—$500 for lost wages, $394.76 in prejudgment interest, and $25,000 for
non-economic emotional distress. The HRC affirmed and All Star petitioned for judicial
review.
¶6 On judicial review, the District Court affirmed the compensatory damages awards
as supported by substantial evidence and not unreasonably speculative or disproportional
under the circumstances. However, as to the predicate finding of unlawful sexual
harassment, the court concluded that the hearings examiner erroneously admitted and
considered hearsay testimony from Ryan, Jeffrey, and Dustin (regarding Jones’s statements
5
Jones I, ¶ 27.
4
to them regarding various details of the alleged harassment) for the truth of the matters
asserted pursuant to M. R. Evid. 801(d)(2) (statements of a party-opponent) and 803(1)
(present sense impressions), and/or 803(3) (statements of then-existing mental, emotional,
or physical condition).6 The District Court accordingly reversed the predicate sexual
harassment determination and remanded to HRB for a new hearing without consideration
of the inadmissible hearsay testimony of Ryan, Jeffrey, or Dustin as to statements made by
Jones regarding the specifics of the alleged harassment. Jones timely appeals the reversal
of the sexual harassment determination, and All Star cross-appeals the evidentiary
sufficiency of the compensatory damages awards.7
¶7 Title 2, chapter 4, part 7, MCA (Montana Administrative Procedure Act) governs
judicial review of contested case final agency decisions. Section 2-4-702(1), MCA;
Flathead Lakers Inc. v. Mont. Dep’t of Nat. Res. & Conservation, 2020 MT 132, ¶ 7, 400
Mont. 170, 464 P.3d 396; Blaine Cty. v. Stricker, 2017 MT 80, ¶ 16, 387 Mont. 202, 394
P.3d 159. The standard of judicial review of a final agency decision is whether the decision
prejudiced the “substantial rights” of the party seeking review based on a clearly erroneous
6
The District Court also noted that M. R. Evid. 803(3) (then-existing mental, emotional, or
physical condition) was similarly of no avail for admission of the disputed testimony, but it is not
clear from the record that the hearings examiner in fact relied on Rule 803(3) for her ruling.
7
Despite conceding that it failed to earlier preserve the issue by objection in the administrative
proceeding, All Star challenged the prejudgment interest award ($394.76) on judicial review. The
District Court ruled that All Star waived the issue pursuant to Ostergren v. Dep’t of Revenue, 2004
MT 30, ¶ 15, 319 Mont. 405, 85 P.3d 738 and In re Sorini, 220 Mont. 459, 462, 717 P.2d 7, 9
(1986). See also § 2-4-702(1)(b), MCA (“party may not raise any . . . question not raised before
the agency” absent “good cause”). The prejudgment interest award is not at issue on appeal.
5
finding of fact, erroneous conclusion or application of law, or an abuse of discretion. See
§ 2-4-704(2), MCA; North Fork Preservation Ass’n v. Dep’t of State Lands, 238 Mont.
451, 458-59, 778 P.2d 862, 867 (1989). An agency abuses its discretion if it exercises
discretion based on a clearly erroneous finding of material fact,8 without consideration of
all pertinent law or material facts, based on a clearly erroneous conclusion or application
of law, or without conscientious judgment or in excess of the bounds of reason, resulting
in substantial injustice. See § 2-4-704(2), MCA; Mont. Fish, Wildlife & Parks v. Trap Free
Mont. Pub. Lands, 2018 MT 120, ¶ 11, 391 Mont. 328, 417 P.3d 1100; See Clark Fork
Coal. v. Mont. Dep’t of Envtl. Quality, 2008 MT 407, ¶¶ 9-21, 347 Mont. 197, 197 P.3d
482; North Fork Preservation Ass’n, 238 Mont. at 465, 778 P.2d at 871. See also Larson
v. State, 2019 MT 28, ¶ 16, 394 Mont. 167, 434 P.3d 241 (abuse of discretion standard);
Hulit v. St. Vincent’s Hosp., 164 Mont. 168, 174-75, 520 P.2d 99, 102 (1974) (“an arbitrary
and capricious decision” is the opposite of a “conscientious” decision within the bounds of
reason). However, an agency decision is not arbitrary or capricious “merely because the
record contains inconsistent evidence or evidence which might support a different result.”
Mont. Wildlife Fed’n v. Mont. Bd. of Oil & Gas Conservation, 2012 MT 128, ¶ 25, 365
Mont. 232, 280 P.3d 877 (quotation citation omitted). A decision is arbitrary and
8
Agency findings of fact are clearly erroneous only if not supported by substantial record evidence
or our review of the record manifests that the agency clearly misapprehended the effect of the
evidence or was otherwise mistaken. See § 2-4-704(2)(a)(v), MCA; Larson v. State, 2019 MT 28,
¶ 16, 394 Mont. 167, 434 P.3d 241; Interstate Prod. Credit Ass’n of Great Falls v. DeSaye, 250
Mont. 320, 323, 820 P.2d 1285, 1287 (1991).
6
capricious only if apparently “random, unreasonable[,] or seemingly unmotivated based on
the existing record.” Mont. Wildlife Fed’n, ¶ 25 (quotation citation omitted).
¶8 Here, Jones asserts that the hearings examiner did not erroneously consider
inadmissible hearsay testimony from Ryan, Jeffrey, and Dustin in determining that her
contemporaneous behavior corroborated her account of the alleged sexual harassment, and
that it was thus more credible than Hodges’s account. The rules of evidence applicable in
judicial proceedings are similarly applicable in contested case administrative proceedings.
Sections 2-4-612(2) and 49-2-204(2), MCA; Billings Yellow Cab, LLC v. State, 2014 MT
275, ¶¶ 10 and 25, 376 Mont. 463, 335 P.3d 1223. Except for related interpretations or
applications of law reviewed de novo for correctness, we generally review evidentiary
rulings for an abuse of discretion. Bessette v. Bessette, 2019 MT 35, ¶ 13, 394 Mont. 262,
434 P.3d 894; State v. Derbyshire, 2009 MT 27, ¶ 19, 349 Mont. 114, 201 P.3d 811; Accord
Steer, Inc. v. Dep’t of Revenue, 245 Mont. 470, 474-75, 803 P.2d 601, 603-04 (1990).
¶9 Hearsay is evidence of a declarant’s prior out-of-court statement, subsequently
offered for the truth of the matter asserted. M. R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is inadmissible
except as otherwise provided by statue, the Rules of Evidence, or other rule of court.
M. R. Evid. 802. We agree with All Star and the District Court that none of the disputed
testimony of Ryan, Jeffrey, or Dustin (regarding Jones’s statements to them regarding the
details of the alleged sexual harassment) was admissible under M. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)
(statements of a party-opponent), 803(1) (present sense impressions), and/or 803(3)
(statements of then-existing mental, emotional, or physical condition). However, we will
7
affirm a decision of a lower tribunal that ultimately reaches a correct result, even if based
on a wrong reason. Talbot v. WMK-Davis, LLC, 2016 MT 247, ¶ 6, 385 Mont. 109, 380
P.3d 823; Wells Fargo Bank v. Talmage, 2007 MT 45, ¶ 23, 336 Mont. 125, 152 P.3d 1275;
Phillips v. City of Billings, 233 Mont. 249, 252, 758 P.2d 772, 774 (1988); Steadman v.
Halland, 197 Mont. 45, 52, 641 P.2d 448, 452 (1982).
¶10 As a definitional matter, and subject to M. R. Evid. 403, evidence of a declarant’s
prior out-of-court statement subsequently offered for a relevant purpose other than for the
truth of the matter asserted is not hearsay. See M. R. Evid. 801(c); Murray v. Talmage,
2006 MT 340, ¶¶ 13-15, 335 Mont. 155, 151 P.3d 49 (citing Moats Trucking Co. v. Gallatin
Dairies, Inc., 231 Mont. 474, 478, 753 P.2d 883, 886 (1988)); Brown v. Homestake Expl.
Corp., 98 Mont. 305, 340, 39 P.2d 168, 179-80 (1934) (citing J. H. Wigmore, Wigmore on
Evidence § 1789 (2d ed. 1923)). Here, the sole purpose of our remand from Jones I was
for the hearings examiner to consider, as an aid in assessing the relative credibility of the
competing he-said/she-said accounts, the non-hearsay personal observations of Ryan,
Jeffrey, and Dustin regarding Jones’s demeanor and reaction (e.g., that she “complained
constantly” and “was upset” and distraught “about things at work during the time of the
alleged [harassment]”) as potentially corroborative evidence of her sexual harassment
allegations. Jones I, ¶¶ 21-27. As indicated in the administrative record, and noted by the
District Court, the hearings examiner was manifestly aware of the limited authorized scope
and purpose of the proceeding on remand. In that regard, the record reflects that the
hearings examiner was further aware that Ryan, Jeffrey, and Dustin had no personal
8
knowledge of the specifics of the alleged harassment, and that the examiner was only
interested in what they personally observed in Jones’s contemporary behavior as consistent
or inconsistent with the allegations to which she testified at hearing subject to extensive
cross-examination. As also noted by the court, Jones expressly asserted, in response to All
Star’s objection, that she was not offering the disputed testimonies for the truth of the
matters asserted in her prior out-of-court statements. The record reflects that the hearings
examiner accordingly recognized that those testimonies were relevant only to aid in
establishing the “timeline” of those witnesses’ observations of Jones’s behavior, to
determine whether it was corroborative of her allegations, for the purpose of assessing the
credibility of her account. Under these circumstances, the disputed testimony of Ryan,
Jeffrey, and Dustin was definitional non-hearsay in accordance with our directive on
remand from Jones I. Regardless of the hearings examiner’s incorrect reference to an
inapplicable hearsay exclusion or exception, we thus hold that she did not erroneously
admit or consider the disputed testimony of Ryan, Jeffrey, or Dustin as directed in Jones I.9
9
Even if viewed, arguendo, as Rule 801(c) hearsay, we note similarly, as noted by the District
Court, that the disputed testimony of Ryan and Jeffrey would have nonetheless been admissible as
prior consistent statements, as defined and excluded from hearsay under M. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(B)
(prior statements consistent with declarant’s trial testimony, made before asserted motive to
fabricate arose, offered to rebut express or implied assertion of fabrication, and regarding matter
to which declarant was subject to cross-examination at hearing/trial). In the manifest absence of
any contrary evidence, Dustin’s disputed testimony would have been similarly admissible based
on the manifest record implication that Jones similarly made the subject statements to him
contemporaneous to the alleged harassment.
9
¶11 All Star asserts on cross-appeal that the District Court erroneously upheld Jones’s
compensatory damages awards for lost wages ($500) and non-economic emotional distress
($25,000). Upon a finding of unlawful discrimination, the HRC may, inter alia, impose
“any reasonable measure . . . to rectify any harm, pecuniary or otherwise” caused by the
discrimination. Section 49-2-506(1)(b), MCA; Vainio v. Brookshire, 258 Mont. 273, 281,
852 P.2d 596, 601 (1993). A compensatory damages award must be a reasonable
approximation, supported by substantial evidence beyond mere guess or speculation, of the
damages caused by the subject harm, regardless of lack of certainty or mathematical
precision. Cremer v. Cremer Rodeo Land & Livestock Co., 192 Mont. 208, 214, 627 P.2d
1199, 1202 (1981); Smith v. Zepp, 173 Mont. 358, 370, 567 P.2d 923, 930 (1977) (citation
omitted). Within that framework, we review compensatory damages awards for an abuse
of discretion. Walters v. Luloff, 2008 MT 17, ¶ 17, 341 Mont. 158, 176 P.3d 1034 (internal
citations omitted).
¶12 Here, the hearings examiner made specific findings of fact regarding the bases of
her compensatory damages awards for lost wages and non-economic emotional distress
suffered by Jones as a result of the subject sexual harassment. Regardless of any conflicting
evidence, or lack of certainty or mathematical precision, those findings were supported by
substantial record evidence, beyond mere guess or speculation. All Star has not
demonstrated that the hearings examiner misapprehended or was otherwise mistaken
regarding the evidence, or that the damages awards were unreasonably speculative or
disproportionate given the nature of the multiple incidents of sexual harassment at issue.
10
We hold that the hearings examiner did not erroneously award Jones compensatory
damages for lost wages ($500) and non-economic emotional distress ($25,000).
¶13 We decide this case by memorandum opinion pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c)
of our Internal Operating Rules. We hereby affirm the hearings examiner’s unlawful
sexual harassment and compensatory damages determinations on remand from Jones I, and
therefore hereby reverse the District Court’s reversal of the sexual harassment
determination. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the District Court for
entry of judgment affirming the November 2018 HRB decision, as affirmed by the HRC.
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
We concur:
/S/ JIM RICE
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ BETH BAKER
11