Hans v. State ( 1997 )

No. 93-176
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1997
KRISTOFOR HANS.
Petitioner,
STATE OF MONTANA,
ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Petitioner:
William Hooks, Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Respondent:
Hon. Joseph P. Mazurek, Attorney General; Patricia Jordan, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Thomas P. Meissner, Fergus County Attorney, Lewistown, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: March 13. 1997
- . . - . ^ _ "_
Decided: July 2, IYY’I
Clerli
Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Petitioner, Kiistofor Hans, filed with this Court, on November 17, 1993, an amended
petition for post-conviction relief from his conviction in the Tenth Judicial District Court,
Fergus County. In an August 25, 1994 Order we denied two of Hans’ claims and reserved
decision on the remaining three claims pending an evidentiary hearing and findings of fact
and conclusions of law in the District Court. Following the District Court’s findings of fact
and conclusions of law tiled on November 21, 1996, we ordered supplemental briefing by
the parties to assist this Court in ruling on Hans’ remaining post-conviction relief claims.
After reviewing the District Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law and the parties’
briefs, we deny Hans’ remaining claims for post-conviction relief, except to the extent that
we allow Hans to further amend his petition to address appealable sentencing issues.
We review the following claims in Hans’ amended petition for post-conviction relief:
1) whether Hans’ counsel rendered ineffective assistance in violation of Hans’ rights
as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article II,
Section 24 of the Montana Constitution;
2) whether Hans’ guilty plea was entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently;
3) whether the mental health evaluators’ failure to advise Hans of his right to the
presence of counsel, his right not to submit to the evaluation, and that any statements could
be used against him violated Hans’ rights to due process and assistance of counsel, and his
privilege against self-incrimination.
Factual and Procedural Histon(
On December 4, 1986 Hans, then aged 14, was taken into custody following a
shooting incident at Fergus County High School in which a substitute teacher was shot and
killed, the vice-principal was shot and wounded, and two students were wounded by bullet
fragments. The State of Montana (State) tiled a petition in Youth Court alleging the offenses
of deliberate homicide and attempted deliberate homicide. Counsel was appointed to act as
guardian ad litem for Hans. The court ordered that Hans be committed to the State
Department of Institutions and that a mental evaluation be prepared. Subsequently, the State
tiled a motion to transfer the case Tom Youth Court to District Court.
Pursuant to a motion by the prosecutor and stipulation by defense counsel, mental
health evaluations prepared at the Montana Youth Treatment Center were submitted to the
Youth Court, with copies to the county attorney and to defense counsel. The Youth Court
ordered that Hans be transferred from the Montana Youth Treatment Center to the Pine Hills
Institution in Miles City in order that he be evaluated by the Department of Institutions, and
that copies of all reports be sent to Youth Court and counsel for each party, pursuant to
stipulation of counsel.
A hearing was held in Youth Court on the State’s motion to transfer the cause to the
District Court. The State called numerous witnesses to testify, including Hans’ friend S.F.,
who testified to Hans’ preparation and planning of the crimes for several days prior to the
offenses. The Youth Court ordered that the cause be transferred to District Court.
3
An Information was filed in the Tenth Judicial District Court, Fergus County, on May
28, 1987, charging Hans with four offenses: deliberate homicide; attempted deliberate
homicide; and two counts of felony assault. Counsel was appointed and Hans entered pleas
of not guilty to all charges.
Counsel for Hans gave written notice, pursuant to 5 46-14-201, MCA (1985), of his
intent to rely on mental disease or defect to prove lack of the requisite state of mind of the
offenses. The notice specifically requested a mental health evaluation at the Montana State
Hospital (MSH) and that the Montana Youth Treatment reports be submitted to MSH to
assist in the evaluation.
The court entered an order for an evaluation at MSH to determine Hans’ fitness to
proceed as well as state of mind at the time of the offenses. Hans filed a notice of appeal
from the Youth Court decision and proceedings in the District Court were then stayed
pending the appeal of the transfer order.
Personnel at MSH submitted an evaluation report pursuant to the District Court order;
both counsel received copies. The report contained Hans’ statements and narratives
regarding the incident in question. Hans had been evaluated at MSH over a two-month
period. Upon his admission to MSH, he was presented with a form entitled “Evaluation
Information.” This form advised him that he had been court ordered to obtain an evaluation,
that he was expected to cooperate, and that the results of the evaluation may be reported to
the court. Hans signed this form and an evaluator at MSH later reviewed the form with
Hans. Hans’ counsel was not present during any ofthe testing or evaluation sessions at MSH.
4
The report concluded that Hans was competent to stand trial. However, the report also
found that Hans was suffering from a mental disease or defect. Hans was diagnosed with
severe conduct disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. Because of “the severity of the
symptomatology associated with [this] diagnosis,” the hospital staff found “that Mr. Hans
does suffer from a mental disease, disorder, or defect within the definition of the State of
Montana Statutes.” Despite this finding, the MSH evaluators found that Hans “did not show
loss of cognitive or behavioral control as the result of a mental disorder” and, “retained the
ability to act with knowledge and purpose” at the time of the crimes.
By order March 18, 1988, the Montana Supreme Court affirmed the Youth Court
transfer to District Court. Three days later, counsel for Hans filed a motion for appointment
of a psychiatrist or licensed clinical psychologist as a defense expert. The following week
counsel filed a supplemental motion in which he alleged that it was essential that a clinical
psychologist be appointed to assist the defense in trial preparation. The District Court denied
the initial motion for appointment of a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist, but granted the
supplemental motion which granted Hans the “right to retain a psychiatrist or clinical
psychologist to assist with trial preparation and with trial.”
Upon motion by the State and without objection from defense counsel, the court found
Hans competent to stand trial at an April 21, 1988 hearing. At the hearing, in response to
questioning by the court, Hans’ counsel stated “that Kris basically has never told me anything
and has refused to talk to me. . . .” The statement prompted the State to move the court for
an order directing that Hans appear in court to respond to inquiries about his counsel’s trial
5
preparation and the attorney-client relationship. The court held a hearing in which Hans
expressed his satisfaction with counsel. Defense counsel stated that due to the nature of the
defense, he did not need to further consult with Hans and that Hans need not be brought to
the county jail from Pine Hills for consultation purposes.
In response to an earlier court order to name all the defense witnesses, defense counsel
filed a “Notice” in which he recounted prior efforts to have the court appoint a psychiatrist
or licensed clinical psychologist to testify at trial. He also named Hans’ mother and father
as witnesses and a clinical psychologist to be called if, upon request for reconsideration, the
court were to grant his prior motion.
On May 4, 1988 the State deposed Dr. Ned Tranel, the psychologist named as
assisting the defense for trial preparation. The county attorney stated as a preliminary matter
that “since Dr. Tranel will be testifying at the trial,” objections would be reserved. In his
deposition, Dr. Tranel diagnosed Hans as having a schizotypal personality disorder, and
explained that this disorder includes a set of personality traits that are maladaptive, along
with possible hallucinations and breaks with reality. However, Dr. Tranel stated that Hans
was not hallucinatory at the time of the shooting incident. Although, in terms of psychology,
Dr. Tranel disagreed with the Montana statutory definitions of “knowingly” and “purposely”
in that they presented an “all or nothing legal question,” he ultimately agreed with the
conclusion of the MSH report that Hans acted within the statutory definitions of “knowingly”
and “purposely.”
6
On May 9,1988, an initial change ofplea hearing was held. The Judge engaged Hans
in a lengthy colloquy regarding the nature of the offenses charged, the possible punishment,
and the rights that Hans would be relinquishing if he were to plead guilty. Hans indicated
that he was unsure of whether he wanted to enter guilty pleas because his parents had
recently discussed seeking an opinion Tom another lawyer. The court continued the matter
until the next day, at which time the warnings given to Hans the previous day regarding the
consequences of a guilty plea were reiterated. Hans indicated that he had received a second
opinion from an unnamed lawyer who concurred with defense counsel’s advice. Hans
changed his pleas to guilty on each of the four charges and the court accepted the pleas.
A sentencing hearing was conducted in June during which the State called a number
of witnesses, including a psychiatrist and a psychologist from MSH. The defense called
Hans’ mother and Dr. Tranel as witnesses. Defense counsel argued that Hans should be
sentenced as a mentally ill person under $5 46-14-3 11 and 46-14-3 12, MCA, and that the
mandatory minimums should not be considered pursuant to 5 46-18-223, MCA.
The District Court found that the provisions of 4 46-14-311, MCA, were not met in.
that Hans was not suffering from a mental disease or defect which rendered him unable to
appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the
law. The District Court perceived no mitigating factors other than Hans’ age.
Hans was sentenced to the Montana Department of Institutions for a term of 100
years, with an additional three years for the use of the weapon, on Count I; and to the same
term on Count II, to be served consecutively. The sentences for Counts III and IV were ten
years each plus two years for the use of a weapon, to be served concurrently with the terms
imposed in Count I. Hans was designated a dangerous offender for the purpose of parole
eligibility.
After sentencing, Hans wrote a letter to the presiding District Court Judge, informing
him of his intention to change attorneys. Hans stated in the letter that his father would be
paying for the lawyer’s fees. The lawyer was not identified in the letter.
Defense counsel filed a notice of appeal from the Sentencing Order on July 29, 1988.
On September 8, 1988 defense counsel filed a “Notice of Withdrawal of Notice of Appeal”
advising the court that he had advised Hans that there were no grounds for appeal, that Hans’
father intended to retain another attorney for appeal, but that counsel had neither heard from
another attorney nor from Hans’ father.
Hans petitioned for review of his sentence with the Sentence Review Division which
affirmed his sentence. Thereafter, Hans tiled a pro se petition for post-conviction relief with
this Court on April 12, 1993. The State Appellate Defender was ultimately appointed to
represent Hans and an amended petition for post-conviction relief was tiled.
Hans asserted five claims in his amended petition: (1) that his guilty pleas were not
voluntarily or knowingly entered; (2) that he received ineffective assistance of counsel in that
his counsel failed to investigate and prepare for trial, failed to adequately discuss the case and
any plea negotiations with his client, failed to adequately discuss and inform his client of the
elements of the crimes charged and the consequences of a plea, failed to object to the
procedure by which mental health evaluations were provided to the court and the county
8
attorney, failed to adequately inform his client of his constitutional rights with respect to the
evaluations and failed to protect those rights, failed to object to the placing of his client under
oath to give testimony concerning the effective assistance of counsel, and failed to protect
his client’s right to appeal; (3) that the trial court failed to appoint a mental health expert to
assist the defense; (4) that the trial court erred in ordering the mental health experts to report
to the court and both counsel; and (5) that Hans was denied his right to counsel and his
privilege against self-incrimination by the failure of the mental health professionals to advise
him of these rights.
We denied claims 3 and 4, reserved ruling on claims 1 and 5, and remanded to the
District Court for an evidentiary hearing and for entry of findings of fact and conclusions of
law on claim 2.
The District Court held a hearing on November 30, 1994, and received evidence
relevant to claim 2, as well as to claim 5. In its findings and conclusions issued on
November 2 1, 1996, the court found that Hans’ counsel had been effective in all aspects of,
his representation but for his failure to follow the Anders v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 738,
87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed2d 493, procedure in withdrawing the notice of appeal. The District
Court found no prejudice resulting from this deficiency.
Standard of Review
Hans claims that this Court should conduct a de nova review of his claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. He cites to several United States Supreme Court and
federal circuit court decisions for the proposition that a claim of ineffective assistance of
9
counsel is a mixed question of law and fact and as such must be reviewed de nova. The State
contends that the proper standard for review of a district court’s denial of post-conviction.
relief is whether substantial evidence supports the findings and conclusions of the district
court. Although the District Court purported to deny “the petition for post-conviction relief’
in its findings and conclusions, Hans did not originally file a petition with the District Court
for post-conviction relief but filed his petition with this Court. Our August 25, 1994 Order
directed the District Court to conduct an evidentiary hearing and issue findings of fact and
conclusions of law in regard to Hans’ post-conviction petition to this Court. Therefore,
notwithstanding the District Court’s characterization, we are not reviewing a district court’s
denial of a petition for post-conviction relief; instead we review the District Court’s findings
and conclusions regarding the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Our review of a
district court’s findings of fact is whether they are clearly erroneous. Daines v. Knight
(1995), 269 Mont. 320, 324, 888 P.2d 904, 906, and our review of a district court’s
conclusions of law is whether the court’s interpretation of the law is correct. State v. Baker
(1995), 272 Mont. 273,280,901 P.2d 54,58.
The general standards for the establishment of a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel were established in the United States Supreme Court case of Strickland v.
Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, which set forth a two-
pronged test for determining whether effective assistance of counsel was denied. This test
was adopted by this Court in State v. Boyer (1985), 215 Mont. 143,695 P.2d 829. First, a
defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient, i.e., “that counsel made errors
10
so serious that counsel was not ftmctioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the
Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. In determining whether counsel rendered
deficient performance, counsel’s conduct is presumed to be “within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption
that, under the circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial
strategy.’ ” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Hans argues that this presumption applies only to
counsel’s tactical or strategic decisions and cites several circuit court decisions interpreting~
the presumption in the same manner. Boria v. Keane (2nd Cir. 1996), 99 F.3d 492,498
(holding that whether to give advice to a client relative to a plea bargain is not a strategic
decision deserving of deference); Foster v. Lockhart (8th Cir. 1993), 9 F.3d 722,726; United
States v. Palomba (9th Cir. 1994), 31 F.3d 1456, 1466. This Court has held that counsel’s
trial tactics and strategic decisions not only deserve great deference when reviewed on an
ineffective assistance claim but cannot be the basis upon which to find ineffective assistance
of counsel. State v. Gonzales (1996), 278 Mont. 525, 532, 926 P.2d 705, 710; State v.
Sheppard (1995), 270 Mont. 122, 128,890 P.2d 754,757; State v. Coates (1990), 241 Mont.
33 1,337,786 P.2d 1182, 1185. Instead, in order to constitute ineffective assistance, acts of
counsel must stem from neglect or ignorance rather than from informed, professional
deliberation. Gonzales, 926 P.2d at 710. This Court has recognized that the degree of
deference given to counsel’s conduct which cannot be considered “trial strategy” depends
upon the circumstances of the alleged act or omission by counsel. In State v. Denny (1993),
262 Mont. 248, 252-53, 865 P.2d 226, 228-29, we held that the decision to interview
11
potential witnesses was not a strategic decision but a specific obligation inherent in counsel’s
duty to investigate the case. In evaluating counsel’s performance we held that the specific
obligation to interview witnesses must temper the amount of deference given to counsel’s
conduct. m, 865 P.2d at 229. In other words, non-strategic decisions are not accorded
“great deference.” Rather, they are accorded slight deference if based on professional
deliberation. Non-strategic decisions not based on professional deliberation, or those that
stem from neglect or ignorance, are accorded no deference.
In the instant case, counsel’s decisions as to whether and what to advise Hans as to the
nature and elements of the offense and the advisability of a plea are obligatory, not strategic
decisions and, thus, the deference given to these decisions, as with the decision to investigate,
must be tempered by counsel’s duty to adequately inform his client. Accordingly, when we
review counsel’s performance in trial preparation and advice as to whether to plead we will
indulge only a slight presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance.
The second prong of the Strickland test requires a defendant to show that counsel’s
deficient performance prejudiced the defense so as to deny the defendant a fair trial.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. In assessing challenges to guilty pleas based on ineffective
assistance of counsel a defendant must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to
trial.” Hill v. Lockhart (1985), 474 U.S. 52, 58, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203, 210.,
12
This Court has held that the Strickland standard applies to petitions for post-conviction relief.
Lester Kills On Top v. State (1995), 273 Mont. 32,49, 901 P.2d 1368, 1379.
Issue One
Whether Hans’ counsel rendered ineffective assistance in violation of
Hans’ rights as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and Article II, Section 24 of the Montana
Constitution?
Hans alleged that his counsel failed to provide effective assistance of counsel in
several areas including the following:
(a) communication with him about the status of the case and the “defense” of mental
disease or defect and the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide; (b) requesting and
agreeing to the dissemination of mental health evaluations; (c) investigation and preparation
for trial; and (d) the appeal. We will discuss these allegations separately.
Hans alleges that the District Court “abdicated its responsibility to undertake a
searching review of the facts” by adopting verbatim the State’s proposed findings of fact and
conclusions of law. We have held that a district court does not commit error when it adopts
a party’s proposed findings and conclusions where the adopted findings and conclusions are
“sufficiently comprehensive and pertinent to the issues to provide a basis for the decision and
are supported by the evidence.” In re Marriage of Stufft (1996), 276 Mont. 454,457,916
P.2d 767, 769 (citing In re Marriage of Purdy (1988), 234 Mont. 502, 504, 764 P.2d 857,
858). Hans further alleges that certain of the court’s findings are not supported by the
evidence. While we decline to rule that the court committed reversible error by its adoption
13
of the State’s findings and conclusions, we are mindful of the court’s verbatim adoption in
our analysis of whether the court’s findings and conclusions are clearly erroneous.
(a) Lack of Communication
Hans contends that a lack of communication between Hans and his counsel permeated
the case and that, given Hans’ age and mental status, his counsel had even greater
responsibility in ascertaining whether Hans understood the proceedings. Hans relies on a
journal article on legal ethics in support of this additional affirmative duty. We note that
while Strickland condones the use of professional standards for guides in determining
reasonable professional standards upon which to judge whether ineffective assistance was
rendered, an article in a legal journal does not create a hard and fast rule to which attorneys
must conform their behavior.
Hans claims that his counsel’s contact with him during the proceedings was
inadequate. The District Court found that counsel’s time records show “numerous contacts
and consultations between [counsel] and the Petitioner” and that counsel was “in regular,
contact” with Hans. Hans claims that this finding is not supported by the record. He points
to counsel’s time records which reveal a period of four and one-half months between the
receipt of the MSH report to the date this Court affirmed the transfer to District Court in
which there was no contact between defense counsel and Hans. Shortly after this time frame,
during the hearing on Hans’ competency to stand trial, Hans’ counsel made the comments that
Hans would not talk to him regarding the crime and that he did not need to talk to his client.
Following the prosecutor’s suggestion that a hearing be held on the attorney-client
14
relationship between Hans and his counsel, a hearing was held in which Hans testified that
he believed counsel was doing a good job and that they had gotten “everything sorted out.”
Hans claims that defense counsel erred in failing to object to Hans being placed under
oath for this purpose. The District Court found that questioning by the county attorney did
not relate to any confidential attorney-client communications nor to any trial strategies or
defenses. We agree and find no error.
The State argues that during the four and one-half month period, counsel was in
contact with Hans’ parents and was working on the case and that since the only defense was
Hans’ mental state and as facts of the case were well known, the fact that Hans would not
discuss the facts of the crime with his attorney did not hinder defense counsel’s preparation
of a defense. Additionally, Hans’ counsel believed it was more appropriate for Hans to stay
at Pine Hills juvenile detention center rather than be housed in the Fergus County jail during
the pretrial proceedings. Although communication between counsel and client was minimal
we find that it was not deficient and that the District Court’s findings regarding inadequate
communication are not clearly erroneous,
Adequacy of Advice Regarding Mitigated Deliberate Homicide
Hans alleges that his counsel failed to adequately inform him and, in fact,
misinformed him, regarding the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide, and the
“defense” of mental disease or defect. Hans alleges that his counsel advised him according
to an outdated and incorrect theory regarding the availability of the lesser offense of
mitigated deliberate homicide. Section 45-5-103, MCA, defines mitigated deliberate
15
homicide as a homicide committed “under the influence of extreme mental or emotional
stress for which there is reasonable explanation or excuse.” The record indicates that defense
counsel used the term “heat of passion” to describe “mitigated deliberate homicide” both to
Hans and to the defense expert. Counsel described the lesser offense at the May 10th change
of plea hearing as follows:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Kris, we went over extensively, on at least five
occasions, the charge of mitigated deliberate homicide, did we not?
[HANS]: Yes, we did.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You understand that mitigated deliberate homicide
is deliberate homicide that was committed while you were under extreme
mental or emotional stress, correct?
[HANS]: Correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I explained in Montana that that, in effect, means
in the heat of passion or upon sudden argument, right?
[HANS]: Right.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: The doctors at Warm Springs ruled that out, they
said you were not under that kind of stress, correct?
[HANS]: Correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Dr. Tranel also said that you were not under that
kind of stress? He agreed with the doctors at Warm Springs, right?
[HANS]: Right.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You’re satisfied that that would not be available to
you, at least as an instruction to the jury, because we have not come up with
anyone who would testify that that might be an issue as far as mitigation goes,
is that correct?
16
[HANS]: That’s correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: You’re satisfied with my advice to you on that and
also with the second opinion, correct?
[HANS]: Yes.
[THE COURT]: As I understand this, Kris, from reading your recitation
of the facts, and the psychologists’ statements, you didn’t have an argument or
a fight with anybody just before this, or anything like that, did you?
[HANS]: No.
Hans claims that although the lesser offense was discussed on several occasions, the
information given Hans by counsel was incorrect and he was, therefore, inadequately
informed. Hans cites State v. Azure (1977), 175 Mont. 189, 196, 573 P.2d 179, 183, for the
proposition that unless a defendant has a “full understanding of the precise kind of homicide
to which he pled. . [t]his Court will not assume the plea was made ‘with an understanding
of the charge.’ ”
In support of his contention that “heat of passion” was a misleading manner by which
to describe mitigated deliberate homicide, Hans points out that the annotations to 3 45-5-103,
MCA, indicate that the defense is no longer limited to the “heat of passion” situation. The
notes indicate that the revised definition seeks to “avoid many of the definitional problems
which pervaded the traditional approach to manslaughter by eliminating the terms ‘malice,’
‘heat of passion,’ [and] ‘sudden provocation’ .” Hans also cites to the comments to the
Model Penal Code 3 210.3 upon which § 45-5-103, MCA, was based. The comments
indicate that the new definition is not as limited as the traditional rule of provocation. Hans
17
further cites a New York state case for the proposition that the Model Penal Code expanded
the definition of traditional manslaughter. People v. Casassa (N.Y. 1980), 404 N.E.2d 1310.
The defendant in Casassa was found not to have acted under “extreme emotional
disturbance” when he murdered his ex-girlfriend three months after she ended the
relationship. At trial, one psychiatrist testified that the defendant was obsessed with the
victim and was acting “under extreme emotional disturbance” at the time of the killing but
another psychiatrist testified that he was not. Casassa, 404 N.E.2d at 13 13. The statute,
analyzed in Casassa is based on 5 210.3 of the Model Penal Code and provides for an
affirmative defense to murder in the second degree (reducing the charge to manslaughter)
where “the defendant acted under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which
there was a reasonable explanation or excuse.” The offense of mitigated deliberate homicide
is similarly defined in the Montana Code as an offense where the defendant acted “under the
influence of extreme mental or emotional stress for which there is a reasonable explanation
or excuse.” Section 45-5-103, MCA. In interpreting its affirmative defense to murder in the
second degree, the New York Court of Appeals stated that, rather than being limited to the
“heat of passion” doctrine which requires an act taken as a response to provocation without
cooling off, ” ‘an action influenced by an extreme emotional disturbance is not one that is
necessarily so spontaneously undertaken.’ ” Casassa, 404 N.E.2d at 1314 (citation omitted).
While Casassa confirms that the revised Model Penal Code no longer requires an
immediate reaction to some provocation, it reveals that “provocation” is still an integral
component of “manslaughter” or “mitigated deliberate homicide.” The provocation element
18
comes into play under the second part of the definition in that there must be a “reasonable
explanation or excuse” for the defendant’s extreme emotional disturbance. According to the
New York Court of Appeals, this second component was “designed to sweep away ‘the rigid
rules that have developed with respect to the sufficiency of particular types of provocation.
’ ” Casassa, 404 N.E.2d at 1316 (emphasis added).
Defense counsel testified at the evidentiary hearing that he used the phrase “heat of
passion” as a “descriptive phrase” for explaining mitigated deliberate homicide to “laymen.”
We recognize that defense counsel’s explanation of mitigated deliberate homicide to Hans
did not encompass all the nuances contemplated by the Model Penal Code and other states’
interpretations of the Model Penal Code. Nonetheless, counsel’s use of “heat of passion” to
describe mitigated deliberate homicide conveyed the substance of the offense. Counsel’s
example properly demonstrated that provocation remains the pivotal requirement of the
lesser offense under the Model Penal Code and, more importantly, under then available
Montana case law.
The State argues that most of the Montana cases on mitigated deliberate homicide at
the time of Hans’ tial preparation show that a charge or conviction of mitigated deliberate
homicide was appropriate when the defendant was acting in the “heat of passion” or during
an argument or upon provocation. The State cites State v. Buckley (1976), 171 Mont. 238,
557 P.2d 283, as an example of this Court rejecting the lesser offense where the defendant’s
actions were those of “a slow deliberate, calm, and cool killer.” In Buckley, the defendant
was first shot at by the victim. The defendant tired back, wounding the victim, and then.
19
continued to walk toward the victim, shooting, and finally kneeled down and delivered the
fatal shot to the victim’s head from less than a foot away. Buckley, 557 P.2d at 284. Even
though the victim tired the first shot, the provocation was not, under the circumstances, a
reasonable excuse for the defendant’s subsequent conduct.
Hans cites State v. Gratzer (1984), 209 Mont. 308, 682 P.2d 141, as evidence that.
Montana law did not limit mitigated deliberate homicide to heat of passion circumstances.
In Gratzer, this Court ruled that the defendant was entitled to a jury instruction on mitigated
deliberate homicide. The defendant let the air out of his girlfriend’s car tires in an attempt
to discover the identity of a man the defendant believed she had been dating. After he was
chased away from the car, he later returned with a gun. He found a vantage point, waited and
observed his girlfriend, later moved closer and, after hiding for a period of time, confronted
his girlfriend and the other man. After a struggle, Gratzer shot the man in the back and then
fired two fatal point-blank shots. Gratzer, 682 P.2d at 143.
Hans argues that Gratzer did not act in the “heat of passion” when he killed his victim
and yet was entitled to a jury instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide. Whether or not
the facts in Gratzer amounted to a “heat of passion” killing, Gratzer offered expert testimony
that he in fact was acting under the requisite “extreme mental or emotional stress” required
to prove the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide and the Court relied on the
existence of this evidence in holding that Gratzer was entitled to a jury instruction on
mitigated deliberate homicide. Gratzer, 682 P.2d at 145. Hans argues that his counsel, in
providing misinformation to his own expert on the lesser offense, created the dilemma of not
20
having enough evidence to support the theory of mitigated deliberate homicide. Hans argues
that if Dr. Tranel had realized that mitigated deliberate homicide encompassed a wider range
of stressing factors than merely “heat of passion,” his expert opinion on whether Hans’
mental condition supported a mitigated deliberate homicide charge may have been different
and ultimately would have persuaded Hans to go to trial rather than plead guilty. The record,
however, indicates that Dr. Tranel was experienced in testifying on the issue of mitigated
deliberate homicide and was aware of the correct statutory definition. Accordingly, we hold
that the District Court’s finding that defense counsel did not misinform his own expert is not
clearly erroneous. Therefore Hans’ argument that defense counsel was to blame for the lack
of expert testimony as to the mitigated deliberate homicide theory fails. Dr. Tranel, aware
of the correct statutory definition of mitigated deliberate homicide, ultimately would not
testify that Hans was acting under “extreme mental or emotional stress” at the time of the
shootings. Therefore, unlike in Gratzer, counsel did not have the foundational testimony to
support a jury instruction on mitigated deliberate homicide.
Hans argues that in using “heat of passion” to describe “reasonable explanation or
excuse” counsel suggested much too narrow a definition. However, even assuming,
argue&o, that Hans had an expert willing to testify that he was acting under “extreme
emotional stress,” he does not offer any evidence that he would come within a broader
definition of “reasonable excuse or explanation.” Although Model Penal Code 5 2 10.3 and
5 45-5-103, MCA, no longer require “sudden” provocation, they still require an extreme
emotional stress resulting from provocation of some sort, in the form of a reasonable excuse
21
or explanation. See State v. Dumlao (Haw. 1986), 715 P.2d 822, 829-31. Hans has not
pointed to any conduct by the victim or circumstances at the school which would serve as a
reasonable excuse (provocation) for his extreme emotional stress and the homicide.
As to defense counsel’s overall preparation on the mitigated deliberate homicide
theory we note that his records indicate that he spent at least twenty hours of legal research
time on mental illness and mitigated deliberate homicide and defense counsel testified that
he compiled notebooks full of legal research on statutes, jury instructions, and case law
applicable to deliberate homicide and mitigated deliberate homicide. Any advice given to
Hans regarding mitigated deliberate homicide, although not a strategic decision deserving
of great deference, was not the product of neglect or ignorance on the part of defense counsel
and, as such, his advice is given a slight presumption of falling within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance. Applying this standard to counsel’s performance we hold
that defense counsel’s advice to Hans regarding the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate
homicide was not deficient. Because we hold that counsel’s performance was not deficient
we need not address whether the alleged deficient performance prejudiced Hans.
Adeauacv of Advice Reeardine Mental Illness
Hans next alleges that his counsel did not adequately inform him of the “defense” of
mental disease or defect. Hans alleges that his counsel’s advice that there was no defense
based on a mental disease or defect was erroneous and misleading. Hans argues that Dr.
Tranel’s deposition and the MSH evaluations were replete with information which could be
22
the basis for a showing of mental disease or defect that would rebut the State’s proof that
Hans acted “knowingly and purposely.”
The State claims, and we agree, that although the MSH report and Dr. Tranel’s
deposition contained evidence that Hans did suffer from a mental disease or defect, neither
the MSH experts nor Dr. Tranel would ultimately testify that Hans’ mental defect prevented
him from acting knowingly and purposely at the time of the shootings. Hans testified at the
evidentiary hearing that his understanding of the mental disease or defect “defense,” as
explained by defense counsel, was that the defense was not available because “the Warm
Springs Reports said essentially that I was not -- I was not mentally ill enough to -- to be
found under that statute.” This statement does not reflect a misapprehension of the evidence.
Although defense counsel could have presented a jury with evidence that Hans
suffered from a mental disease or defect, defense counsel did not believe that this evidence
would be persuasive in light of both parties’ experts testifying that Hans acted with the
requisite mental state to sustain a deliberate homicide charge. Even Hans’ legal expert
witness at the evidentiary hearing on the ineffectiveness claim admitted that the psychiatric
experts’ conclusions presented a problem for the defense.
Defense counsel’s opinion that the defense theory of mental disease or defect was not
a viable defense for Hans qualifies as non-strategic assistance and was the product of
informed professional deliberation which he adequately conveyed to Hans. Therefore, wee
indulge a slight presumption that counsel’s advice to Hans regarding the “defense” of mental
23
disease or defect falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance and, in this
case, we hold that counsel’s advice on this issue was not deficient.
(b) Mental Health Evaluations
Hans next alleges ineffective assistance of counsel regarding defense counsel’s
request for a mental heahh evaluation at MSH which was disseminated to the court and the
prosecution. The State argues that we previously decided this issue in our denial of Hans’
fourth claim for relief, which alleged that the District Court erred in ordering the mental
health experts to report to the court and the prosecution. We held that the court did not err
in ordering the reports sent from the Montana Youth Treatment Center and from Pine Hills
to the court and to the prosecution since counsel for both parties stipulated to this procedure.
Furthermore, we held that the court did not err in disseminating the third mental health report
from MSH because 5 46-14-203(3), MCA (1987), provided that the report of a mental health
examination ordered by the court be disseminated to the court and both counsel. Because
Hans was examined by his own expert whose report was not disseminated, the dissemination
of the other reports did not violate Hans’ right to have a competent psychiatrist assist in the
evaluation of the defendant as guaranteed by Ake v. Oklahoma (1985), 470 U.S. 68, 83, 105
S. Ct. 1087, 1096, 84 L.Ed.2d 53,66.
Although we held that Hans’ statutory and constitutional rights were not violated by
the dissemination of the MSH mental health reports in light of the fact that he was ultimately
afforded his one “Ake” expert witness, we did not address the issues of whether defense
counsel erred in stipulating to dissemination of the first two mental health reports, whether
24
counsel erred in requesting the evaluation at MSH in the first instance or whether he failed
to inform Hans of his constitutional rights regarding the evaluation.
Dissemination of the Mental Health Reuorts
Hans alleges that despite the statutory provision mandating dissemination of a mental
health report, defense counsel could have prevented the dissemination of the mental health
reports. Hans cites &s holding that the State is required to assure the defendant access to
a psychiatrist who will assist in the defense in support of his contention that defense counsel
had alternatives to dissemination of the report.
In Smith v. McCormick (1990), 914 F.2d 1153, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
held that the procedure mandated by 3 46-14-202, MCA (1985), did not satisfy an indigents’s
due process right to psychiatric assistance under L&e. Hans cites Smith for the proposition
that ?j 46-14-202, MCA (1985), is unconstitutional and that defense counsel therefore had
authority to oppose dissemination of the mental health reports. In Smith the Ninth Circuit
Court of Appeals held that, given &&s limitation of one mental health expert to assist
indigent defendants, an indigent defendant’s right under & is, in effect, violated by § 46-
14-202, MCA’s dissemination mandate because the defendant’s one mental health expert is
no longer serving the defendant’s best interests. -, 914 F.2d at 1158-59. Defense
Smith
counsel no longer has I’ ’ “an adequate opportunity to present [his] [client’s] claims fairly
within the adversary system.” ’ ” Sm.&, 914 F.2d at 1159 (quoting &, 470 U.S. at 77
(citation omitted)). Although this reasoning applies to the dilemma faced by Hans’ counsel,
defense counsel did not have the benefit of&&h when acquiescing in the dissemination of
25
the mental health report. As the United States Supreme Court warns of the danger in
applying hindsight to assess attorney performance in Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, it follows
that subsequently decided case law cannot be used to judge an attorney’s conduct at the time
of representation. Furthermore, we have held that counsel is not ineffective for following
a statute in effect at the time. Lester Kills On Ton, 901 P.2d at 1382-83. Therefore, we hold
that defense counsel’s acquiescence in dissemination of the mental health reports pursuant
to $46-14-202, MCA, is not grounds for a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Evaluation Conducted at MSH
Hans also claims that defense counsel erred in having the evaluation conducted by
state mental health professionals rather than by a defense expert. Hans’ reasoning is that
because Ake allows for only one expert, &, 470 U.S. at 79, defense counsel should have
insisted on having his own expert, rather than MSH conduct the evaluation. While defense
counsel could have engaged a defense expert to conduct the court-ordered examination and
report to the court and prosecution, the dissemination of the report was mandated by the
statute. It is apparent that if Hans’ expert, Dr. Tranel, had prepared the court-ordered report,
it would still have contained damaging conclusions regarding whether Hans committed the
crimes while under the influence of mental disease or defect. Thus, in the final analysis,
counsel’s choice of engaging MSH evaluators to perform the evaluation rather than a defense
expert caused Hans no prejudice. We therefore find that defense counsel was not ineffective
for requesting and stipulating to the mental health evaluation at MSH.
26
Counsel’s Advice Concerning the Evaluation Process
Hans alleges error in defense counsel’s failure to advise him of his constitutional rights.
to remain silent and advise him that the report could be used against him in future
proceedings. The District Court found, and we agree, that a defendant has no constitutional
right to be informed of his Miranda rights when, through his attorney, he has requested a
psychiatric exam. Estelle v. Smith (1981), 451 U.S. 454, 468, 101 S. Ct. 1866, 1876, 68
L.Ed.2d 359,372; State v. Smith (1993), 261 Mont. 419,427-28, 863 P.2d 1000, 1004-05.
The question remains however, whether counsel had a duty to inform Hans of the
consequences of his participation in the evaluation. Hans cites to ABA Criminal Justice
Mental Health Standard 7-3.6 (1989) which imposes upon an attorney a duty to fully advise
and inform the defendant as to the nature and consequences of the evaluation. The comments
state, that “[a]n attorney’s obligation to explain stems from the responsibility to advise an
accused client about ah aspects of the case.” We agree that informing a client of the
consequences of a mental health evaluation, including how that information can be used, is
part of an attorney’s genera1 duty to keep the client informed, regardless of whether the
defense requested the evaluation. In holding that Smith’s right to counsel was not violated
by the district court’s consideration of a psychiatric evaluation report, the Court in Smith
noted that the defendant had an opportunity to consult with counsel prior to the psychiatric
evaluation and that “counsel could have advised Smith of the State’s possible use of the
evidence obtained.” Smith, 863 P.2d at 1006.
27
Additionally, in State v. Hess (1992), 252 Mont. 205,211, 828 P.2d 382, 386, this
Court considered among other factors, that the defendant was represented by counsel before
she underwent a compelled psychological evaluation in deciding that she was not entitled to
Miranda warnings.
In both &n&h and &, this Court relied on the fact that the defendant had access to
counsel before undergoing a psychiatric evaluation in determining that Miranda warnings
were not necessary. The Court’s reliance on this fact was based on the assumption that
before requesting an evaluation, counsel will provide advice regarding the potential
consequences of participating in an evaluation. Consistent with that assumption, we hold
that defense counsel had a duty to inform Hans of the consequences of his participation in
the evaluation.
Defense counsel’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing was that he “probably” told
Hans the consequences of the evaluation. This is not sufficient to rebut Hans’ claim that
defense counsel failed to inform him of the consequences. Therefore, we hold that Hans has
satisfied the deficiency prong of the Strickland test for ineffective assistance of counsel.
Under Strickland we must next ask whether counsel’s deficiency prejudiced Hans.
The State argues that since the case did not go to trial and since none of Hans’ statements
made during the evaluation were offered in evidence against him, he suffered no prejudice.
However, defense counsel’s advice to forego trial was based, in part, on counsel’s reluctance
to put Hans on the stand for fear of damaging cross-examination regarding statements he
made during the evaluation. The State also claims that 5 46-14-401, MCA (1985) (now 5 46-
28
14-2 17, MCA) provided sufficient protection for Hans in the event the State attempted to
introduce any of his statements at trial. Section 46-14-401, MCA (1985), provided:
A statement made for the purposes of psychiatric examination or treatment
provided for in this chapter by a person subjected to such examination or
treatment is not admissible in evidence against him in any criminal proceeding,
except a sentencing hearing conducted under 46-14-3 11, on any issue other
than that of his mental condition. It is admissible on the issue of his mental
condition, whether or not it would otherwise be considered a privileged
communication, unless it constitutes an admission of guilt of the crime
charged. In a hearing held under 46-14-3 11, the court may hear and consider
any such statement even if it constitutes an admission of guilt.
Although this statute may provide protection in some cases against admission of
incriminating statements, in Hans’ situation, the only possible defense was based on his
mental condition, which is not protected under the statute. Therefore, by participating in the
evaluation, Hans was providing the prosecution with information on the only viable defense
available to him. However, given that the only defense available to Hans was based on his
mental health, defense counsel had to place his mental health in issue, and by statute, had to
allow a mental health expert to conduct an evaluation and report to the court. Although Hans
argues that the requirement of the court-ordered evaluation could have been satisfied without
Hans’ cooperation pursuant to 9 46-14-203(2), MCA (1985) (instructing an evaluator to
determine whether a defendant’s refusal to participate is the result of a mental illness) we,
cannot say at this point in time that this tactic would have helped Hans’ case. If Hans had
refused to participate in the court-ordered evaluation, he could have precluded damaging
information regarding his mental health from getting into the hands of the prosecution.
However, Hans would still not have had a defense expert willing to testify that his mental
29
illness precluded him from forming the requisite mental state, or that it entitled him to the
lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide. Had he refused to cooperate with a court-
ordered evaluation, Hans would have effectively eliminated the possibility that the evaluation
could be used to support his defense of mental disease or defect at the time of the offense.
This tactic would have left him without a defense and certainly no greater reason to go to
trial. Therefore, we find that Hans was not prejudiced by defense counsel’s alleged failure
to inform Hans of his right to remain silent during the mental health evaluation.
(c) Ineffective Investigation and Preparation
Hans alleges that his counsel was ineffective in his investigation and preparation for
trial, and that this deficient performance affected Hans’ ultimate decision to plead guilty.
Hans’ primary contention is that defense counsel did not adequately pursue the defense of
mental disease or defect or the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide. Hans alleges
that his counsel pinned his hopes first on a favorable evaluation from MSH and, after receipt
of the unfavorable report, on a reversal of the decision to transfer the case to District Court.
Hans alleges that from the date of receipt of the MSH report, to this Court’s affirmance of the
transfer of the case to District Court, some four and one-half months, defense counsel spent
less than twenty hours on the case. Hans alleges that counsel should have been in contact’
with mental health professionals as some form of mental illness defense was the only real
defense available to Hans. Hans alleges further that his counsel was ineffective in his
attempts to have a defense expert appointed to testify. Hans criticizes counsel for tiling the
30
alternative motion to have an expert appointed to assist only in trial preparation and for
failing to pursue the appointment of an expert to testify at trial.
The record indicates that defense counsel’s brief in support of his original motion for
appointment of a defense expert sufficiently conveyed the applicable arguments on this issue.
A hearing was held on the original motion for appointment of an expert in which defense
counsel repeatedly argued that an expert should be appointed to testify on behalf of his client.
After a hearing on the alternative motion, the court granted the motion for an expert to assist
but denied counsel’s request for an expert to testify at trial. The District Court found, and we.
agree, that defense counsel’s efforts to have a defense expert appointed were more than
adequate and cannot be deemed ineffective because the court refused to grant the motion.
Hans’ argument that defense counsel created the problem by having MSH conduct the court-
ordered evaluation in the first instance has already been addressed in the previous issue and
need not be repeated here.
Although defense counsel was not prevented from pursuing other mental health
experts after he received the MSH report and after the proceedings in District Court were
stayed pending appeal of the transfer as claimed by the State, defense counsel’s alleged lack
of attention to the case during this period was not deficient. Immediately upon this Court’s
aftirmance of the transfer, defense counsel began drafting his notice of intent to rely on
mental disease or defect and contacted Dr. Tranel. We agree with the District Court that
defense counsel’s actions in seeking a defense expert were proper and timely.
31
Hans points to defense counsel’s inability to name his defense witnesses twelve days
before trial as evidence of his failure to adequately prepare. The District Court found that
defense counsel’s inability to name defense witnesses so close to trial was not out of the
ordinary for a crime committed in front of so many people. The only possible defense
witnesses were Hans’ parents and mental health experts. Defense counsel had already
identified Dr. Tranel as a possible witness contingent on the court’s allowing his testimony.
This was not deficient representation.
Allowing the Deposition of Dr. Tranel
Hans alleges that his counsel was ineffective for allowing the prosecution to depose
his non-testifying expert witness. The State claims that, even though the court had denied
defense counsel’s motion to appoint a defense expert to testify, defense counsel intended to
renew his motion to have Dr. Tranel testify, in which case the State would have been allowed
to depose him. Section 46-15-323(4)(b), MCA (1985). At the time of Dr. Tranel’s
deposition, defense counsel had not renewed his motion nor had the court given any
indication that it would rule differently upon a renewed motion. The District Court made no
findings on this allegation of error. We note that whether or not defense counsel intended
to renew his motion, it was not certain that the court would grant it and thus at the time of
the deposition, Dr. Tranel was a non-testifying expert. As such, defense counsel need not
have allowed the State to depose Dr. Tranel. State v. Davidson (1994), 266 Mont. 404,412,
880 P.2d 1331, 1337. We hold that allowing the State to depose Dr. Tranel constitutes
32
deficient representation, but whether this constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel
depends on whether Hans was prejudiced by counsel’s error.
In allowing Dr. Tranel to be deposed, defense counsel permitted the State to discover
that Dr. Tranel was of the opinion that Hans did not lack the requisite mental state nor did
he exhibit mitigating factors to support the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide.
However, if defense counsel had refused to allow Dr. Tranel to be deposed unless and until
the court granted the motion allowing Dr. Tranel to testify, the State would have ultimately
been allowed to depose Dr. Tranel. On the other hand, if the court denied the motion and the
State were not allowed to depose Dr. Tranel, Hans would have gained no advantage in plea
negotiations because the State would have been aware that the Court had foreclosed the
possibility of any defense expert testifying at trial. Therefore, although defense counsel erred
in allowing the deposition of Dr. Tranel, Hans suffered no prejudice as a result of this error,
and his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on this issue must fail.
Summary of Investigation and Prenaration
Hans’ claims of ineffectiveness in the investigation and preparation for trial imply that
if counsel had been better prepared, the “defense” of mental disease or defect and the lesser
offense of mitigated deliberate homicide would have been viable strategies upon which to.
go to trial. Whether or not defense counsel would have begun his investigation earlier, or
had chosen his own expert to conduct the court-ordered mental health examination, or had
prevented the defense expert from being deposed, the ultimate conclusion reached by the
defense mental health expert was that Hans committed the crimes knowingly and purposely,
33
and that Hans did not exhibit mitigating factors which would have supported a decision to
go to trial on the lesser offense of mitigated deliberate homicide.
Hans claims that a defense could have been presented at trial without the testimony
of an expert. That would have let? Hans’ own testimony and the testimony of his parents as
the only potential evidence of mitigating factors or the existence of mental disease or defect.
Hans claims that he could not testify because he would then be cross-examined about
admissions he made in the MSH report, which defense counsel erroneously requested.
However, even if the report had been conducted by his own expert, the contents of the report
would still have been disclosed to the court and the prosecution. See 3 46-14-202, MCA
(1985). In the end, defense counsel was faced with the prospect of going to trial with very
little evidence to support either mitigating circumstances or mental disease or defect. And,
although we agree with Hans that his guilty plea was not a “strategic decision” in the sense
that it did not produce an advantage, Hans’ limited options at this point were not due to
defense counsel’s failure to adequately investigate and prepare for trial. Hans’ options were
limited because of the facts of his particular situation.
(d) Abandonment of the Anaeal
Hans next alleges that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance by abandoning the
appeal. Defense counsel filed a notice of appeal on July 29, 1988. The appeal was never.
perfected. Hans wrote his counsel a letter informing him that a new attorney would be
retained by his father. Because defense counsel never heard back from Hans, Hans’ father,
or another attorney, and the deadline for filing the transcripts was nearing, counsel withdrew
34
the appeal. Defense counsel withdrew the appeal without consulting Hans or advising him
that he had the right to have an attorney appointed on appeal.
A defendant has a right to the assistance of counsel on a first appeal. State v. Black
(1990), 245 Mont. 39,43,798 P.2d 530,532. The right to counsel on appeal includes the
right to effective assistance of counsel. Evitts v. Lucey (1985), 469 U.S. 387,396, 105 S. Ct.
830, 836, 83 L. Ed. 2d 821, 830; Anders v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396,
18 L. Ed. 2d 493, sets forth the procedures necessary for protecting a client’s right to appeal
and delineates the minimum standards for providing effective assistance of counsel on
appeal.
In Anders the Court held that if, after a conscientious review, counsel concludes an
appeal is wholly tivolous counsel must advise the court and request permission to withdraw.
The request must be accompanied by a brief referring to anything in the record that might
arguably support an appeal, and a copy of that brief should be sent to the defendant so that
the defendant can respond with his or her own arguments. Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. In the
instant case, defense counsel requested permission to withdraw but did not notify his client
of the withdrawal nor did counsel submit the necessary brief. Defense counsel testified that
he was aware of the Anders requirements.
The District Court agreed that defense counsel rendered deficient performance by
failing to perfect the appeal but opined that Hans was not thereby prejudiced in view of Hans’.
opportunity to appear before the sentence review board and in view of the court’s findings
on the ineffectiveness claims. Hans responds that prejudice is presumed where there has
35
been “[a]ctual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel” either at trial or on direct
appeal. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692; Penson v. Ohio (1988), 488 U.S. 75, 88, 109 S. Ct. 346,
354, 102 L.Ed.2d 300,313. We agree. Presumption of prejudice from a failure to protect
the client’s right to appeal is widely recognized. See. e.g., United States v. Nagib (7th Cir.
1995), 56 F.3d 798, 801; United States v. Horodner (9th Cir. 1993), 993 F.2d 191, 195.
Prejudice is presumed when counsel abandons the appeal because the defendant is not merely
deprived of effective assistance, he or she is deprived of any assistance of counsel.
Castellanos v. United States (7th Cir. 1994), 26 F.3d 717, 718. Abandonment is a per se
violation of the Sixth Amendment. Castellanos, 26 F.3d at 718; I&&b, 56 F.3d at 801.
The State contends that prejudice is not presumed if a post-conviction remedy is’
afforded. Citing Evitts, 469 U.S. at 399, and State v. Finney (Mont. 1997), 931 P.2d 1300,
54 St.Rep. 58. It argues that even if defense counsel’s performance on appeal were deficient,
since Hans is being afforded a post-conviction remedy, he is not prejudiced by counsel’s
errors. However, in Finney, we held that the defendant had been granted a remedy for his
counsel’s failure to follow Anders in that the defendant raised, and this Court considered, the
same issue in his petition for post-conviction relief that he claimed he would have raised on
appeal. Finney, 931 P.2d at 1304. In the instant case, Hans points to the existence of
appealable issues arising from the sentencing phase of the prosecution that have been
foreclosed from review on post-conviction relief because this Court will not entertain claims
that could have been raised on direct appeal. Tecca v. McCormick (1990), 246 Mont. 3 17,
806 P.2d 11. Hans argues that the remedy for counsel’s failure to protect Hans’ right to
36
appeal is an out-of-time appeal. See Broeckel v. State (Alaska App. 1995), 900 P.2d 1205,
1208.
The State contends that the United States Supreme Court held in Evitts that a state’s
post-conviction proceeding serves as an out-of-time appeal remedy for counsel’s ineffective
assistance on the appeal. However, the Court in Evitts merely approved the use of state
courts’ implementation of post-conviction proceedings as an appropriate remedy for a
defendant’s having been denied a direct appeal. Evitts, 469 U.S. at 399.
Although, in Finney’s post-conviction proceeding, we addressed issues which could
have been raised on appeal, the question of whether those issues were properly before the
court in post-conviction relief was not an issue and was not addressed. Finney, 93 1 P.2d at
1304. There was no discussion of our decision in Tecca and whether it precluded our
consideration of issues which could have been, but were not, raised on appeal. Although the
result in m certainly suggests that post-conviction relief serves as the equivalent of an
out-of-time appeal, it is less clear that, in Finney, we were implementing such a rule for all
similarly situated petitioners. It would thus be unfair to characterize Finney as establishing
this Court’s implementation of the post-conviction process as the equivalent of an out-of-time
appeal.
Hans has brought to this Court’s attention the dilemma posed by Finney and m.
Although Finnev appears to provide a remedy for abandonment on appeal by way of post-
conviction relief, Tecca limits post-conviction claims to those that could not have been raised
on appeal. Hans argues that the constraints of Tecca foreclose his ability to raise the
37
appealable issues arising out of sentencing in this post-conviction proceeding. That is, since
they could have been raised on appeal, they cannot be raised in a post-conviction proceeding.
For this reason, Hans claims that an out-of-time appeal is the appropriate remedy.
To resolve the confusion created by the anomalous results in Finney and m, we
now hold that all claims foreclosed from appeal because of counsel’s abandonment on appeal
may be raised in a post-conviction petition. Since Hans has adequately raised the sentencing
issues in his post-conviction petition, but has declined to fully address the merits of those
issues because of the procedural constraints set forth in m, we will allow him to further
amend his petition for the sole purpose of fully addressing the sentencing issues.
Issue Two
Whether Hans’ guilty plea was entered knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently.
Hans alleges that his guilty pleas were not entered knowingly, voluntarily and
intelligently with a full understanding of the consequences of entry of the pleas or the nature
of the constitutional protections he was waiving. Section 46-16-105(2), MCA, states that a
court may permit a guilty plea to be withdrawn and a non-guilty plea substituted, for good
cause, at any time before or after judgment. We reserved ruling on this issue in our August
25, 1994 Order until disposition of the ineffective assistance of counsel claim because
“ineffective assistance of counsel constitutes ‘good cause’ for withdrawal of a guilty plea,
State v. Senn (1990), 244 Mont. 56, 795 P.2d 973.” Following the Strickland test for
ineffective assistance of counsel in regard to a guilty plea, the defendant must demonstrate
38
that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, a defendant would not have entered a guilty
plea. Hill, 474 U.S. at 59; State v. Johnson (1995), 274 Mont. 124, 130, 907 P.2d 150, 154.
Where “a defendant is represented by counsel during the plea process and enters his
plea upon the advice of counsel, the voluntariness of the plea depends on whether counsel’s
advice ‘was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.’ ” Hill,
474 U.S. at 56 (citation omitted). We have held in this Opinion that defense counsel
rendered ineffective assistance only on appeal. Because we hold defense counsel rendered
effective representation of Hans leading up to his guilty pleas, we reject his request to
withdraw his guilty pleas on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Furthermore, the Judge’s inquiry of Hans as to his understanding of the charges,
possible defenses, and possible consequences of pleading guilty was thorough and satisfies
our standard of voluntariness under State v. Lewis (1978), 177 Mont. 474, 582 P.2d 346.
Additionally, Hans stated that he based his decision to plead guilty not only on the advice of
defense counsel but also upon the advice of a second attorney who concurred with defense
counsel’s advice.
Because the record demonstrates that Hans voluntarily pled guilty upon the advice of
defense counsel who rendered effective assistance of counsel, we deny Hans’ first claim for
relief.
Issue Three
Whether the mental health evaluators’ failure to advise Hans of his right to the
presence of counsel, his right not to submit to the evaluation, and that any
39
statements could be used against him violated Hans’ rights to due process and
assistance of counsel, and his privilege against self-incrimination.
In our August 25, 1994 Order we reserved decision on this issue pending disposition
of the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The State argues that even if Hans could
show that the mental health professionals violated his right to counsel and right against self-
incrimination, he waived this claim upon his proper plea of guilty. We agree. It is well
established that a plea of guilty which is voluntarily and understandingly made constitutes
a waiver of non-jurisdictional defects and defenses, including claims of constitutional
violations which occurred prior to the plea. Stilson v. State (1996), 278 Mont. 20,22,924
P.2d 238,239; Hagan v. State (1994), 265 Mont. 31, 35, 873 P.2d 1385, 1387. Since we
have held that Hans’ pleas of guilty were voluntarily and understandingly made, and since
his claim of violation of Sixth and Fifth Amendment privileges are non-jurisdictional defects,
see Hagan, 873 P.2d at 1387-88 (finding claims of due process of law non-jurisdictional and
waived in post-conviction proceedings) we hold that Hans waived this claim. Therefore, we
deny Hans’ fifth claim for relief.
We hold that Hans was not denied effective assistance of counsel, except as to the
appeal, and that his guilty pleas were knowing and voluntary. Accordingly, we grant Hans
the right to amend his petition for post-conviction relief in order to more fully address the
sentencing issues. We hereby grant Hans 45 days from the date of this Opinion to tile with
this Court his second amended petition for post-conviction relief addressing the sentencing
issues only; the State is granted 30 days from the filing of Hans’ second amended petition in,
40
which to respond, and Hans is granted 14 days from the filing of the State’s response in
which to reply. We hereby deny Hans’ remaining claims for relief.
We concur:
Justices
41