State v. Christopher Robins , 369 Mont. 291 ( 2013 )

March 20 2013
DA 12-0096
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2013 MT 71STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
CHRISTOPHER STEVEN ROBINS,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Cascade, Cause No. ADC 10-450
Honorable Thomas M. McKittrick, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Wade M. Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender; Garrett R. Norcott, Assistant
Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General; Katie Schulz, Assistant
Attorney General, Helena, Montana
John Parker, Cascade County Attorney; Josh Racki, Deputy County Attorney,
Great Falls, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: November 28, 2012
Decided: March 19, 2013
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Christopher Steven Robins (Robins) appeals from his convictions of Sexual Assault,
Incest, and Attempted Sexual Intercourse Without Consent, all felonies, in the Eighth
Judicial District Court, Cascade County. We affirm.
¶2 The issue we address on appeal is whether the District Court abused its discretion
when it allowed the State to present expert testimony regarding child sexual abuse victims.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶3 Robins was convicted of molesting his step-daughter, C.G., between the spring and
fall of 2010. C.G. was thirteen years old during the abuse and fourteen at the time of trial.
According to C.G., Robins first abused her during a family trip to Georgia in the spring of
2010. The abuse continued through October 29, 2010. At trial, C.G. recounted a number of
incidents when Robins molested her. C.G. testified that Robins touched her breasts and
vagina on a number of occasions. He also performed oral sex on her multiple times and
unsuccessfully attempted to penetrate her vagina with his fingers, a vibrator, and his penis.
¶4 C.G. testified that, at first, it made her feel loved when Robins told her that she was
beautiful and kissed her “how a mother should kiss a father.” She also testified that Robins
started to treat her better than her siblings after the abuse began. He gave her daily rides to
school and bought her breakfast at McDonald’s, took her to the shooting range without her
siblings, and bought her gifts, including a new hunting bow and a motorcycle.
¶5 In the fall of 2010, C.G. took an eighth-grade sex education class. The sex education
class made C.G. realize what Robins had been doing to her was wrong. C.G. wrote a note to
Robins on October 29, 2010. She put the note under Robins’s pillow inside the pillowcase
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because she did not want anyone else to see it. The note mentioned the abuse and expressed
C.G.’s frustration with Robins. C.G.’s mother found the note only because she took a nap on
Robins’s pillow. Robins was charged with Incest and two counts of Attempted Sexual
Intercourse Without Consent on December 3, 2010. One charge of Sexual Assault was
added on May 3, 2011.
¶6 The State filed a Notice of Expert (NOE) on February 2, 2011, to identify Wendy
Dutton (Dutton) as an expert that would testify at trial. The NOE specified that Dutton, a
child sex abuse expert, would testify to “the various aspects of child sexual abuse including
victimology, grooming, disclosure issues, interviewing techniques, and credibility of child
sex victims.” Robins filed a motion in limine on May 13, 2011, to preclude Dutton from
testifying at trial. Robins argued that Dutton should not be allowed to testify because the
danger of unfair prejudice would substantially outweigh her testimony’s probative value.
The District Court heard oral arguments on the motion on May 16, 2011, and took the matter
under advisement for the time being. The jury was selected and given preliminary
instructions later the same day. During trial, the court allowed Dutton to testify but gave the
jury a cautionary instruction that her testimony could not be used as substantive evidence or
as her opinion that Robins had committed the alleged crimes.
¶7 Dutton testified about the process of victimization, how victims disclose abuse,
children’s typical reactions to abuse, the most common situations when children make false
allegations, and the proper protocol for conducting a forensic interview with a child. Dutton
did not discuss the specifics of Robins’s case and did not offer an opinion of whether C.G.
had been abused.
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¶8 The jury convicted Robins of all four charges. On July 14, 2011, however, the
District Court dismissed one count of Attempted Sexual Intercourse Without Consent
because the State had failed to establish jurisdiction for that charge. The District Court
sentenced Robins to thirty years in the Montana State Prison for each of the three standing
convictions, all to run consecutively. Robins timely appealed his final judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶9 Whether an expert is allowed to testify at trial is an evidentiary ruling. Doyle v.
Clark, 2011 MT 117, ¶ 22, 360 Mont. 450, 254 P.3d 570. We review a district court’s
evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Hardman, 2012 MT 70, ¶ 8, 364
Mont. 361, 276 P.3d 839. A district court abuses its discretion if it acts arbitrarily without
the employment of conscientious judgment or exceeds the bounds of reason, resulting in
substantial injustice. Hardman, ¶ 8.
DISCUSSION
¶10 Robins argues that he should be given a new trial because Dutton should not have
been allowed to testify. He contends that Dutton’s testimony improperly invaded the jury’s
obligation to assess C.G.’s credibility.
¶11 It is solely the jury’s duty to determine the credibility of witnesses. State v. Harris,
247 Mont. 405, 409, 808 P.2d 453, 455 (1991). Thus, an expert witness generally cannot
comment on the credibility of the alleged victim. Harris, 247 Mont. at 409-10, 808 P.2d at
455. A narrow exception allows an expert to comment directly on a victim’s credibility in
child sexual abuse cases in limited situations. Harris, 247 Mont. at 410, 808 P.2d at 455.
The exception applies only when the accuser is a young child, see State v. Hensley, 250
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Mont. 478, 482, 821 P.2d 1029, 1032 (1991), testifies at trial, see State v. J.C.E., 235 Mont.
264, 269, 767 P.2d 309, 313 (1988) (overruled in part on other grounds), his or her
credibility is brought into question, see Harris, 247 Mont. at 410, 808 P.2d at 455-56, and
the expert is properly qualified as such in the field of child sexual abuse, see State v.
Scheffelman, 250 Mont. 334, 342, 820 P.2d 1293, 1298 (1991). Even if the abuse occurred
when the accuser was young, the exception does not apply if the accuser is not a young child
at the time of the trial. Hensley, 250 Mont. at 482, 821 P.2d at 1032 (exception did not apply
when the accuser was nearly seventeen at the time of trial even though the abuse allegedly
started when she was seven).
¶12 To be clear, this exception allows an expert to directly comment on the victim’s
credibility. State v. Scott, 257 Mont. 454, 465, 850 P.2d 286, 292 (1993); State v. French,
233 Mont. 364, 367-68, 760 P.2d 86, 88-89 (1988). In very few other situations, if any, do
we permit experts to directly testify that they believe that a witness has told the truth. Expert
testimony that only indirectly bears on a child sexual abuse victim’s credibility does not have
to satisfy the exception’s requirements to be admissible. See State v. Morgan, 1998 MT 268,
291 Mont. 347, 968 P.2d 1120. The exception is implicated only when the expert directly
comments on the victim’s credibility.
¶13 Our decision in Morgan is particularly instructive in that regard. In Morgan, a
qualified expert testified about patterns of child sexual abuse and factors to consider in the
evaluation of a child’s sexual abuse report. The expert did not investigate the facts of the
case and did not offer an opinion concerning the victim’s credibility or any other specific
aspect of the case. Morgan, ¶ 26. In holding that the expert’s testimony was admissible, we
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did not apply the exception that permits direct expert testimony on credibility. Rather, we
only considered whether the expert’s testimony was proper under M. R. Evid. 702.
¶14 As in Morgan, we do not consider whether Dutton’s testimony was proper pursuant to
the exception that allows direct comment on credibility because she did not comment
directly on the victim’s credibility. Although Robins suggests otherwise, the fact that
Dutton’s testimony was consistent with the victim’s allegations does not mean that Dutton
vouched for the victim or commented on her credibility. Like the expert in Morgan, Dutton
limited her testimony and only testified about general child sexual abuse patterns. She did
not review any of the victim’s statements before testifying. She did not offer an opinion of
whether the victim was credible. She did not offer an opinion about what happened in this
case, and specifically did not offer an opinion as to whether the victim was sexually
assaulted. Dutton did not vouch for C.G. or otherwise comment on C.G.’s credibility.
¶15 Robins argues that we must nevertheless consider the propriety of Dutton’s testimony
under the exception because the State indicated in its NOE that Dutton would testify to the
credibility of child sex victims, among other things, and because the State relied, in part, on
the exception to defeat Robins’s motion in limine. The fact that the State indicated that
Dutton may testify to the credibility of child sex victims and cited legal authority saying that
she could do so does not mean that we must apply law that is not otherwise implicated. We
review Dutton’s testimony at trial and consider whether that testimony was proper. Because
Dutton did not directly comment on the victim’s credibility, we only consider whether her
testimony was admissible under M. R. Evid. 702 and do not apply the exception discussed
above.
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¶16 Generally, an expert may testify about scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge if it will help the jury understand the evidence or determine a fact in issue. M. R.
Evid. 702. We have consistently upheld the use of experts to explain the complexities of
child sexual abuse. Morgan, ¶ 29. Child sexual abuse is a topic that many or most jurors
have no common experience with. Scott, 257 Mont. at 456, 850 P.2d at 292. This is
particularly so when the alleged victim and perpetrator are family members. State v.
Geyman, 224 Mont. 194, 198, 729 P.2d 475, 478 (1986) (citing Minnesota v. Myers, 359
N.W.2d 604, 609-10 (1984)). Child sexual abuse victims often respond to the abuse with
seemingly puzzling and contradictory behavior. Scott, 257 Mont. at 465, 850 P.2d at 292.
The expert’s testimony educates and enlightens the jury. Scott, 257 Mont. at 465, 850 P.2d
at 292-93. The jury can then make a more informed decision when it assesses the victim’s
credibility. Scott, 257 Mont. at 465, 850 P.2d at 292-93.
¶17 Dutton’s testimony qualifies under M. R. Evid. 702 as educational testimony on a
topic outside of most jurors’ common experience. Dutton’s testimony was intended to help
the jury comprehend some of C.G.’s behavior that might have otherwise seemed inconsistent
with abuse. For example, Dutton explained that it was not unusual for sexual abuse victims
to not report the abuse, especially when the victim has a close relationship with the
perpetrator, or for the victim to act inappropriately when discussing the abuse. Dutton also
may have helped the jury see Robins’s actions as a pattern of abuse. Dutton’s testimony did
not impinge upon the jury’s obligation to ultimately decide C.G.’s credibility; it merely
allowed the jurors to make an informed decision.
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¶18 Moreover, the District Court alleviated any concern of unfair prejudice by giving the
jury a cautionary instruction before Dutton testified. The judge told the jury that it should
consider Dutton’s testimony only for the limited purpose of deciding whether the victim’s
acts and words after the alleged crime were consistent with those of other sexually abused
children. The court specifically instructed the jury that it could not consider Dutton’s
testimony as her opinion that the victim was telling the truth. Dutton’s testimony presented
no danger that Robins would suffer unfair prejudice.
¶19 For the reasons stated above, we affirm Robins’s convictions. The District Court
acted well within its discretion when it allowed Dutton to testify at trial.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
We concur:
/S/ BETH BAKER
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS
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